Abruzzi

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Abruzzo (, , ; nap, label= Abruzzese Neapolitan, Abbrùzze , ''Abbrìzze'' or ''Abbrèzze'' ; nap, label= Aquilano, Abbrùzzu; historically Abruzzi) is a region of Southern Italy with an area of 10,763 square km (4,156 sq mi) and a population of 1.3 million. It is divided into four provinces: L'Aquila, Teramo, Pescara, and Chieti. Its western border lies east of Rome. Abruzzo borders the region of Marche to the north, Lazio to the west and north-west, Molise to the south and the Adriatic Sea to the east. Geographically, Abruzzo is divided into a mountainous area in the west, which includes the highest massifs of the Apennines, such as the Gran Sasso d'Italia and the Maiella, and a coastal area in the east with beaches on the Adriatic Sea.

Abruzzo is considered a region of Southern Italy in terms of its culture, language, history, and economy, though in terms of physical geography it may also be considered part of Central Italy.Paradosso evidenziato da Ignazio Silone, cfr. The Italian Statistical Authority (ISTAT) also deems it to be part of Southern Italy, partly because of Abruzzo's historic association with the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

Almost half of the region's territory is protected through national parks and nature reserves, more than any administrative region on the continent, leading it to be dubbed "the greenest region in Europe." There are three national parks, one regional park, and 38 protected nature reserves. These ensure the survival of rare species, such as the golden eagle, the Abruzzo (or Abruzzese) chamois, the Apennine wolf and the Marsican brown bear. Abruzzo's parks and reserves host 75% of Europe's animal species. The region is also home to Calderone, one of Europe's southernmost glaciers.

Nineteenth-century Italian diplomat and journalist Primo Levi (1853–1917) chose the adjectives ''forte e gentile'' ("strong and kind") to capture what he saw as the character of the region and its people. "''Forte e gentile''" has since become the motto of the region.

Provinces and politics

Provinces

Abruzzo is divided into four administrative provinces:

Politics

History

Human settlements in Abruzzo have existed since at least the Neolithic times. A skeleton from Lama dei Peligni in the province of Chieti dates back to 6,540 BC under radiometric dating. The name Abruzzo appears to be derivative of the Latin word "''Aprutium''". In Roman times, the region was known as Picenum, Sabina et Samnium, Flaminia et Picenum, and Campania et Samnium. The region was known as Aprutium in the Middle Ages, arising from four possible sources: it is a combination of Praetutium, or rather of the name of the people Praetutii, applied to their chief city, Interamnia, the old Teramo.

Many cities in Abruzzo date back to ancient times. Corfinio was known as Corfinium when it was the chief city of the Paeligni, and later was renamed Pentima by the Romans. Chieti is built on the site of the ancient city of Teate, Atri was known as Adria. Teramo, known variously in ancient times as Interamnia and Teramne, has Roman ruins which attract tourists.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, a string of invasions and rulers dominated the region, including the Lombards, Byzantines, and Hungarians. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the region was dominated by the popes, and at times was part of the Duchy of Spoleto and (partly) the Duchy of Benevento. Subsequently, the Normans took over, and Abruzzo became part of the Kingdom of Sicily, later the Kingdom of Naples. The House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies took over in 1734, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860.

The administrative region of Abruzzo was formed in the 1230s, when Frederick II divided his realms into giustizierato, with Abruzzo forming one of them. This was subsequently divided into ''Abruzzo Citra'' (nearer Abruzzo) and ''Abruzzo Ultra'' (farther Abruzzo), named in relation to the capital Naples, by Carlo I of Anjou in the 1270s, and in 1806 Abruzzo Ultra was itself divided in two (in the Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic)), as Abruzzo Ultra I and Abruzzo Ultra II (being divided at the Gran Sasso d'Italia); the same Citra/Ultra I/Ultra II scheme was used for Calabria. When Abruzzo was divided into smaller regions, these were referred to collectively by the plural term ''Abruzzi''. In the 1948 Italian Constitution, these were unified with Molise into the Abruzzi e Molise region, though in the first draft Abruzzo and Molise were separate, and in 1963 Abruzzi e Molise were separated into the two regions of Abruzzo and Molise. Abruzzo Citeriore is now the province of Chieti. The province of Teramo and province of Pescara now comprise what was Abruzzo Ulteriore I. Abruzzo Ulteriore II is now the province of L'Aquila.

