Balinese Temples

A Balinese temple, or better-known as () is a Bali-style (commonly associated to Hindu) temple, it serves as the place of worship for adherents of Balinese Hinduism in Indonesia. Puras are built following rules, style, guidance, and rituals found in Balinese architecture. Most puras are found on the island of Bali, where Hinduism is the predominant religion, however, many puras exist in other parts of Indonesia where significant numbers of Balinese people reside. Mother Temple of Besakih is the most important, largest, and holiest temple in Bali. Many Puras have been built in Bali, leading it to be titled "the Island of a Thousand Puras."

Etymology

The term ''pura'' originates from the Sanskrit word ('' -pur, -puri, -pura, -puram, -pore''), meaning "city," "walled city," "towered city," or "palace," which was adopted with the Indianization of Southeast Asia and the spread of Hinduism, especially in the Indosphere. During the development of the Balinese language, the term ''pura'' came to refer to a religious temple complex, while the term ''puri'' came to refer to a palace, the residence of kings and nobles, similar to Javanese kratons.

Design and layout

Unlike the common towering indoor Hindu temples of the Indian Subcontinent, puras are designed as open-air places of worship within enclosed walls, connected with a series of intricately decorated gates between their compounds. These walled compounds contain several shrines, '' meru'' (towers), and ''bale'' (pavilions). The design, plan, and layout of the pura follow the ''trimandala'' concept of Balinese space allocation.

Three mandala zones are arranged according to a sacred hierarchy:
# ''Nista mandala (jaba pisan)'': the outer zone, which directly connects the pura compound with the outer realm and the entrance to the temple. This zone usually takes the form of an open field or a garden that can be used for religious dance performances, or as an additional space for preparations during religious festivals.
# ''Madya mandala (jaba tengah)'': the middle zone of the temple, where the activity of adherents takes place, and also the location for supporting facilities of the temple. In this zone usually, several pavilions are built, such as the '' bale kulkul'' (wooden Slit drum tower), ''bale gong'' (gamelan pavilion), '' wantilan'' (meeting pavilion), ''bale pesandekan'', and ''bale perantenan'', the temple's kitchen.
# ''Utama mandala (jero)'': the holiest and the most sacred zone within the pura. This enclosed compound, and typically the highest, usually contains a '' padmasana'', the towering lotus throne of the highest god, Acintya (the Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa in modern Balinese, or "All-in-one God"); the '' pelinggih meru'' (a multi-tiered tower-shrine); and several pavilions such as ''bale pawedan'' (vedic chanting pavilion), ''bale piyasan'', ''bale pepelik'' (offering pavilion), ''bale panggungan'', ''bale murda'', and ''gedong penyimpenan'' (storehouse of the temple's relics).

However, the layout rules for arrangements of the facilities of the two outer zones, nista mandala and madya mandala, are somewhat flexible. Several structures, such as the ''bale kulkul'', could be built as outer corner tower; also, the ''perantenan'' (temple kitchen) could be located in the ''Nista mandala''.

Gates

There are two types of gates within Balinese architecture: the split gate, known as '' candi bentar'', and the roofed tower gate known as ''paduraksa'' or ''kori agung''. Both types of gates have specific roles in Balinese architectural design. Candi bentar is the gate used in the nista mandala, while the kori agung is employed as the gate between the madya mandala and Utama mandala inner compounds.

The rules for gate types are also valid for nonreligious compounds such as puri, nobles' and kings' residences.

File:Bali, Pura Besakih 6.jpg, Pura Besakih: stairs and terraces leading to the '' candi bentar'' split gate.
File:Pura Taman Saraswati3.JPG, Pura Taman Saraswati (Ubud): towering '' kori agung'' gate.

