Berlin's 2001 Administrative Reform

Berlin is divided into boroughs or administrative districts (). In Berlin, the term is officially shortened to (districts). The boroughs are further divided into quarters (). These smaller localities are officially recognised, but have no administrative bodies of their own. Quarters and many of their subunits, the neighborhoods (), typically have strong identities that sometimes predate their inclusion into the modern boundaries of Berlin. Both the boroughs and the quarters function differently to other subdivisions in Germany due to Berlin's dual status as an independent city () as well as a federated state of Germany () in its own right.

Since 2001, Berlin has been made up of twelve boroughs, each with its own administrative body. However, because Berlin is a single municipality (), its boroughs have limited power, acting only as agencies of Berlin's state and city governments as laid out in the Greater Berlin Act of 1920. The boroughs are financially dependent on state donations, as they neither possess any taxation power nor own any property. This is in contrast to municipalities and counties in other German states, which are territorial corporations () with autonomous functions and property.

Each borough is administered by an assembly of borough representatives (), directly elected by proportional representation, and a district office () led by a borough mayor (), elected by the borough representatives. The district office is in charge of most administrative matters affecting its borough's residents, but its decisions can be revoked by the Berlin Senate. The borough mayors form a council of mayors (), led by the city's governing mayor, and the council advises the Berlin Senate.

History

Each borough is made up of several officially recognized smaller districts or quarters (). The number of quarters that form a borough varies considerably, ranging from two (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg) to fifteen (Treptow-Köpenick). Most of Berlin's quarters are further composed of even smaller so-called (neighborhoods), officially called . The number of officially recognized neighborhoods in Berlin's quarters also varies greatly, ranging from two (Kreuzberg) to many more in older quarters, for example nine in Mitte, with many more unofficial neighborhoods and neighborships having formed over the decades. The quarters of Berlin and many of their neighborhoods typically have a historical identity as former independent cities, villages, or rural municipalities that were united in 1920 as part of the Greater Berlin Act, forming the basis for the present-day city and state. Berliners often identify more with the quarter where they live than with the borough that governs them, and in larger or older quarters, the smaller neighborhoods have often become the defining social spheres for their residents. The quarters do not have their own governmental bodies, but for urban planning and statistical purposes, the quarters are officially recognized and further subdivided into statistical zones and (lifeworld-oriented regions). These areas correspond roughly, but not exactly, with the official and unofficial social and historical neighborhoods recognized by residents.

When Greater Berlin was established in 1920, the city was organized into twenty boroughs, most of which were named after their largest component quarter, often a former city or municipality; others, such as Kreuzberg and Prenzlauer Berg, were named for geographic features. Minor changes to borough boundaries were made in 1938. After World War II, Berlin was divided into four sectors, with the Western sectors controlled by the United States, Britain, and France, and the Eastern sector controlled by the Soviet Union.

In 1961, the SED built the Berlin Wall to divide the city, effectively separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany. Three new boroughs were created in East Berlin: Marzahn was split off from Lichtenberg in 1979, Hohenschönhausen from Weißensee in 1985, and Hellersdorf from Marzahn in 1986. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, and the city was reunified. This marked the end of the Cold War and the beginning of a new era in Berlin's history.

After reunification, Berlin underwent a process of rapid transformation, as the city worked to rebuild and modernize its infrastructure and economy. Many new businesses and cultural institutions were established, and the city became a center of creativity and innovation.

By 2000, Berlin comprised twenty-three boroughs, as three new boroughs had been created in East Berlin. Today Berlin is divided into twelve boroughs, reduced from twenty-three boroughs by Berlin's 2001 administrative reform.

Boroughs

An administrative reform in 2001 merged all but three of the existing boroughs into the current 12 boroughs, as listed below. The three boroughs that were not affected were Spandau, Reinickendorf and Neukölln, as the population of each was already exceeding 200,000.

Coats of arms

All coats of arms of Berlin's boroughs (the current as of the ones in the period 1990 to 2001) have some common attributes: the shield has a Spanish form, and the coronet is represented by a mural crown, three towers in red bricks with the Berlin's coat of arms in the middle.

Most of the boroughs' current coats of arms have changed some elements in their fields. Some display a fusion of themes of the merged (Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Lichtenberg, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg); others have modified their themes taken from one of the two (or more) former merged boroughs (Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Mitte and Treptow-Köpenick). Only the unchanged boroughs of Neukölln, Reinickendorf and Spandau have not changed their fields. Pankow's coat of arms was created with a new design in 2008, having been the only borough without a coat of arms for seven years.

Administration and politics

The borough government is part of the two-tier administration of the Berlin city-state, whereby the Senate and its affiliated agencies, institutions, and municipal enterprises form the first tier of the so-called (central administration). In the second tier, the boroughs enjoy a certain degree of autonomy, although in no way comparable to the German districts or independent cities, nor even to the local government of a common municipality as a legal entity, as according to the Berlin Constitution the legal status of the city as a German state itself is that of a unified municipality (). The power of the borough governments is limited, and their performance of assigned tasks is subject to regulatory supervision by the Senate.

Nevertheless, the twelve self-governing boroughs have constitutional status, and are themselves subdivided into two administrative bodies. Each is governed by the assembly of borough representatives (, BVV) and a full-time council at the borough's district office (), consisting of five councilors () and headed by a borough mayor (). The BVV is directly elected by the borough's population and therefore acts as a borough parliament, though it is officially part of the executive. It elects the members of the borough council, checks its daily administration, and is able to make applications and recommendations. The twelve borough mayors regularly meet in the Council of Mayors (), led by the city's Governing Mayor; the council answers to and advises the Senate.

The boroughs' quarters have no local government bodies, and the administrative duties of their former representatives, the , were taken over by the borough mayors.

State election party votes by constituency

People who live in the former West Berlin tend to vote for the CDU and the SPD, While voters in the former East Berlin tend to vote for Linke and the AfD.

Quarters

As of 2012, the twelve boroughs are made up of a total of 97 officially recognized quarters (). Most of these smaller localities are further subdivided into officially recognized neighborhoods (), but often amalgamated or extended by the populace with other inofficial zones and areas, in German usually called or . The largest quarter () is Köpenick (), the smallest one is Hansaviertel (). The most populated quarter is Prenzlauer Berg (168,947 inhabitants in 2024), the least populated is Malchow (450 inhabitants in 2008).Statistics for Berliner
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Note that the coats of arms shown for quarters in the tables below are historical and no longer in official use, having lost their validity upon incorporation into Greater Berlin or new boroughs.

;(01) Mitte

;(02) Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg

;(03) Pankow

;(04) Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf

;(05) Spandau

;(06) Steglitz-Zehlendorf

;(07) Tempelhof-Schöneberg

;(08) Neukölln

;(09) Treptow-Köpenick

;(10) Marzahn-Hellersdorf

;(11) Lichtenberg

* Codes 1105 and 1108 (this one to former Hohenschönhausen locality) are not assigned

;(12) Reinickendorf

See also

* Politics of Berlin
* Berlin Police

References

Notes

External links

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{{Berlin

Berlin
Geography of Berlin
Boroughs and localities