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The Bongo–Bagirmi or Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi (SBB) languages are the major branch of the Central Sudanic language family with about forty languages. Principal groups include Bagirmi languages such as Naba and the Sara languages. They are spoken across CAR,
Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...
,
South Sudan South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the ...
,
Sudan Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It borders the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, Libya to the northwest, Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the east, Eritrea and Ethiopi ...
and adjacent countries.


Languages

The Bongo–Bagirmi languages are for the most part poorly studied, and there is little agreement as to their internal classification. The table below is taken from Lionel Bender, as summarized in Blench (2000). * Bongo–Baka * Kara (= '' Tar Gula'' ?) *'' Sinyar (Shemya)'' ? * Bagirmi * Sara *'' Doba (Bedjond, Gor, Mango)'' * Kaba *
Vale A vale is a type of valley. Vale may also refer to: Places Georgia * Vale, Georgia, a town in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region Norway * VÃ¥le, a historic municipality Portugal * Vale (Santa Maria da Feira), a former civil parish in the municip ...
*'' Birri'' (likely to be closer to Kresh) *'' Fongoro (Formona)'' ? *'' Yulu (Yulu–Binga)'' Sinyar and Fongoro may not be Bongo–Bagirmi or even Central Sudanic languages.


Classification

Boyeldieu (2006)Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2006.
Présentation des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes
''. Paris: CNRS-LLACAN (online version).
classifies the Sara-Bongo–Bagirmi languages as follows. *Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi ** Bongo ** Modo, 'Beli, Baka **Western ***Yulu ***Core Western ****Fer, Gula Koto ****Gula Zura, 'Bu'bu, Gula Mere, Gula Sara ****Nduga, Luto? **** Sara *****Peripheral: Ndoka, Wad, Bagiro, Na, Tiye, Kulfa, Simé, 'Dem *****Central: Sar, Mbay, Ngambay, 'Bedjond, Kaba P. *****Others: Bulala, Beraku, Kenga, 'Barma Boyeldieu (2006) considers the homelands ('' Urheimats'') of the language groups to be as follows. *Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: Bahr el Ghazal / southwestern
South Sudan South Sudan (), officially the Republic of South Sudan, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the north by Sudan; on the east by Ethiopia; on the south by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Kenya; and on the ...
, by the border with easternmost
Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...
*Proto-Western Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi: north-central extreme of the
Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...
*Proto-Sara: south-central
Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...
, along the border with northwestern
Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to Central African Republic–Chad border, the north, Sudan to Central African Republic–Sudan border, the northeast, South Sudan to Central ...
The Bongo–Bagirmi languages in the east are closer to other
Central Sudanic languages Central Sudanic is a family of about sixty languages that have been included in the proposed Nilo-Saharan language family. Central Sudanic languages are spoken in the Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, Congo (DRC), N ...
, while the Sara languages in the west have diverged more from the typical Central Sudanic typological profile due to contact with Ubangian and other languages.


Reconstruction


Plants

Proto-Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi plant names:


Fish

Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi fish names:


See also

* List of Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi reconstructions (Wiktionary)


