Axial ratio, for any structure or shape with two or more axes, is the

ratio In mathematics, a ratio shows how many times one number contains another. For example, if there are eight oranges and six lemons in a bowl of fruit, then the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to six (that is, 8:6, which is equivalent to the ...

of the length (or magnitude) of those axes to each other - the longer axis divided by the shorter. In ''chemistry'' or ''materials science'', the axial ratio (symbol P) is used to describe rigid rod-like

molecule A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

s. It is defined as the length of the rod divided by the rod diameter. In ''physics'', the axial ratio describes

electromagnetic radiation In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, (visible) li ...

with elliptical, or circular, polarization. The

axial ratio Axial ratio, for any structure or shape with two or more axes, is the ratio of the length (or magnitude) of those axes to each other - the longer axis divided by the shorter. In ''chemistry'' or ''materials science'', the axial ratio (symbol P) i ...

is the ratio of the magnitudes of the major and minor axis defined by the

electric field vector An electric field (sometimes E-field) is the physical field that surrounds electrically charged particles and exerts force on all other charged particles in the field, either attracting or repelling them. It also refers to the physical field f ...

See also