The Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary () also called Białystok Cathedral is a Roman Catholic cathedral in the city of Bialystok in

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

. It was designed by architect

Józef Pius Dziekoński Józef Pius Dziekoński (born 5 May 1844, Płock – died 4 February 1924, Warsaw) was a Polish people, Polish architect and heritage conservator, a representative of the 19th-century historicism (architecture), historicism. He became the first de ...

. The three-nave church is 90 meters long and can accommodate 9,500 worshipers. The two towers reach 72.5 meters high. It is the main church of the Archdiocese of Bialystok and acquired the status of basílica in 1985 by decision of

Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II, his death in 2005. In his you ...

History

240px, Interior view The predecessor of the present cathedral was a Renaissance church was built between 1617 and 1626. At the end of the 19th century, the parish had about 12,000 people and the original church that could accommodate about 1,000 people was too small. In the first half of the 19th century, the Białystok dean, Father Wilhelm Szwarc, began efforts to build a new church. He gained the support of the parishioners. The location of the future church was chosen as the St. Roch Hill with an inactive cemetery. Regarding the project, the dean contacted outstanding architects, Stefan Szyller and Józef Pius Dziekoński. Ultimately, the dean commissioned Dziekoński to prepare the designs, who completed the project at the end of 1895 and dated it January 1, 1896. The documentation included the location of the temple, a site plan, a plan of the foundations and the structure (facade, side elevations, sections) and a cost estimate of 92,948 rubles and 2 kopecks (including a 4% commission for the architect - 3,573 rubles). The plan of the future temple reflected the building trends in sacral architecture at the time and assumed the construction of a so-called great cathedral in the Vistula-Baltic Gothic style. The horizontal plan and architectural description of the church indicated that it was a three-nave, four-bay basilica with a transept with a crossing of naves on a square plan and a presbytery with a semicircular ambulatory. From the outside, the body was to be clasped with flying buttresses. The temple was to be closed by a representative, two-tower façade. In accordance with the administrative procedures of the time, the faithful submitted an application to the dean to build a new church, who sent the request along with the design and cost estimate to the Bishop's Curia in Vilnius. The Vilnius Consistory, in turn, sent the required documents to the governor in

Grodno Grodno, or Hrodna, is a city in western Belarus. It is one of the oldest cities in Belarus. The city is located on the Neman, Neman River, from Minsk, about from the Belarus–Poland border, border with Poland, and from the Belarus–Lithua ...

. When sending he proposal to the Bishop in Vilnius, the dean emphasized the fact that they had been prepared by the clerk of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts, architect Józef Dziekoński. The turning point for the matter of building a new church was the visit of Tsar Nicholas II to Białystok in August 1897. During the meeting with the parish representatives, he responded favorably to the matter of a new church. Ultimately, in March 1898, the faithful received permission from the tsar's authorities only to expand the existing church funded by the Wiesiołowskis, because as part of the policy of Russification of the Polish population, the construction of a new church was not allowed. It was then that the project of expanding the existing church by building a new, larger church was created. Dziekoński prepared a new location proposal and changed the previous design: he proposed to dismantle the presbytery of the old parish church and build a new church in the "large cathedral" type perpendicular to its axis. According to the modified design, the new church was to be enlarged by one bay between the transept and the presbytery, which was also extended. Dziekoński referred to his own design of St. Florian's Church in Warsaw's Praga. He slightly changed the appearance of the towers, enriching them with openwork structures, multi-stepped buttresses, pointed arches, pinnacles and spire cupolas. A pointed bell tower was to be built at the intersection of the main nave and the transept. Inside, there were to be cross vaults and star vaults at the intersection of the naves. The cost estimate for the new design, presented in April 1899, amounted to 117,815 rubles and 88 kopecks. The governor's office approved the project on 16 November, and on 25 January 1900 the Construction Department officially informed the church authorities in Vilnius that the plan and cost estimate for the expansion of the Białystok church had been reviewed and received. In February, the Consistory sent a letter to the dean authorizing the expansion of the existing parish church, informing that the investment should be financed from voluntary donations from parishioners. After obtaining a building permit, the Church Construction Committee was established under the chairmanship of Father Szwarc and construction work began on April 19, 1900. On June 11 of the same year, Father Szwarc blessed the cornerstone. In mid-1901, the foundations of the church were completed and the church itself was built in the years 1902–1905. On September 17, 1905, the church was solemnly consecrated by the order of the Bishop of Vilnius, Edward von Ropp, by the prelate of Vilnius, Father Jan Kurczewski. The finishing works in the interior were completed on October 27, 1907. 200px, Altar of the old church In the interwar period, the focus was on completing the interior design of the temple. At the beginning of 1925, the Warsaw sculptor Wincenty Begnesy presented a design for the stalls and the frame of the portal leading to the sacristy. The stalls were to be made of wood and placed on both sides of the presbytery. They were to consist of seats and backrests with suspended canopies and their decoration was to be neo-Gothic (tracery, pinnacles, finials). The design was partially implemented - the seats were placed on both sides only in the altar bay. In 1926, the design for the

Crucifixion Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death. It was used as a punishment by the Achaemenid Empire, Persians, Ancient Carthag ...

altar, also by Begnesy, was ready. A temporary, neo-Gothic altar with a painting of St. Roch was also placed in the left arm of the transept. In the years 1926–1929, two neo-Gothic confessionals and pews were made, and 14 Stations of the Cross were hung on the church walls – bas-reliefs cast in plaster and enclosed in

neo-Gothic Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half of the 19th century ...

frames. In 1938, an agreement was concluded with the City Council regarding the regulation of the intersection of Kościelna and Niemiecka Streets (currently Kilińskiego); a concrete retaining wall was built to secure the temple located on a high embankment, and the square in front of the church facade was redesigned.

World War II

The war period was characterized by an atmosphere of tension and terror. The presbytery and parish house were home to Nazi or Soviet security services. In Junse 1941 Dean Aleksander Chodyka was arrested in a search conducted in the church by the Soviet when they claimed about shooting done from the church tower. In 1941, the church interior was painted cream. In 1941–1942, new

polychrome Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery, or sculpture in multiple colors. When looking at artworks and ...

s were made and a parquet floor was laid in the old church. On July 22–23, 1944, the church spared the destruction of Białystok by the Germans retreating from the Eastern Front, with the church buildings did not sustain any major damage, unlike the completely burnt-out downtown of Białystok. Between 1996 and 2004 the church was restored.

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