During the Second World War, Abruzzo was on the Gustav Line, part of the German's Winter Line. One of the most brutal battles was the Battle of Ortona. Abruzzo was the location of two prisoner of war camps, Campo 21 in Chieti, and Campo 78 in Sulmona. The Sulmona camp also served as a POW camp in World War I; much of the facility is still intact and attracts tourists interested in military history.

Geography

Geographically, Abruzzo is part of central Italy, stretching from the heart of the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and includes mainly mountainous and wild land. The mountainous land is occupied by a vast plateau, including Gran Sasso, at the highest peak of the Apennines, and Mount Majella at . The Adriatic coastline is characterized by long sandy beaches to the North and pebbly beaches to the South. Abruzzo is well known for its landscapes and natural environment, parks and nature reserves, characteristic hillside areas rich in vineyards and olive groves. Many beaches have been awarded the Blue Flag beach status.

Climate

In Abruzzo there are two climatic zones. The coastal strip and sub-Apennine hills have a climate markedly different from that of the mountainous interior. Coastal areas have a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and mild winters. Inland hilly areas have a sublittoral climate with temperatures decreasing progressively with increasing altitude. Precipitation is also strongly affected by the presence of the Apennines mountain range. Rainfall is abundant on slopes oriented to the west, and lower in east and east-facing slopes. The Adriatic coast is shielded from rainfall by the barrier effect created by the Apennines. The minimum annual rainfall is found in some inland valleys, sheltered by mountain ranges, such as Peligna or Tirino (Ofena, Capestrano), where as little as were recorded. Rainfall along the coast almost always never falls below . Teramo has relatively less rainfall (about ) than Chieti, while Ortona, Vasto, and Costa dei Trabocchi have comparatively less rainfall. The highest rainfall occurs in upland areas on the border with Lazio; they are especially vulnerable to Atlantic disturbances. Around of precipitation is typical.

Flora and fauna

The flora of Abruzzo is typically Mediterranean. Along the coastal belt Mediterranean shrubland Is the dominant natural vegetation, with species like myrtle, heather and mastic. Inland we find olive, pine, willow, oak, poplar, alder, arbutus, broom, acacia, capers, rosemary, hawthorn, licorice and almond trees, interspersed with oak trees. At elevations between there is sub-montane vegetation, with mixed woodlands of oak and turkey oak, maple and hornbeam; shrubs include dog rose and red juniper. Elevations between are dominated by beech. In the Apennine Mountains at elevations above species include alpine orchid, mountain juniper, silver fir, black cranberry and the Abruzzo edelweiss.

The fauna of Abruzzo is very diverse, including the region's symbol, the Abruzzo chamois ('' Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata''), which has recovered from near-extinction. Common species include Marsican brown bear, Italian wolf, deer, lynx, roe deer, snow vole, fox, porcupine, wild cat, wild boar, badger, otter, and viper.

The natural parks of the region are the Abruzzo National Park, the Gran Sasso and Monti della Laga National Park, the Maiella National Park and the Sirente-Velino Regional Park, as well as many other natural reserves and protected areas.

In 2017, the ancient beech forests of the Abruzzo Lazio and Molise National Park of Europe were recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, with the region thus gaining its first prestigious site.

Economy

Until a few decades ago, Abruzzo was a backward region of Southern Italy. Since the 1950s, Abruzzo has showed steady economic growth. In 1951, per capita income or GDP was 53% of that of wealthier Northern Italy. The gap has since narrowed, being 65% in 1971 and 76% by 1994. The region reached the highest per capita GDP of Southern Italy through the highest growth rate of every other region of Italy.

Abruzzo is the 16th most productive region in the country, and is the 13th for GRP per capita among Italian regions.

As of 2003, Abruzzo's per capita GDP was €19,506 or 84% of the national average of €23,181, compared to the average value for Southern Italy of €15,808. In 2006, the region's average GDP per capita was approximately 20,100 EUR. The construction of motorways from Rome to Teramo (A24) and Rome to Pescara ( A25), which provided better access to the region, is credited as a driver of public and private investments.

The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake led to a sharp economic slowdown. However, according to statistics at the end of 2010, some signals of recovery were noted. Regional economic growth was recorded as 1.47%, which actually placed Abruzzo fourth among Italy's regions after Lazio, Lombardy and Calabria. In 2011 Abruzzo's economic growth was +2.3%, the highest percentage among the regions of Southern Italy.

