Bend (heraldry)

In heraldry, a bend is a band or strap running from the upper dexter (the bearer's right side and the viewer's left) corner of the shield to the lower sinister (the bearer's left side, and the viewer's right). Authorities differ as to how much of the field it should cover, ranging from one-fifth (if shown between other charges) up to one-third (if charged alone). The supposed rule that a bend should occupy a maximum of one-third of the field appears to exclude the possibility of three bends being shown together, but contrary examples exist.

Variations

A bend can be modified by most of the lines of partition, such as the ''bend engrailed'' in the ancient arms of Fortescue and the ''bend wavy'' in the ancient coat of Wallop, Earls of Portsmouth.

Diminutives

The diminutives of the bend, being narrower versions, are as follows, in descending order of width:
*Bendlet: One-half as wide as a bend, as in the ancient arms of Churchill family, and the arms of Byron. A ''bendlet couped'' is also known as a baton, as in the coat of Elliot of Stobs
*Cotise: One-fourth the width of a bend; it usually appears in pairs, one on either side (French: ''coté'') of a bend, in which case the bend is said to be ''cotised'' as in the ancient arms of Fortescue and Bohun and in the more modern arms of Hyndburn Borough Council, England. In ancient arms it can be found on only one side of a bend blazoned as ''a bend singly cotised''.
*Riband or ribbon: Also one-fourth the width of a bend. It is also called a cost as in the arms of Abernethie of Auchincloch (''Or, a lion rampant gules surmounted of a cost sable, all within a bordure engrailed azure'' — first and fourth quarters)
*Scarp (or scarf): a ''bend sinister'' of one-half width.

Bend sinister

The usual bend is occasionally called a ''bend dexter'' when it needs to contrast with the ''bend sinister'', which runs in the other direction, like a sash worn diagonally from the left shoulder (Latin ''sinister'' means ''left''). The bend sinister and its diminutives such as the baton sinister are rare as an independent motif; they occur more often as marks of distinction. The term "bar sinister" is an erroneous term when used in this context, since the "bar" in heraldry refers to a horizontal line.

The bend sinister, reduced in size to that of a ''bendlet'' (narrow) or ''baton'' (ending short of the edge of the shield), was one of the commonest brisures (differences) added to the arms of illegitimate offspring of European aristocratic lords. Such royal descent was considered a mark of honour, and in most of Europe, illegitimate children of nobles, despite having few legal rights, were customarily regarded as noble and married within the most aristocratic families.

This was the usual mark used to identify illegitimate descendants of the English royal family dating from fifteenth century, as in the arms of Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle, illegitimate son of Edward IV of England. The full-sized bend sinister was seldom used in this way, and more recent examples also exist of bends sinister that have no connection with illegitimacy, such as in the arms of the Burne-Jones baronets. These markings were never subject to strict rules, and the customary English use of the bend, bendlet, and baton sinister to denote illegitimacy in this way eventually gave way to the use of different kinds of bordures.

"Bar sinister"

Sir Walter Scott is credited with inventing the phrase ''bar sinister'', which has become a metonymic term for bastardy. Heraldry scholar Arthur Charles Fox-Davies and others state that the phrase derives from a misspelling of ''barre'', the French term for ''bend''. The term is irregular, since in English heraldry, a ''bar'' is horizontal, neither ''dexter'' nor ''sinister''; nevertheless, ''bar sinister'' has become a standard euphemism for illegitimate birth.

Similar elements

In bend

The phrase in bend refers to the appearance of several items on the shield being lined up in the direction of a bend, as in the arms of the ancient Northcote family of Devon: ''Argent, three crosses-crosslet in bend sable''. It is also used when something is slanted in the direction of a bend, as in the coat of Surrey County Council in England.

Bendwise

A charge bendwise is slanted like a bend. When a charge is placed on a bend, by default it is shown bendwise.

Party per bend

A shield party per bend (or simply ''per bend'') is divided into two parts by a single line which runs in the direction of a bend. Applies not only to the fields of shields but also to charges. A division in the opposite direction is called ''party per bend sinister''.

Bendy

Bendy is a variation of the field consisting (usually) of an even number of parts, most often six; as in the coat of the duchy of Burgundy.

Analogous terms are derived from the bend sinister: ''per bend sinister'', ''bendwise sinister'', ''bendy sinister''.

Engouled

In Spanish heraldry, bends may be ''engouled'', or swallowed, by the heads of dragons or wolves. A famous example of this is in the Royal Bend of Castile.

In national flags

Image:Flag of Bhutan.svg, Flag of Bhutan
Image:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg, Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Image:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg, Flag of the Republic of the Congo
Image:Flag of Namibia.svg, Flag of Namibia
Image:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg, Flag of Papua New Guinea
Image:Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg, Flag of the Solomon Islands
Image:Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg, Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis
Image:Flag of Tanzania.svg, Flag of Tanzania
Image:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg, Flag of Trinidad and Tobago

References

Citations

General and cited references

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Further reading

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External links

Canadian Heraldic Authority, Public Register
with many official versions of modern coats of arms, searchable online

International Heraldry & Heralds
heraldry information by James McDonald

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Heraldic ordinaries