Adenanthos cuneatus

''Adenanthos cuneatus'', also known as coastal jugflower, flame bush, bridle bush and sweat bush, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae, native to the south coast of Western Australia. The French naturalist Jacques Labillardière originally described it in 1805. Within the genus ''Adenanthos'', it lies in the section ''Adenanthos'' and is most closely related to '' A. stictus''. ''A. cuneatus'' has hybridized with four other species of ''Adenanthos''. Growing to high and wide, it is erect to prostrate in habit, with wedge-shaped lobed leaves covered in fine silvery hair. The single red flowers are insignificant, and appear all year, though especially in late spring. The reddish new growth occurs over the summer.

It is sensitive to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' dieback, hence requiring a sandy soil and good drainage to grow in cultivation, its natural habitat of sandy soils in heathland being an example. Its pollinators include bees, honey possum, silvereye and honeyeaters, particularly the western spinebill. ''A. cuneatus'' is grown in gardens in Australia and the western United States, and a dwarf and prostrate form are commercially available.

Description

''Adenanthos cuneatus'' grows as an erect, spreading or prostrate shrub to high and wide. It has a woody base, known as a lignotuber, from which it can resprout after bushfire. The wedge-shaped ( cuneate) leaves are on short petioles, and are long and wide, with 3 to 5 (and occasionally up to 7) rounded 'teeth' or lobes at the ends.Wrigley (1991): 61–62.Nelson (1995): 331. New growth is red and slightly translucent. It glows bright red against the light, especially when the sun is low in the sky. New growth is mainly seen in summer, and the leaves in general are covered with fine, silvery hair. Occurring throughout the year but more often from August to November, the insignificant single flowers are a dull red in colour and measure around long. The pollen is triangular in shape and measures in length, averaging around .

The species is similar in many ways to its close relative '' A. stictus''. The most obvious difference is in habit: the multi-stemmed, lignotuberous ''A. cuneatus'' rarely grows over in height, whereas ''A. stictus'' is a taller single-stemmed non-lignotuberous shrub that commonly reaches in height. Leaves are similar, but the lobes at the leaf apex are regular and crenate (rounded) in ''A. cuneatus'', but irregular and dentate (toothed) in ''A. stictus''.Nelson (1978): 389. Also, new growth does not have a red flush in ''A. stictus'', and juvenile leaves of ''A. stictus'' are usually much larger than adult leaves, a difference not seen in ''A. cuneatus''. The flowers of the two species are very similar, differing only subtly in dimension, colour and indumentum.Nelson (1975b): 139–144.

Taxonomy

Discovery and naming

Although the precise time and location of its discovery are unknown, Jacques Labillardière, botanist to an expedition under Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, which anchored in Esperance Bay on the south coast of Western Australia on 9 December 1792, most likely collected the first known botanical specimen of ''Adenanthos cuneatus'' on 16 December while searching the area between Observatory Point and Pink Lake for the zoologist Claude Riche, who had gone ashore two days earlier and failed to return. Following an unsuccessful search the following day, several senior members of the expedition were convinced that Riche must have perished of thirst or at the hands of the Australian Aborigines and counselled d'Entrecasteaux to sail without him. However, Labillardière convinced d'Entrecasteaux to search for another day, and was rewarded not only with the recovery of Riche, but also with the collection of several highly significant botanical specimens, including the first specimens of ''Anigozanthos'' (Kangaroo Paw) and ''Nuytsia floribunda'' (West Australian Christmas Tree) and, as aforementioned, ''A. cuneatus''.Nelson (1975b) 1:24

Thirteen years passed before Labillardière published a formal description of ''A. cuneatus'', and in the meantime several further collections were made: Scottish botanist Robert Brown collected a specimen on 30 December 1801, during the visit of HMS ''Investigator'' to King George Sound; and, fourteen months later, Jean-Baptiste Leschenault de La Tour, botanist to Nicolas Baudin's voyage of exploration,Nelson (1975a): 332. and "gardener's boy" Antoine Guichenot collected more specimens therein. The official account of Baudin's expedition contain notes from Leschenault on vegetation:

Labillardière eventually published the genus ''Adenanthos'', along with ''A. cuneatus'' and two other species, in his 1805 ''Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen''. He chose the specific name ''cuneata'' in reference to the leaves of this species, which are cuneate (triangular).Nelson (1975b) 2: A126. This name has feminine gender, consistent with the gender assigned by Labillardière to the genus.Nelson (1978): 320. He did not designate which of the three published species was to serve as the type species of ''Adenanthos'', but Irish botanist E. Charles Nelson has since chosen ''A. cuneatus'' as lectotype for the genus, since the holotype of ''A. cuneatus'' bears an annotation showing the derivation of the genus name, and because Labillardière's description of it is the most detailed of the three, and is referred to by the other descriptions.Nelson (1978): 318, 320.