Abruzzo's industrial sector expanded rapidly, especially in mechanical engineering, transportation equipment and telecommunications. The structure of production in the region reflects the transformation of the economy from agriculture to industry and services. The industrial sector relies on few large enterprises and the predominance of small and medium enterprises. In the applied research field, there are major institutes and enterprises involved in the fields of pharmaceutics, biomedicine, electronics, aerospace and nuclear physics. The industrial infrastructure is dispersed throughout the region in industrial zones. The most important of these are: Val Pescara, Val di Sangro, Val Trigno, Val Vibrata and Conca del Fucino. Agriculture, based on small holdings, has modernised and produces high-quality products. The mostly small-scale producers are active in wine, cereals, sugar beet, potatoes, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products are saffron and liquorice. By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, the region's most famous wine, had become one of the most widely exported DOC-classed wines in Italy.J. Bastianich & D. Lynch ''Vino Italiano'' pg 280–283 Crown Publishing 2005

Tourism is an important economic sector; in the past decade, tourism has increased, mainly centered around its national parks and natural reserves, ski and beach resorts, in particular along the Trabocchi Coast. Abruzzo's castles and medieval towns, especially in the area of L'Aquila, have led to the creation of the nickname of "Abruzzoshire", along Tuscany's "Chiantishire." In spite of this, Abruzzo is still "off the beaten path" for most visitors to Italy.

The unemployment rate stood at 9.3% in 2020.

Demographics

Although the population density of Abruzzo has increased over recent decades, it is still well below the Italian national average: in 2008, 123.4 inhabitants per km², compared to 198.8. In the provinces, the density varies: Pescara is the most densely populated with 260.1 inhabitants per km², whereas L'Aquila is the least densely populated with 61.3 inhabitants per km², although it has the largest area. After decades of emigration from the region, the main feature of the 1980s is immigration from third world countries. The population increase is due to the positive net migration. Since 1991 more deaths than births were registered in Abruzzo (except for 1999, when their numbers were equal). In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 59,749 foreign-born immigrants live in Abruzzo, equal to 4.5% of the total regional population.

The most serious demographic imbalance is between the mountainous areas of the interior and the coastal strip. The largest province, L'Aquila, is situated entirely in the interior and has the lowest population density. The movement of the population of Abruzzo from the mountains to the sea has led to the almost complete urbanization of the entire coastal strip especially in the province of Teramo and Chieti. The effects on the interior have been impoverishment and demographic aging, reflected by an activity rate in the province of L'Aquila which is the lowest among the provinces in Abruzzo – accompanied by geological degradation as a result of the absence of conservation measures. In the coastal strip, however, there is such a jumble of accommodations and activities that the environment has been negatively affected. The policy of providing incentives for development has resulted in the setting-up of industrial zones, some of which (Vasto, Avezzano, Carsoli, Gissi, Val Vibrata, Val di Sangro) have made genuine progress, while others (Val Pescara, L'Aquila) have run into trouble after their initial success. The zones of Sulmona and Guardiagrele have turned out to be more or less failures. Outside these zones, the main activities are agriculture and tourism.

Main settlements

L'Aquila is both the capital city of the Abruzzo region and of the Province of L'Aquila and second largest city (pop. 73,000). L'Aquila was hit by an earthquake on 6 April 2009, which destroyed much of the city centre. The other provincial capitals are Pescara, which is Abruzzo's largest city and major port (pop. 123,000); Teramo (pop. 55,000) and Chieti (pop. 55,000). Other large municipalities in Abruzzo include the industrial and high tech center Avezzano (pop. 41,000), as well as three important industrial and touristic centers such as Vasto (pop. 40,636), Lanciano (pop. 36,000), and Sulmona (pop. 25,000).

Transport

Airports

*Abruzzo International Airport is the only international airport in the region. Open to civilian traffic since 1996, the number of passengers has increased over the years because of low-cost air carriers' use of the facility. Today, the airport has a catchment area of over 500,000 passengers annually.
* L'Aquila-Preturo Airport is located near L'Aquila, but remains underused.

Ports

There are four main ports in Abruzzo: Pescara, Ortona, Vasto and Giulianova.

Over the years the Port of Pescara has become one of the most important tourist ports of Italy and the Adriatic Sea. Heavily damaged in World War II, it underwent major renovations for some sixty years. It now consists of a modern marina with advanced moorings and shipbuilding facilities. It has been awarded the European Union's blue flag for its services. The port of Pescara has lost passenger traffic because of its shallowness and silting, but its fishery and aquaculture activities are thriving.

