Banderia Prutenorum

The ''Banderia Prutenorum'' is a manuscript of 48 parchment sheets, 18.6 by 29.3 cm (7.3 by 11.5 inches), composed by Jan Długosz and illuminated by Stanisław Durink, listing 56 , or banners, of the Order of the Teutonic Knights. The title means ''Blazons of the Prussians''. ''Prutenorum'' is the genitive plural of ''Pruteni'', Prussians.

In Polish the name is ''Chorągwie Pruskie''. ''Chorągwie'' can mean ''banner'', ''standard'', or ''regiment''. The heraldic term blazon in English is probably the exact meaning.

Historical circumstances of the Banderia

The work describes the gonfalons, or battle flags,The original Germani
*gundfanon-
meant "battle-flag". According to ''Webster's Third New International Dictionary'', this descends through Old High German ''gunfano'', "war flag" to Middle French and modern English gonfanon, a very rare word, and through Italian ''gonfalone'' to English gonfalon, synonymous with gonfanon. The modern terms have ceased to mean battle flags except when historians use them to refer to battle flags. collected from the field after the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 AD. This battle was a major confrontation between the Teutonic Order and the allied forces of Poles and Lithuanians, whom the Order was trying to conquer. At that time, the Order had succeeded in subjecting or eliminating the western Balts, including the Prussians; however, the Teutonic Knights were decisively defeated by the joint forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the command of the Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło.

At the end of the battle, the major officers of the Order lay dead on the field beside the standards under which they had fought. Some units escaped with their standards. The Banderia does not describe all the Order's flags. The flags were collected and stored at Wawel Cathedral in Kraków. They are known to have been there in 1603, after which they disappeared. They have been recreated, starting in 1900. In October 2009, as part of the preparations for the battle's anniversary, Polish scholars and artists in Kraków have finished reconstructing all known standards. Magdalena Piwnicka, ''Znaki świetnego zwycięstwa'', Focus - Historia, Nr 7-8. 2010

Composition

It was probably the Polish historian, Jan Długosz, who commissioned the painter, Stanisław Durink of Kraków, to illustrate the flags in 1448. Długosz then wrote the Latin descriptions. The work thus has the format of a catalog, with an illumination and Latin entry for each flag.

The flag is decorated with a heraldic blazon identifying the ', or district, from which the soldiers of that unit came. The blazon might appear in any circumstances, such as in a coat of arms or on a shield, or in any conspicuous place. Its function was that of identification. The rules of heraldry were undoubtedly followed.

The title raises a few questions of language and society. In it a Polish scholar and historian is calling the conquerors of the Prussians by that very name, even though at the beginning of their conquest they found the name odious to them. Old Prussian speakers still lived in substantial numbers in east Prussia. As they were not excluded from military service, some must have fought for the order, and yet they are not distinguished from the Germans in any way.

''Banderium'' is in origin neither Latin nor Polish, but comes from the Germanic. The place names also are in their Germanic forms rather than their Polish ones. Why Długosz, a Polish historian, chose to use the Germanicized Prussian Latin is not clear.

Location of the manuscript

By some miracle, the manuscript survived World War II, even though it was given to Malbork Castle by the Nazis for political purposes. After the war it showed up at a London auction house and was brought to its current location in the library of Jagiellonian University.

Notes on the work

In the scholarly Latin of manuscript terminology, a '' recto'' page is "on the right side". The ''verso'' or "turned side" (the other side of the page) is therefore a left-hand page. This terminology has nothing to do with Długosz.

Durink states the width (''latitudo'') and length (''longitudo'') of each flag in units he calls ''ulne'' (classical ''ulnae''). These must be cubits rather than ells; i.e., one ''ulna'' is 18 inches by today's standard ell. The flags are generally longer than they are wide.

Page 1 recto bears the following introduction:

Pro libraria universitatis studii Cracouiensis datum per dominum Johannem Dlugosch. Descriptio Prutenicae cladis seu crucigerorum sub Jagellone per Joannem Dlugosz canonicum Cracoviensem. Banderia Prutenorum anno domini millesimo quadringentesimo decimo in festo Divisionis Apostolorum erecta contra Polonie regem Wladislaum Jagyelno et per eundem regem prostrata et Cracouiam adducta ac in ecclesia catedrali suspensa, que, ut sequitur, in hune modum fuerunt depicta.

A translation directly from the Latin is:

Given to the library of the university of study of Cracow by the master John Długosz. Description of the Prussian ruin or (the ruin) of the cross-bearers through Jagiello by John Dlugosz, canon of Cracow. The blazons of the Prussians in the year of the Lord 1410 in the holiday of the Divisio Apostolorum (Dispersal of the Apostles), which were erected against the king of Poland, Wladislaw Jagiello, and were cast down by the same king and brought to Cracow and hung in the church cathedral, were depicted in this manner, as follows.

The description to which Długosz refers is contained in the Latin notes with the flags.

Comturiae mentioned in the work

Culm, Pomesania, Graudenz, Balga, Schonsze, Stargard, Sambia, Tuchel, Stuhm, Nessau, Westphalia, Rogasen, Elbing, Engelsburg, Strasburg, Chełm, Brettchen and Neumark, Braunsberg.

Noted and references

External links

Facsimile of Banderia Prutenorum, pages 1 recto through 11 recto.
* ttp://www.laborunion.lt/memorandum/ru/modules/banderia/tertius.htm Facsimile of Banderia Prutenorum, pages 20 verso through 30 verso.br>Facsimile of Banderia Prutenorum, pages 30 verso through 40 verso.
* ttp://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de_to_bp.html#ban Flags in the 'Banderia Prutenorum' Manuscript.''Flags of the World'' site.

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Literature on vexillology
15th century in Poland
German art
Jagiellonian University
15th-century illuminated manuscripts
Teutonic Order
Works about Poland
Works about Lithuania
15th-century books in Latin