Bağlama Players

The ''bağlama'' or ''saz'' is a family of plucked string instruments, long-necked lutes used in Ottoman classical music, Turkish folk music, Turkish Arabesque music, Azerbaijani music, Kurdish music, Armenian music and in parts of Syria, Iraq and the Balkan countries.

''Bağlama'' ( tr, bağlama) is Turkish from ''bağlamak'', "to tie". It is . ''Saz'' ( fa, ساز) means "to make; to compose" in Persian. It is .
According to ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', "the terms 'bağlama' and 'saz' are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey."
Like the Western lute and the Middle-Eastern oud, it has a deep round back, but a much longer neck. It can be played with a plectrum or with a fingerpicking style known as ''şelpe''.

In the music of Greece the name ''baglamas'' ( el, μπαγλαμάς) is given to a treble bouzouki, a related instrument. The Turkish settlement of Anatolia from the late eleventh century onward saw the introduction of a two-string Turkmen dutar, which was played in some areas of Turkey until recent times.

Turkish bağlama

The most commonly used string folk instrument in Turkey, the bağlama has seven strings divided into courses of two, two and three. It can be tuned in various ways and takes different names according to region and size: Bağlama, Divan Sazı, Bozuk, Çöğür, Kopuz Irızva, Cura, Tambura, etc. The cura is the smallest member of the bağlama family: larger than the cura is the tambura, tuned an octave lower. The Divan sazı, the largest instrument in the family, is tuned one octave lower still.

A bağlama has three main parts, the bowl (called ''tekne''), made from mulberry wood or juniper, beech, spruce or walnut, the spruce sound board (''göğüs'') and a neck of beech or juniper (''sap''). The tuning pegs are known as ''burgu'' (literally screw). Frets are tied to the ''sap'' with fishing line, which allows them to be adjusted. The bağlama is usually played with a ''mızrap'' or ''tezene'' (similar to a guitar pick) made from cherrywood bark or plastic. In some regions, it is played with the fingers in a style known as ''Şelpe'' or ''Şerpe''.

There are also electric bağlamas, which can be connected to an amplifier. These can have either single or double pickups.

Azerbaijani saz

The Azerbaijani saz was mainly used by Ashiqs. The art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs combines poetry, storytelling, dance and vocal and instrumental music into a traditional performance art. This art is one of the symbols of Azerbaijani culture and considered an emblem of national identity and the guardian of Azerbaijani language, literature and music.

Characterized by the accompaniment of the kopuz, a stringed musical instrument, the classical repertoire of Azerbaijani Ashiqs includes 200 songs, 150 literary-musical compositions known as dastans, nearly 2,000 poems and numerous stories.

Since 2009 the art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs has been inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

The kopuz and the bağlama

The bağlama is a synthesis of historical musical instruments in Central Asia and pre-Turkish Anatolia. It is partly descended from the Turkic komuz. The ''kopuz'', or ''komuz'', differs from the bağlama in that it has a leather-covered body and two or three strings made of sheep gut, wolf gut, or horsehair. It is played with the fingers rather than a plectrum and has a fingerboard without frets. ''Bağlama'' literally translates as "something that is tied up", probably a reference to the tied-on frets of the instrument. The word bağlama is first used in 18th-century texts. The French traveler Jean Benjamin de Laborde, who visited Turkey during that century, recorded that "the bağlama or tambura is in form exactly like the cogur, but smaller." The Çoğur/Çöğur was in many ways a transitional Instrument between old Komuz and new Bağlama style and has a body shape similar to the Instrument called panduri in Georgia.

According to the historian Hammer, metal strings were first used on a type of komuz with a long fingerboard known as the ''kolca kopuz'' in 15th-century Anatolia. This was the first step in the emergence of the çöğür (cogur), a transitional instrument between the komuz and the bağlama. According to 17th-century writer Evliya Çelebi, the cogur was first made in the city of Kütahya in western Turkey. To take the strain of the metal strings the leather body was replaced with wood, the fingerboard was lengthened and frets were introduced. Instead of five hair strings there were now twelve metal strings arranged in four groups of three. Today, the cogur is smaller than a medium-size bağlama.