Further reading

Materials on Sara–Bongo–Bagirmi are often in French. *ADAMI P., 1981, (with Dj. DJARANGAR, J. FÉDRY, Ng. NASSITY et P. PALAYER), Lexique bediondo-français, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga. *ANDERSEN T., 1981, A Grammar of Modo, A Preliminary Sketch, University of Aalborg (Denmark). *BLACHE J., 1964, Les poissons du bassin du Tchad et du bassin adjacent du Mayo Kebbi, Paris, ORSTOM. *BOYELDIEU P., 1987, Les langues fer ('kara') et yulu du nord centrafricain, Esquisses descriptives et lexiques, Paris, Geuthner. *BOYELDIEU P., 2000, La langue bagiro (République centrafricaine), Systématique, textes et lexique, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang (Schriften zur Afrikanistik/Research in African Studies, 4). *CAPRILE J.P., s.d. 969 ? Lexique mbaï-français, Lyon, Afrique et Langage (Document 2). *CAPRILE J.P., 1972, Études et documents sara-bongo-baguirmiens, Paris, Université René Descartes (Paris V), 2 vol. *DANAY K., MAKODE M. et al., 1986, Dictionnaire sara-kaba-na - français, Kyabe (Tchad), Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga. *DJEMADJIOUDJIEL N.L.Mb. et J. FÉDRY, 1979, Lexique ngàmbáy-français, français-ngàmbáy, Sarh, Centre d'Études Linguistiques-Collège Charles-Lwanga. *GADEN H., 1909, Essai de grammaire de la langue baguirmienne, suivi de textes et de vocabulaires baguirmien-français et français-baguirmien, Paris, E. Leroux. *KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1985, Essai de phonologie de la langue kara de Birao, Université de Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines). *KANZI-SOUSSOU C., 1992, Le verbe en fer (kara), Étude morphologique et syntaxique du verbe dans une langue centrafricaine, Université de Paris X-Nanterre (Département de Linguistique). *KEEGAN J., 1996 (2ème éd.), (with M. NANGBAYE et B. MANADJI TOLKOM), Dictionary of Mbay, Munich-Newcastle, Lincom Europa. ère éd. 1993, chez l'auteur*KILPATRICK E., 1985, Bongo Phonology, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 4, 1-62. *MALBRANT R., 1952 (2ème éd.), Faune du Centre Africain français (Mammifères et Oiseaux), Paris, Lechevalier (Encyclopédie Biologique XV). *NDOKO B.R., 1991, Esquisse phonologique du lútò, Université de Bangui (Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines). *NOUGAYROL P., 1999, Les parlers gula (Centrafrique, Soudan, Tchad), Grammaire et lexique, Paris, CNRS Éditions. *PALAYER P., 1970, (with M. FOURNIER et E. MOUNDO), Éléments de grammaire sar (Tchad), Lyon-Fort-Archambault, Afrique et Langage-Collège Charles Lwanga (Études linguistiques 2). *PALAYER P., 1989, La langue sar (sud du Tchad), Tours, Université de Tours, 2 vol. *PALAYER P., 1992, Dictionnaire Sar-Français (Tchad), Paris, Geuthner. *PALAYER P., 2004, (with A. GOUDJA KODNGARGUE et Ch. VANDAME), Dictionnaire kenga, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 6). *PALAYER P., 2006, (with M. SOLEKAYE), Dictionnaire démé (Tchad). Précédé de notes grammaticales, Louvain-Paris, Peeters (A&L 10). *PARKER K., 1985, Baka Phonology, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 4, 63-85. *PERSSON A.M. et J.R. PERSSON, 1991, Modo-English Dictionary with Grammar, Nairobi, SIL. *SAMPSON D.L., 1997, Update on Baka Phonology and Orthography, as of 1996, Occasional Papers in the Study of Sudanese Languages, 7, 114-120. *SANTANDREA St., 1963, A Concise Grammar Outline of the Bongo language, Rome, Sodality of St. Peter Claver. *SAXON Douglas E., 1980, The History of the Shari River Basin ca. 500 B.C.-1000 A.D., Los Angeles, University of California. *SCHWEINFURTH G., 1873, Linguistische Ergebnisse einer Reise nach Centralafrika, Supplément à Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (1872), Berlin, Wiegandt et Hempel. *SCHWEINFURTH G., 1875, Au coeur de l'Afrique, 1868-1871, Voyages et découvertes dans les régions inexplorées de l'Afrique centrale, Paris, Hachette, tome 1. *STEVENSON R.C., 1969, Bagirmi Grammar, University of Khartoum (Linguistic Monograph Series 3). *VANDAME Ch., 1968, Grammaire kenga, Lyon, Afrique et Langage (Études linguistiques 2). ;Unpublished manuscripts *BOYELDIEU P., Lexique 'barma (baguirmien). *BOYELDIEU P., Lexique kaba de Paoua. *BOYELDIEU P., Lexique yulu. *FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : kulfa. *FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : 'dem. *FÉDRY J., Questionnaire d'Inventaire Linguistique : tiye. *NOUGAYROL P., Lexique bongo. *NOUGAYROL P., Lexique ndoka. *NOUGAYROL P., Lexique nduga. *NOUGAYROL P., Note sur le wada.


References

*Boyeldieu, Pascal. 2006.
Présentation des langues Sara-Bongo-Baguirmiennes
''. Paris: CNRS-LLACAN (online version).
PDF

Blench (2000)


External links


''Sara-Bagirmi Language Project''
more detailed description of Sara-Bagirmi Languages
old version

Proto-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi Swadesh list
(Boyeldieu) {{DEFAULTSORT:Bongo-Bagirmi languages * Languages of Chad Languages of the Central African Republic Languages of South Sudan