In
artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech re ...
(AI), anticipation occurs when an
agent
Agent may refer to:
Espionage, investigation, and law
*, spies or intelligence officers
* Law of agency, laws involving a person authorized to act on behalf of another
** Agent of record, a person with a contractual agreement with an insuranc ...
makes decisions based on its explicit beliefs about the future. More broadly, "anticipation" can also refer to the ability to act in appropriate ways that take future events into account, without necessarily explicitly possessing a model of the future events.
The concept stays in contrast to the reactive paradigm, which is not able to predict future system states.
[{{cite book, author1=Giovanni Pezzulo, author2=Martin V. Butz, author3=Cristiano Castelfranchi, title=The Challenge of Anticipation: A Unifying Framework for the Analysis and Design of Artificial Cognitive Systems, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3NqCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6, date=25 September 2008, publisher=Springer, isbn=978-3-540-87702-8, pages=6]
In AI
An agent employing anticipation would try to predict the future state of the environment (weather in this case) and make use of the predictions in the decision making. For example,
If the sky is cloudy and the air pressure is low,
it will probably rain soon
so take the umbrella with you.
Otherwise
leave the umbrella home.
These rules explicitly take into account possible future events.
In 1985,
Robert Rosen defined an anticipatory system as follows:
:A system containing a predictive model of itself and/or its environment,
:which allows it to change state at an instant in accord
:with the model's predictions pertaining to a later instant.
To some extent, Rosen's definition of anticipation applies to any system incorporating
machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of inquiry devoted to understanding and building methods that 'learn', that is, methods that leverage data to improve performance on some set of tasks. It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence.
Machine ...
. At issue is how much of a system's behaviour should or indeed can be determined by reasoning over dedicated representations, how much by on-line
planning
Planning is the process of thinking regarding the activities required to achieve a desired goal. Planning is based on foresight, the fundamental capacity for mental time travel. The evolution of forethought, the capacity to think ahead, is consi ...
, and how much must be provided by the system's designers.
In animals
Humans can make decisions based on explicit beliefs about the future. More broadly, animals can act in appropriate ways that take future events into account, although they may not necessarily have an explicit cognitive model of the future; evolution may have shaped simpler systemic features that result in adaptive anticipatory behavior in a narrow domain. For example, hibernation is anticipatory behavior, but does not appear to be driven by a cognitive model of the future.
[Riegler, A. (2001, June). The role of anticipation in cognition. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 573, No. 1, pp. 534-541). AIP.]
See also
*
Action selection Action selection is a way of characterizing the most basic problem of intelligent systems: what to do next. In artificial intelligence and computational cognitive science, "the action selection problem" is typically associated with intelligent agen ...
*
Cognition
Cognition refers to "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses". It encompasses all aspects of intellectual functions and processes such as: perception, attention, thought, ...
*
Dynamic planning
is a licensing company owned by manga artist Go Nagai. It was established in 1974 as a sister company of Dynamic Productions.
Dynamic Planning is credited in all of Go Nagai's animated works since 1974 as the "planner" and/or "producer".
...
* The
History of artificial intelligence
The history of artificial intelligence (AI) began in antiquity, with myths, stories and rumors of artificial beings endowed with intelligence or consciousness by master craftsmen. The seeds of modern AI were planted by philosophers who attemp ...
*
MindRACES
The Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, also called Framework Programmes or abbreviated FP1 to FP9, are funding programmes created by the European Union/European Commission to support and foster research in the Europea ...
*
Nature and nurture
Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the balance between two competing factors which determine fate: genetics (nature) and environment (nurture). The alliterative expression "nature and nurture" in English h ...
* The
Physical symbol system
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions.
The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH ...
hypothesis
*
Strong AI
*
Robert Rosen
*
Teleonomy
Teleonomy is the quality of apparent purposefulness and of goal-directedness of structures and functions in living organisms brought about by natural processes like natural selection. The term derives from the Greek "τελεονομία", compound ...
References
External links
''MindRACES: From Reactive to Anticipatory Cognitive Embodied Systems'', 2004
Artificial intelligence