Types of pura

There are several types of pura, each serving certain functions of Balinese rituals throughout the Balinese calendar. The Balinese temples are arranged according to the physical and spiritual realm of Balinese people, which corresponds to ''kaja-kelod'' sacred axis, from mountain tops to the realms of gods, hyang spirits, the middle fertile plain the realm of humans, and other beings, all the way to the beach and ocean, and the many realms in Indonesia.
; ''Pura Kahyangan Jagad''
: Puras Kahyangan Jagad, or “palaces of the gods,” are the nine temples on Bali that are built at the cardinal points, including one at the centre (see “Nine directional temples” further down).
; ''Pura Tirta''
: "Water temples," a type of ''pura'' that associates religious function and water management function as part of the ''subak'' irrigation system. Each of these temples corresponds to a drainage basin. The priests in these temples have the authority to manage the water allocation among rice paddies in the villages surrounding the temple. Some ''tirta'' temples are noted for their sacred water and for having ''petirtaan'' or sacred bathing pools for cleansing rituals. Pura Ulun Danu Bratan, built on the edge of an important lake, is considered as the primary source of water for all agricultural activities in Bali and the feminine equivalent to Pura Besakih; it is as important as the latter. Pura Tirta Empul is another important water temple.
; ''Pura Desa''
: A type of ''pura'' dedicated to the worship of Brahma the gods and deities, that are located within villages or cities, serving as the center of Balinese people's religious activities.
; ''Pura Puseh''
: A type of ''pura'' dedicated to the worship of Vishnu.
; ''Pura Dalem''
: A type of ''pura'' dedicated to the worship of Shiva, Durga, Mother Nature, Banaspatiraja (''barong''), Sang Bhuta Diyu, Sang Bhuta Garwa, and other deities, usually Shiva's shakti, Durga, is venerated in this temple. In the human life cycle, the temple is connected to rituals concerning death. It is also common for a ''pura dalem'' to have a big tree like a banyan tree or a ''kepuh'' which is usually also used as a shrine. The ''pura dalem'' is typically located next to the graveyard of the deceased before ''ngaben'' (cremation) ceremony.
; ''Pura Mrajapati''
: A type of ''pura'' to worship ''prajapati'' (the lord of people) or the cosmic might. Most often, in this temple, Shiva is worshipped in his form as ''prajapati''.
; ''Pura Segara''
: "Sea temples," are ''pura'' that are located by the sea to appease the sea gods and deities. It is usually important during the Melasti ritual. Examples of this type of temple are the Tanah Lot Temple and Uluwatu Temple.

Nine directional temples

The nine directional temples (''Pura Kahyangan Jagat'' or ''Pura Kahyangan Padma Bhuwana''
)
of Bali mark the eight cardinal directions,
to which is added the center point.
They are the nine holiest places of worship on the island. Built at strategic locations, they are meant to protect the island and its people from evil spirits.
These temples belong to every Balinese on the island (as opposite to the other temples, which are the property of the village or town in which they sit). They are:

* Pura Besakih (in Karangasem Regency), the "mother temple" of Bali, for the north-east direction.
* Pura Lempuyang Luhur (half in Karangasem district and half in Abang district, Karangasem Regency), for the east direction, associated with the god Iswara.
* Pura Goa Lawah (in Pesinggahan district, Klungkung Regency), for the south-east direction; this temple is also one of the six "sanctuaries of the world".
* Pura Luhur Andakasa (in Antiga, Manggis, Klungkung Regency), for the south direction.
* Pura Luhur Uluwatu (in Pecatu, Badung), for the south-west direction.
* Pura Luhur Batukaru (in Tabanan), for the west direction.
* Pura Pucak Mangu (in the village of Pelaga, Petang district, Badung Regency, on Mount Catur), for the north-west direction;
* Pura Ulun Danu Batur (in Kintamani), for the north direction. The name Ulun Danu means “head of the lake”; it is the abode of the goddess Batari Ulun Danu, ruler of the lakes.
* Pura Pusering Jagat (Pura Puser Tasik) ( Pejeng, near Ubud, in Gianyar), for the center direction.