Railways

There is a significant disparity between the railways of the Abruzzo coast and the inland areas, which badly need modernization to improve the service, in particular, the Rome-Pescara line.

Existing railway lines:

* Adriatic railway runs through the whole of Italy from north to south, along the Adriatic Sea.
* Rome – Sulmona – Pescara
* Sulmona – Carpinone
* Sulmona–Terni railway
* Avezzano railroad – Roccasecca
* Giulianova – Teramo
* Sangritana (Lanciano – Castel di Sangro)

Highways

There are three highways that serve the region:
* A24 (Rome – L'Aquila – Teramo) was built in the 1970s and connects Rome with the Adriatic coast in less than two hour-drive. The Gran Sasso tunnel, the longest road tunnel entirely on Italian territory, was opened in 1984.

* A25 (Torano – Avezzano – Pescara) connects Rome with Pescara. The road branches off A24 in Torano, spans across the Fucino basin, crosses the Apennines, and merges with A14 near Pescara.
* A14 Bologna – Taranto known as the "Adriatica", includes of dual-carriage motorway between Bologna and Taranto.

Culture

The museum Museo Archeologico Nazionale d'Abruzzo in Chieti houses the famed statue ''Warrior of Capestrano'' which was found in a necropolis of the 6th century B.C. Across the region, among the prominent cultural and historical buildings are: Teramo Cathedral, its archeological museum and the Roman theater, the Castello della Monica, the Collurania-Teramo Observatory, the famous L'Aquila Basilica of Santa Maria di Collemaggio (which holds the remains of Pope Celestine V), the Museo Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Santa Maria del Suffragio, L'Aquila, Santa Maria del Suffragio, the Forte Spagnolo, the Fountain of 99 Spouts, Gabriele D'Annunzio's house in Pescara, Campli's Scala Sancta and its church, the church of Santissima Annunziata in Sulmona, the cathedrals of Chieti Cathedral, Chieti, Lanciano, Guardiagrele, Atri and Pescara along with the castles of Ortona, Celano and Ortucchio.

Every year on 28–29 August, L'Aquila's Santa Maria di Collemaggio commemorates the Perdonanza Celestiniana, the indulgence issued by Pope Celestine V to anyone who, "truly repentant and confessed" would visit that Church from the Vespers of the vigil to the vespers of 29 August. Sulmona's Holy Week is commemorated with traditional celebrations and rituals, such as "La Madonna che scappa in piazza", when a large statue of the Mary (mother of Jesus), Mary, carried by a group of local fraternities, is carried across the square in procession. Cocullo, in the province of L'Aquila, holds the annual "Festa dei serpari" (festival of snake handlers) in which a statue of St. Dominic, covered with live snakes, is carried in a procession through the town; it attracts thousands of Italian and foreign visitors. In many Abruzzo villages, Anthony the Great's feast is celebrated in January with massive and scenic bonfires. In the past, the region of Abruzzo was well known for the transumanza, the seasonal movement of sheep floks: these used to travel mostly southbound towards the region of Apulia, Puglia during the cold winter months. The Feast of St. Biagio, protector of wool dealers is celebrated across the region. On the third of February in Taranta Peligna every year since the sixteenth century an evocative ritual is held: ''panicelle'', or small loaves made of flour and water, in the shape of a blessing hand, are distributed among the faithful.

Historical figures from the region include: the Roman orator Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 40 BC), Asinius Pollio; Latin poets Sallust and Ovid, who were born in L'Aquila and Sulmona respectively, Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman senator and leading instigator of the plot to kill Julius Caesar. Pontius Pilate is said to have been native to the region. Abruzzo's religious personalities include Saint Berardo; John of Capistrano; Thomas of Celano, author of three hagiography, hagiographies of Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis of Assisi; and Alessandro Valignano, who introduced Catholicism to the Far East and Japan. The Polish Pope John Paul II loved the mountains of Abruzzo, where he would retire often and pray in the church of San Pietro della Ienca. Local personalities in the humanities include: poet Ignazio Silone, movie director Ennio Flaiano who co-wrote ''La dolce vita'', philosopher Benedetto Croce, poet Gabriele D'Annunzio, composer Paolo Tosti, sculptor Venanzo Crocetti.

American artists and celebrities such as: Dean Martin, Perry Como, Henry Mancini, Nancy Pelosi, Rocky Marciano, Rocky Mattioli, Bruno Sammartino, Mario Batali, John Fante, John and Dan Fante, Tommy Lasorda, Dan Marino, Mario Lanza, Garry Marshall, Penny Marshall, and Al Martino trace part of their family roots to Abruzzo.

