In
bone physiology, the bone remodeling period describes the temporal duration (i.e. lifespan) of the basic multicellular unit (BMU) that is responsible for bone turnover. Historically, this was referred to as the sigma (σ) or sigma period, but that terminology is outdated.
Bone remodeling
Although bone may appear superficially as a static tissue, it is actually very dynamic, undergoing constant
remodeling
Renovation (also called remodeling) is the process of improving broken, damaged, or outdated structures. Renovations are typically done on either commercial or residential buildings. Additionally, renovation can refer to making something new, o ...
throughout the life of the vertebrate organism. This occurs with the synchronized action of
osteoclast
An osteoclast () is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue. This function is critical in the maintenance, repair, and bone remodeling, remodeling of bones of the vertebrate, vertebral skeleton. The osteoclast disassembles and digests th ...
s and
osteoblast
Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for " bone", ὀστέο-, ''osteo-'' and βλαστάνω, ''blastanō'' "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone. However, in the process of bone formation, osteoblasts fu ...
s, cells that resorb and deposit bone, respectively.
The remodeling period
The remodeling period consists of the combined duration of the
resorption
Resorption is the absorption of cells or tissue into the circulatory system, usually by osteoclasts.
Types of resorption include:
* Bone resorption
Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break ...
, the osteoclastic reversal (the phase marked by shifting of resorption processes into formative processes) and the
formation periods of bone growth and development. This period refers to the average total duration of a single cycle of
bone remodeling
300 px, Bone tissue is removed by osteoclasts, and then new bone tissue is formed by osteoblasts. Both processes utilize cytokine ( Insulin-like_growth_factor.html" ;"title="TGF-β, Insulin-like growth factor">IGF) signalling.
In osteology, bone ...
at any point on a bone surface.
For the remodeling to occur, appropriate cell signaling occurs to trigger osteoclasts to resorb the surface of the bone, followed by deposition of bone by osteoblasts. Together, the cells in any given particular region of the bone surface that are responsible for bone remodeling are known as the basic multicellular unit (BMU), and it is the average lifespan of the BMU that is referred to as the ''remodeling period''. The size of a BMU is roughly 200μm in diameter, defined by the 100μm diffusion capability in bone.
Determining the bone remodeling period
In calculating the bone remodeling period, a two-dimensional model is examined, referring to the time it takes for the area in question to be eroded and then filled in with new bone (sigma will be used here for simplicity's sake). The bone formation portion (σ
f) of the bone remodeling period is calculated as follows:
[Jaworski, ZFC: Bone histomorphometry: Outline of theory and practice. In Simmons, OJ; Kunin AS; editors: ''Skeletal Research'', Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, 1983. pages 237-276.]
:
in which MWT refers to the mean wall thickness of the completed bone unit and M
f refers to the prevailing mean effective bone appositional rate. In other words, what this formula means is that the bone remodeling period is equivalent to the thickness of the microscopic segment of bone being formed divided by the rate at which it forms. If the mean linear rate of bone resorption is known, the bone resorption portion (σ
r) can be similarly calculated:
:
Consequently, the entire bone remodeling period (σ
r + f, equivalent to σ) can be represented by the following formula:
:
The linear bone resorption rate (M
r) cannot be measured directly, but it approximates a third of σ
f.
Interspecies differences
Each vertebrate species exhibits a distinct duration of bone regeneration and remodeling, and it appears as though there is an inversely proportional relationship between the rate of bone regeneration and the phylogenetic evolution of the animal. Each remodeling period lasts 3–6 months in humans, 3 months in dogs, and 6 weeks in rabbits.
[Roberts WE, et al. Fisiologia y metabolismo oseo. In: Misch C, editor: ''Implantologia contemporanea''. Madrid: Mosby, 1995. pages 324-350.]
References
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Bones
Animal physiology