Bağlama (Saz) family

Bağlama tunings

There are three string groups, or courses, on the bağlama, with strings double or tripled. These string groups can be tuned in a variety of ways, known as ''düzen'' (literally, "order"). For the ''bağlama düzeni'', the most common tuning, the courses are tuned from top downward, A-G-D. Some other ''düzen''s are ''Kara Düzen'' (C-G-D), ''Misket Düzeni'' (A-D-F#), ''Müstezat'' (A-D-F), ''Abdal Düzeni'', and ''Rast Düzeni''.

* Bağlama düzeni (La, Sol, Re) (A, G, D)
* Bozuk düzen, kara düzen (Sol, Re, La) (G, D, A)
* Misket düzeni (Fa#, Re, La) (F#, D, A)
* Fa müstezat düzeni (Fa, Re, La) (F, D, A)
* Abdal düzeni (La, La, Sol) (A, A, G)
* Zurna düzeni (Re, Re, La) (D, D, A)
* Do müstezat düzeni (Sol, Do, La) (G, C, A)
* Aşık düzeni (La (bottom string set), Re (middle string set), Mi (Top string set) (A, D, E)

Bağlama scale

The musical scale of the bağlama differs from that of many western instruments – such as the guitar – in that it features ratios that are close to quarter tones. The traditional ratios for bağlama frets are listed by Yalçın Tura:

*Fret 1: 18/17
*Fret 2: 12/11
*Fret 3: 9/8
*Fret 4: 81/68
*Fret 5: 27/22
*Fret 6: 81/64
*Fret 7: 4/3
*Fret 8: 24/17
*Fret 9: 16/11
*Fret 10: 3/2
*Fret 11: 27/17
*Fret 12: 18/11
*Fret 13: 27/16
*Fret 14: 16/9
*Fret 15: 32/17
*Fret 16: 64/33
*Fret 17: 2/1

However, as confirmed by Okan Öztürk, instrument makers now often set frets on the bağlama with the aid of fret calculators and tuners based on the 24-tone equal temperament.

Notable performers

* Pir Sultan Abdal
* Karacaoğlan
* Dadaloğlu
* Gevheri
* Aşık Veysel (1894–1973)
* Muharrem Ertaş (1913–1984)
* Neşet Ertaş (1938–2012)
* Ali Ekber Çiçek (1935–2006)
* Ruhi Su (1915-1982)
* Hasret Gültekin (1971-1993)
* Ahmet Kaya (1957-2000)
* Aşık Mahzuni Şerif (1940-2002)
* Musa Eroğlu
* Erdal Erzincan
* Erdinç Ecevit Yıldız
* Orhan Gencebay
* Güler Duman
* Ahmet Koç
* Erkan Oğur
* Arif Sağ
* Muhlis Akarsu (1948-1993)
* Nesimi Çimen (1931-1993)
* Cahit Berkay

See also

* Alevism
* Art of Azerbaijani Ashiqs
* Baglamas
* Bouzouki (Greece)
* Buzuq (Lebanon & Syria)
* Çiftelia
* Dombra
* Dutar
* Hicaz Hümâyun Saz Semâisi
* Innaby, Azerbaijani dance
* Komuz
* Music of Turkey
* Sallaneh (lute)
* Šargija
* Setar
* Tambura (instrument)
* Tanbur

References

External links

Article about documentary featuring the saz: "From Berlin to Khorasan: seeking the roots of saz music"

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baglama
Azerbaijani musical instruments
Turkish folk music instruments
Necked bowl lutes
Armenian musical instruments
Bosnian musical instruments
Macedonian musical instruments
Turkmen musical instruments
Turkish words and phrases
Turkish inventions
Kurdish musical instruments