Some international movies shot in Abruzzo include ''The American (2010 film), The American'', Jean-Jacques Annaud's ''The Name of the Rose (film), The Name of the Rose'', Federico Fellini, Fellini's ''La Strada'' and ''I Vitelloni'', Arnold Schwarzenegger, Schwarzenegger's ''Red Sonja (1985 film), Red Sonja'', ''Ladyhawke (film), Ladyhawke'', ''King David (film), King David'', ''Francesco (1989 film), Francesco'', ''Keoma (film), Keoma'', ''The Barbarians (1987 film), The Barbarians'', ''The Fox and the Child'' and ''Krull (film), Krull''.

Medieval and Renaissance hill towns

Traditionally, a large share of the population used to be hill people, often working as shepherds in mountainous areas, or settled in hill towns, especially in the parts of Abruzzo farther from the Adriatic coast. Before the 2009 earthquake, Abruzzo was the region with the highest number of castles and hill towns in Italy. It still holds many of Italy's best-preserved medieval and Renaissance hill towns, twenty-three of which are among ''The Most Beautiful Villages in Italy''. This listing recognises their scenic beauty, arts and culture, their historical importance and quality of life.

The abrupt decline of Abruzzo's agricultural economy in the early to mid-20th-century spared some of the region's historic hill towns from modern development. Many lie entirely within regional and national parks. Among the most well preserved are Castel del Monte (Abruzzo), Castel del Monte and Santo Stefano di Sessanio, within the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park, Gran Sasso National Park on the edge of the high plain of Campo Imperatore and nestled beneath the Apennines' highest peaks. Both hill towns, which were ruled by the House of Medici, Medicis for over a century-and-a-half, see relatively little tourism. Between the two towns sits Rocca Calascio, the ruin of an ancient fortress popular with filmmakers. Both Monteferrante and Roccascalegna are two of the most representative Abruzzo villages in the province of Chieti. Within the Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park, Gran Sasso National Park is also found Castelli (Teramo), Castelli, an ancient pottery center whose artisans produced ceramics for most of the dynasty, royal houses of Europe.

Civitella del Tronto played a crucial role in the history of the Italian unification, unification of Italy. The fortress of Civitella del Tronto, Civitella is the most visited monument in the Abruzzo region today. Other medieval hill towns located within Abruzzo's park system are Pacentro in the Maiella National Park and Pescasseroli in the Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise, Abruzzo National Park. Pacentro, which features a 14th-century castle with two intact towers, has been little touched by modernisation. The Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows, in the province of Teramo, which attracts some two million visitors per year, is one of the 15 most-visited sanctuaries in the world. Capestrano, a small town in the province of L'Aquila, is the hometown of Saint John of Capistrano, Order of Friars Minor, Franciscan friar and Catholic priest, as well as the namesake of the Franciscan List of Spanish missions, missions Mission San Juan Capistrano, San Juan Capistrano in Southern California, the mission Mission San Juan Capistrano (Texas), Mission San Juan Capistrano in Texas and the city of San Juan Capistrano, California, San Juan Capistrano in Orange County, California. Giulianova is a notable example of a Renaissance "ideal city."

The proximity to Rome, the protected areas and scenic landscapes making the region one of the greenest in Europe, the presence of quaint villages, its rich and varied culinary traditions are important tourist attractions. In 2010, visitors included 6,381,067 Italians and 925,884 foreign tourists.

In 2015, the American organization Live and Invest Overseas included Abruzzo on its list of World's Top 21 Overseas Retirement Havens. The study was based on such factors as climate, infrastructure, health care, safety, taxes, cost of living and more. In 2017 the Chamber of Commerce of Pescara presented Abruzzo region to the Annual conference of Live and Invest Overseas in the U.S. city of Orlando, Florida. One year later, in October 2018, Live and Invest Overseas held its first conference in Abruzzo.

Universities

There are three universities in the Abruzzo region:
* University of L'Aquila
* D'Annunzio University of Chieti–Pescara
* University of Teramo

Harvard University bases an intensive summer Italian language and culture program in Vasto, a resort town on Abruzzo's southern coast.

Science

Between the province of Teramo and L'Aquila, under the Traforo del Gran Sasso, Gran Sasso Tunnel, is the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of the INFN, one of the three underground astroparticle laboratories in Europe.

Th
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "Giuseppe Caporale"
which conducts research in veterinary and environmental public health, is located in Teramo.