Synonymy

In 1809, Richard Salisbury, writing under Joseph Knight's name in the controversial ''On the cultivation of the plants belonging to the natural order of Proteeae'', published the name ''Adenanthes'' ''flabellifolia'', listing ''A. cuneata'' as a synonym. As no type specimen was given, and no specimen annotated by Knight could be found, this was treated as a nomenclatural synonym of ''A. cuneata'' and was therefore rejected on the principle of priority.Nelson (1978): 387.

Also synonymised with this species is ''Adenanthos crenata'', published by Carl Ludwig Willdenow's in Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel's 1825 16th edition of '' Systema Vegetabilium''. Willdenow published both ''A. cuneata'' and ''A. crenata'', giving them different descriptions but designating the same type specimen for both. Thus ''A. crenata'' was rejected under the principle of priority, and is now regarded as a nomenclatural synonym of ''A. cuneatus''.

Infrageneric placement

In 1870, George Bentham published the first infrageneric arrangement of ''Adenanthos'' in Volume 5 of his landmark "''Flora Australiensis"''. He divided the genus into two sections, placing ''A. cuneata'' in ''A.'' sect. ''Stenolaema'' because its perianth tube is straight and not swollen above the middle. This arrangement still stands today, though ''A.'' sect. ''Stenolaema'' is now renamed to the autonym ''A.'' sect. ''Adenanthos''.

A phenetic analysis of the genus undertaken by Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which ''A. cuneatus'' was grouped with ''A. stictus''. This pairing was then neighbour to a larger group that included '' A. forrestii'', '' A. eyrei'', '' A. cacomorphus'', '' A. ileticos'', and several hybrid and unusual forms of ''A. cuneatus''.Nelson (1975b) 1: 123, 124. Nelson's analysis supported Bentham's sections, and so they were retained when Nelson published a taxonomic revision of the genus in 1978. He further subdivided ''A.'' sect. ''Adenanthos'' into two subsections, with ''A. cuneata'' placed into ''A.'' subsect. ''Adenanthos'' for reasons including the length of its perianth,Nelson (1978): 320, 321. but Nelson discarded his own subsections in his 1995 treatment of ''Adenanthos'', for the ''Flora of Australia'' series of monographs. By this time, the ICBN had issued a ruling that all genera ending in ''-anthos'' must be treated as having masculine gender; thus the specific epithet became ''cuneatus''.

The placement of ''A. cuneatus'' in Nelson's arrangement of ''Adenanthos'' may be summarised as follows:
:''Adenanthos''
:: ''A.'' sect. ''Eurylaema'' (4 species)
:: ''A.'' sect. ''Adenanthos''
:::'' A. drummondii''
:::'' A. dobagii''
:::'' A. apiculatus''
:::'' A. linearis''
:::'' A. pungens'' (2 subspecies)
:::'' A. gracilipes''
:::'' A. venosus''
:::'' A. dobsonii''
:::'' A. glabrescens'' (2 subspecies)
:::'' A. ellipticus''
:::''A. cuneatus''
:::'' A. stictus''
:::'' A. ileticos''
:::'' A. forrestii''
:::'' A. eyrei''
:::'' A. cacomorphus''
:::'' A. flavidiflorus''
:::'' A. argyreus''
:::'' A. macropodianus''
:::'' A. terminalis''
:::'' A. sericeus'' (2 subspecies)
:::'' A. × cunninghamii''
:::'' A. oreophilus''
:::'' A. cygnorum'' (2 subspecies)
:::'' A. meisneri''
:::'' A. velutinus''
:::'' A. filifolius''
:::'' A. labillardierei''
:::'' A. acanthophyllus''

Hybrids

''Adenanthos cuneatus'' apparently forms hybrids with other ''Adenanthos'' species quite readily, as four putative natural hybrids have been reported:
* ''A.'' × ''cunninghamii'' (Albany Woollybush), a hybrid between ''A. cuneatus'' and '' A. sericeus'', was first collected in 1827, and published as ''A. cunninghamii'' in 1845. Other than some dubious collections in the 1830s and 1840s, no further sightings are known to have been made until 1973, when Nelson rediscovered it. At the time it was regarded as a distinct species, but by 1995 it was thought to be a hybrid, and this was confirmed by genetic analysis in 2002. In appearance it is very similar to ''A. sericeus'', but its leaf segments are flat rather than cylindrical.
* A single plant discovered by Nelson near Israelite Bay, where both putative parents are found, is regarded as a hybrid between ''A. cuneatus'' and '' A. dobsonii''. Leaves are mostly triangular like those of ''A. cuneatus'', but whereas ''A. cuneatus'' leaves are mostly five-lobed, the putative hybrid usually has three lobes, with the occasional leaf being entire like those of ''A. dobsonii'' (though ''A. cuneatis'' itself occasionally bears entire leaves). Leaves of the putative hybrid lack the thick indumentum of ''A. cuneatus'', being bright green with a sparse indumentum like that of ''A. dobsonii''. Flower colour is like that of ''A. cuneatus'' but the style lacks an indumentum, like ''A. dobsonii''.Nelson (1978): 391.
* Two plants found near Twilight Cove are regarded as hybrids between ''A. cuneatus'' and '' A. forrestii'', the only two ''Adenanthos'' species to occur in the area. One was discovered by Nelson in 1972, the other by Alex George in 1974. They are about 5 km apart, and differ somewhat. The leaves are triangular and flat like those of ''A. cuneatus'', but the leaves of mature shoots are very long and narrow, and the leaves of younger shoots are deeply lobed.Nelson (1978): 392.
* In his 1995 revision, Nelson refers to putative hybrids with ''A. dobsonii'' and '' A. apiculatus'', citing the 1978 paper in which he published putative hybrids with ''A. dobsonii'' and ''A. forrestii''. It is unclear whether the reference to ''A. apiculatus'' is an error or a fourth putative hybrid.