Six sanctuaries of the world

The "six sanctuaries of the world" (''Sad Kahyangan Jagad'', with ''Sad'' meaning "six") are the six holiest places of worship in Bali. According to Balinese beliefs, they are the pivotal points of the island and are meant to provide spiritual balance to Bali. The number of these most sacred sanctuaries always adds up to six, but depending on the region, the specific temples that are listed may vary. A list of the Sad Kahyangan may include:

* Pura Besakih in Karangasem, the "mother temple" of Bali
* Pura Lempuyang Luhur in Karangasem
* Pura Goa Lawah in Klungkung
* Pura Luhur Uluwatu in Badung
* Pura Luhur Batukaru in Tabanan
* Pura Pusering Jagat (Pura Puser Tasik) in Gianyar
* Pura Rambut Siwi in Jembrana Regency

Sea temples

Bali has several important "sea temples" (Balinese: ''pura segara''), which were founded in the 16th century by a Majapahit sage from Java named Nirartha, to honour the gods of the sea. Each of the temples is traditionally said to be visible from the next, forming a 'chain' around the coast of Bali. Many of the most important sea temples are located along the south-west coast of the island. The temples' positions were meant to provide a chain of spiritual protection for the island.

Listed counterclockwise from Nirartha's legendary point of arrival in Bali, the seven most prominent Balinese sea temples are:

* Pura Pulaki near Pemuteran (district of Gerokgak, region of Buleleng), northeast of Gilimanuk ().
* Pura Gede Perancak, 10 km south of Negara ().
* Pura Rambut Siwi, 18 km east of Negara ()
A legend says that at this site, Nirartha gave a lock of his hair, which was worshipped. ''Rambut Siwi'' translates as 'worship of the hair' and the tale is reminiscent of the Buddhist story of Gautama giving eight hairs to Tapussa and Bhallika, which are now enshrined at Shwedagon.
* Pura Tanah Lot, 11 km north-west of Canggu and 13 km south-west of Tabanan city, where two puras were built on a coastal rock overlooking the Indian Ocean as a shrine to honor sea deities. ().
* Pura Luhur Uluwatu, at the southwestern extremity of the Bukit Peninsula (). This is the only Balinese sea temple that is also one of the six Balinese directional temples.
* Pura Mas Suka, at the southern tip of the Bukit Peninsula (southernmost point of Bali), near Greenbowl Beach ().
* Pura Sakenan on Serangan island, an island south of Denpasar, between Tanjung Benoa and Sanur ().

Dang Kahyangan

Dang Hyang Nirartha's history, which in Bali is commonly called the History of Gede and recals his ''Dharmayatra'' (religious holy journey), is written in a ''lontar'' called ''Dwijendra Tatwa''. 34 temples are mentioned in this document; they are called ''Dang Kahyangan'' Temples, as well as those built to honour Nirartha.
Some of them are:

* Pura Yeh Jeruk in Gianyar
* Pura Pekendungan near Tanah Lot in Tabanan
* Pura Dalem Sakenan on Serangan island
* Pura Tirta Empul in Tampaksiring
* Pura Penataran Sasih in Pejeng
* Pura Dasar Bhuana in Gelgel
* Pura Kehen in Bangli

See also

* Balinese architecture
* Pura Besakih
* Candi of Indonesia
* Dambana
* List of Hindu temples in Indonesia

Notes

References

* Sudharta, Tjok. Rai. ''Beda Sadkahyangan dengan Sadwinayaka'', Kolom Tatwa. Majalah Sarad Bali, Ed. No. 69/Tahun VII, Januari 2006.

External links

Balinese Temples (Mapview)
at Bali.com

Pura Besakih (description)
at footprint guides

Pura Penataran Agung (layout)
Rough Guide to Bali & Lombok

{{Hindu temples in Indonesia

Balinese culture
Hindu temples
Hindu temples in Indonesia

Bali
Balinese