The Gran Sasso Science Institute, located in L'Aquila, is an advanced research institute which offers doctorates in astroparticle physics, computer science, and mathematics as well as urban studies and regional science, and which also conducts scientific research.

Sports

Interamnia World Cup, the largest international youth handball competition worldwide, takes place yearly in Teramo.

There are several :Football clubs in Abruzzo, football clubs in Abruzzo. Delfino Pescara 1936 is a Serie B club; based in Pescara, its home stadium is Stadio Adriatico – Giovanni Cornacchia.

Dialects

The regional dialects of Abruzzo include ''Teramano'', ''Abruzzese Orientale Adriatico'' and ''Abruzzese Occidentale''. The first two forms are a dialect of the Southern Italian language also known simply as Neapolitan language, Neapolitan since the region has been part of the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, while ''Aquilano'' is related to the Central Italian, Central Italian dialects including Romanesco dialect, Romanesco.
The dialects spoken in the Abruzzo region can be divided into three main groups:
# Sabine dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a central Italian dialect
# Abruzzo Adriatic dialect, in the province of Teramo, Pescara and Chieti, that is virtually abandoned in the province of Ascoli Piceno, a southern Italian dialect
# Abruzzo western dialect, in the province of L'Aquila, a southern Italian dialect

Cuisine

Abruzzo's cuisine is renowned for its variety and richness. Both the agricultural and coastal areas of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was relatively isolated until the 20th century. This has contributed to preservIng local culinary traditions.

Ingredients

In terms of common ingredients, cuisine in Abruzzo often includes:
* Lamb and mutton, primarily in the mountains. Sheep's milk (or ricotta) is an important source of Abruzzese cheese, and lamb intestines are used as sausage Casing (sausage), casing or for Braciola#Involtini, stuffed meat rolls. Goat meat, Mountain goat meat is also common in Abruzzo.
* Truffles and Edible mushroom, mushrooms, particularly wild mushrooms from the forests and hills
* Garlic, especially Aglio Rosso di Nubia, red garlic
* Rosemary
* Hot chili pepper or ''peperoncini'', regionally known as ''diavolilli'' or ''diavoletti'', is common in Abruzzese cuisine and often used to add spice to dishes. Abruzzo residents are well known for frequently adding peperoncini, or hot peppers, to their meals.
* Vegetables such as lentils, grasspeas and other legumes, artichoke, eggplant, and cauliflower

Starter dishes

* Spaghetti alla chitarra which is made by pressing or cutting pasta through a ''chitarra'', an implement to form long thin noodles similar to spaghetti. The pasta is served with a tomato-based sauce, often flavored with Bell pepper, peppers, pork, goose, or Lamb and Mutton, lamb. This dish is complemented by regional side dishes, such as the bean and noodle soup, ''sagne e fagioli''. This soup is traditionally flavored with tomatoes, garlic, oil, and peperoncini.
* ', flavored with bacon, egg (food), eggs and pecorino cheese
*
Scrippelle
', a rustic French-style crêpe served either ' (a type of soup) or used to form a sort of soufflé with some ragù and stuffed with chicken liver, meatballs, hard-boiled eggs, and cheese
* ''Pastuccia'', a polenta stew with sausage, eggs, and cheese

Meat

Across the region, roast lamb is enjoyed in several variations. Some of these variations include:
* ''Arrosticini'', a skewered lamb dish
* ''Pecora al cotturo'', lamb stuffed with a variety of mountain herbs and cooked in a copper pot
* Lamb cooked whole in a masonry oven, bread oven
* ''Agnello cacio e ovo'', a lamb-based fricassee
* ''Mazzarella'': lamb intestines stuffed with lamb, garlic, marjoram, lettuce, and spices
*
Le virtù
': a soup from Teramo filled with legumes, vegetables and pork, made only on 1 May.
*''Timballo abruzzese'': lasagna-like dish with pasta sheets (''scrippelle'') layered with meat, vegetables and rice; often served for Christmas and Easter
* ''Porchetta abruzzese'': moist boneless-pork roast, slow-roasted with rosemary, garlic, and black pepper, pepper

Seafood

Seafood is also popular, especially in coastal areas. The variety of fish available locally resulted in several fish-based ''Brudet, Brodetti'' (broths), coming from such places as Vasto, Giulianova, and Pescara. These broths are often made by cooking fish, flavored with tomatoes, herbs, and peperoncino, in an earthenware pot. Other fish products are Scapece alla vastese, Baccalà all'abruzzese, and Coregone di Campotosto, typical lake fish.