Common names

This species has several common names, some highly localised. Two names allude to its consumption by horses; ''bridle bush'', a name used east of Esperance, refers to the fact that horses favour it as fodder; and ''sweat bush'', used around Hopetoun, derived from the claim that horses break out in sweat after consuming young growth. The common name of ''flame bush'' derives from the brilliant red new growth. It is also known as ''coastal jugflower''. Nelson also records the use of the names ''Templetonia'' and ''native temp'', but ridicules them as obvious errors.

Distribution and habitat

The most widely distributed ''Adenanthos'' species of the south coast,Nelson (1975b): 299. ''A. cuneatus'' is common and locally abundant between King George Sound and Israelite Bay, along the coast and up to inland, with isolated populations extending west to Walpole and the Stirling Range, and as far east of Israelite Bay as Twilight Cove.Nelson (1978): 388.

This species is restricted to siliceous sandplain soils and will not grow in calcareous soils such as the limestone plains of the Nullarbor, or even siliceous dunes with limestone at little depth.Nelson (1975b): 262, 268. This restriction explains the disjunctions east of Israelite Bay: the species occurs only in those few locations where the existence of cliff-top dunes of deep siliceous sand provide suitable habitat.Nelson (1975b): 311. Provided the soil is siliceous and fairly dry, ''A. cuneatus'' tolerates a range of edaphic conditions: it grows in both lateritic sand and sands of marine origin,Nelson (1975b): 252. and it tolerates pH levels ranging from 3.8 to 6.6.Nelson (1975b): 254.

Consistent with these edaphic preferences, ''A. cuneatus'' is a frequent and characteristic member of the kwongan heathlands commonly found on the sandplains of Southwest Australia. The climate in its range is mediterranean, with annual rainfall from .Nelson (1975b): 261.

Ecology

Colletid bees of the genus '' Leioproctus ''visit ''Adenanthos cuneatus'' flowers. A 1978 field study conducted around Albany found the honey possum (''Tarsipes rostratus'') occasionally visited ''Adenanthos cuneatus'', while the western spinebill much preferred the species to other flowers. A 1980 field study at Cheyne beach showed that the New Holland honeyeater and white-cheeked honeyeater pollinate it A 1985–86 field study in the Fitzgerald River National Park found that the nectar-feeding honey possum occasionally eats it. The silvereye (''Zosterops lateralis'') feeds on nectar from the flowers, and has also been observed taking dew-drops from leaves early in the morning.

''Adenanthos cuneatus'' is known to be susceptible to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' dieback, but reports on the degree of susceptibility vary from low to high. A study of ''Banksia attenuata'' woodland southeast of Perth across 16 years, and following a wave of ''P. cinnamomi'' infestation, showed that ''A. cuneatus'' populations were not significantly reduced in diseased areas. Phosphite (used to combat dieback) has some toxic effects in ''A. cuneatus'', with some necrosis of leaf tips, but the shrub uptakes little of the compound when compared with other shrubs. Specimens in coastal dune vegetation showed some sensitivity to the fungus ''Armillaria luteobubalina'', with between a quarter and a half of plants exposed succumbing to the pathogen.

Cultivation

''Adenanthos cuneatus'' was taken to Great Britain in 1824, and has been grown in cultivation in Australia and the western United States. Its attractive bronzed or reddish foliage is its main horticultural feature, along with its ability to attract birds to the garden. It requires a well-drained position to do well, but will grow in full sun or semi-shade, and tolerates both sand and gravelly soils. George Lullfitz, a Western Australian nurseryman, recommends growing it as a rambling ground cover in front of other shrubs, or in a rockery.

The following cultivars exist:
*''A.'' "Coral Drift" is a compact form in cultivation since at least the 1990s. It is tall and wide. The grey foliage has pinkish purple new growth.
*''A.'' "Coral Carpet" is a prostrate form which peaks at around high and spreads to across. The new foliage is a pinkish purple. A chance seedling from 'Coral Drift', it was originally developed by George Lullfitz of Lullfitz Nursery in Wanneroo. It became available to the public in 2005, and has been registered successfully under Plant Breeders' Rights.

Footnotes

References

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External links

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cuneatus
Eudicots of Western Australia
Garden plants of Australia
Plants described in 1805
Endemic flora of Southwest Australia