Pizzas

Rustic pizzas are also very common. Some of these are:

* ''Easter Pizza'', a rustic cake with cheese and pepper from the Teramo area
* ''Fiadoni'' from Chieti, a dough of eggs and cheese well risen, cooked in the oven in a thin casing of pastry
* A rustic tart pastry filled with everything imaginable: eggs, fresh cheeses, ricotta, vegetables, and all sorts of flavorings and spices.

Also from Teramo are the spreadable sausages flavored with nutmeg, and liver sausages tasting of garlic and spices. Atri and Rivisondoli are famous for cheeses. Mozzarella, either fresh or seasoned, is made from ewe's milk, although a great number of lesser known varieties of these cheeses can be found all over Abruzzo and Molise.

Salumi

''Salumi'' (singular ''salume'') is an Italian term describing the preparation of cured meat products made predominantly from pork.

Spreadable sausage flavored with nutmeg and liver sausage with garlic and spices are hallmarks of Teramo cuisine. ''Ventricina'' from the Vasto area is made with large pieces of fat and lean pork, pressed and seasoned with powdered sweet peppers and fennel and encased in dried pig stomach. ''Mortadella di Campotosto'' (well known in Abruzzo) is an oval, dark-red mortadella with a white column of fat. They are generally sold in pairs, tied together. Another name for the mortadella is ''coglioni di mulo'' (donkey's balls). It is made from shoulder and loin meat, prosciutto trimmings and fat. It is 80 percent lean meat; 25 percent is prosciutto (ham), and 20 percent is pancetta. The meat is minced and mixed with salt, pepper and white wine.

Cheeses

The region's principal cheeses are:
* ''White cow cheese'', a soft cheese made from Cow’s milk, cow's milk
* ''Caciocavallo abruzzese'', a soft, slightly elastic dairy product made from raw, whole cow's milk with rennet and salt
* ''Caciofiore Aquilano'', made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, artichokes and saffron (which gives it its characteristic yellow color)
* ''Caciotta vaccination frentana'', a half-cooked, semi-hard cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet and salt
* ''Canestrato of Castel del Monte, Abruzzo, Castel del Monte'', a hard cheese made from raw whole sheep's milk, with rennet and salt

* ''Caprino cheese, Caprino abruzzese'', made from raw whole goat milk (sometimes with sheep's milk), curd, and salt
* ''Cheese and curd stazzo'', cheese and byproducts obtained from the processing of raw milk from sheep, cattle and goats
* ''Junket vaccination or Abruzzo sprisciocca'', a soft fresh cheese made from raw whole cow's milk, rennet, and salt
* ''Pecorino d'Abruzzo'': one of Abruzzo's flagship products—a mild, semi-hard (or hard) cheese with holes, made from raw whole sheep's milk, rennet, and salt
* ''Pecorino di Atri'', a compact, semi-cooked cheese made from sheep's milk, rennet and salt
* ''Pecorino di Farindola'', cheese made from sheep's milk and pork rennet (a special type of rennet, made by filling a dried pork stomach with vinegar and white wine for forty days)
* ''Ricotta'', made from the remnants of the coagulation of raw whole sheep's milk, heated after filtration
* ''Scamorza d'Abruzzo'', a stretched Quark (dairy product), curd cheese made from cow's milk, rennet (liquid or powder) and salt

Atri and Rivisondoli are known for their cheeses. Mozzarella (fresh or seasoned) is typically made from ewe's milk; many lesser-known cheeses are found throughout Abruzzo and Molise.

Desserts and sweets

Abruzzo's sweets are well-known:
* Dragée (also known as confetti): sugar-coated almonds from Sulmona
* ''Torrone Nurzia'': chocolate nougat from L'Aquila
* ''Parrozzo'': a cake-like treat made from crushed almonds and coated in chocolate
* ''Pizzelle'' (also known as ''ferratelle''): a waffle cookie, often flavored with anise
* ''Croccante'', a type of nougat made from almonds and caramelized sugar, often flavored with lemon
* ''Calgionetti, cagionetti, caggiunitti, caviciunette'': Christmas fritters, sometimes filled with chestnuts or chickpeas and flavored with chocolate or cocoa
* ''Bocconotto, Bocconotti'': stuffed sweets often served for Christmas
* ''Zeppole di San Giuseppe'': fried or baked pastries made for Saint Joseph's Day
* ', two layers of sponge cake filled with custard, produced in the town of Guardiagrele in the province of Chieti

Fruits

The region's principal fruits are:
* : coastal citrus (particularly oranges), used for Fruit preserves#Jam, jam and limoncello
* and : types of chestnut
* : a local cherry
* : almonds from the town of Navelli
* : apples from the region
* : table grapes, also used for jam

Olive oil

The use of oil in regional mountain and sea dishes is important; among the most common oil products we find the Aprutino Pescarese, the Pretuziano delle Colline Teramane, l'Olio extra vergine di oliva delle Valli Aquilane and Colline Teatine.

The list of Abruzzo olive cultivars:

* Castiglionese
* Dritta
* Gentile di Chieti
* Intosso
* Monicella
* Carpinetana
* Morella
* Nebbio di Chieti
* Raja
* Toccolana
* Tortiglione
* Crognalegna
* Gentile del L'Aquila (Rusticana del L'Aquila)

The extra-virgin olive oil produced in Colline Teramane (Teramo hills) is marked by the Geographical indications and traditional specialities in the European Union, DOP.

The region has several cultivars that includes Carboncella, Dritta (Dritta Francavillese and Dritta di Moscufo), Gentile del Chieti, Nostrana (Nostrana di Brisighella), and Sargano olive cultivars.

Wines and liquors

Renowned wines like Montepulciano d'Abruzzo, Montepulciano Denominazione di origine controllata, DOCG and Trebbiano d'Abruzzo Denominazione di origine controllata, DOC are judged to be amongst the world's finest. In 2012, a bottle of Trebbiano d'Abruzzo ranked No. 1 in the top 50 Italian wine awards. In recent decades these wines have been joined, particularly, by wines from lesser known (heritage) white grapes, such as, Pecorino (grape), Pecorino, Cococciola, Passerina (grape), Passerina, Montonico Bianco and Fiano (grape), Fiano.Abruzzo Is Making White Wine From Grapes You Don't Yet Know, Tom Mullen, Forbes, 29 May 2018

The region is also well known for the production of liquors such as Centerbe, Limoncello, Ratafia and Gentian (spirit), Genziana.

Gallery

File:Gran sasso italia.jpg, Campo Imperatore
File:Abruzzo Chamois 2008 446.JPG, Abruzzo Chamois
File:Trabocco Marina di San Vito-001.jpg, San Vito Chietino
File:Apollo Butterfly of Gran Sasso.jpg, Apollo Butterfly in Gran Sasso
File:Lago di scanno01.jpg, Lake Scanno, Abruzzo, Scanno
File:Majella001.jpg, Maiella massif
File:Ponte del Mare di Pescara 2011.jpg, Ponte sul mare in Pescara
File:Campo Felice Lake.jpg, Campo Felice
File:Wild boards of Gran Sasso National Park.jpg, Abruzzo Wild boars
File:Ortona 2006 -Ripari di Giobbe- by-RaBoe 001.jpg, Ortona seaside
File:Prati di Tivo - Teramo - Italy.jpg, Prati di Tivo ski slopes
File:Monteferrante chieti.JPG, Monteferrante
File:Rocca Calascio 3.jpg, Rocca Calascio
File:Duomo di Teramo - facciata principale.jpg, Duomo of Teramo
File:Palazzo della Camera di Commercio Chieti.jpg, Chieti
File:L'Aquila 65.jpg, L'Aquila 99 Spouts Fountain
File:L'Aquila, Basilica di San Bernardino 2007 by-RaBoe-1.jpg, San Bernardino Basilica in L'Aquila
File:L'Aquila, San Pietro a Coppito 2007 by-RaBoe-1.jpg, L'Aquila
File:Basilica di Lanciano.jpg, Lanciano basilica
File:Sulmona0003.jpg, Church of SS Annunziata in Sulmona
File:Sulmona0001.jpg, Sulmona
File:Celano0001.jpg, Celano
File:CasalBCentroStorico.jpg, Casalbordino
File:Guardiagrele Santa Maria Maggiore Occidentale.jpg, Guardiagrele
File:Ortona 2005 -Castello Aragonese- by-RaBoe 01.jpg, Ortona
File:Santuario San Gabriele dell'Addolorata Abruzzo 03.JPG, Shrine of Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows
File:PalazzoCastelli.jpg, Palazzo Savini in Teramo

See also

*List of museums in Abruzzo
*2009 L'Aquila earthquake

References

External links

Official site of the regional administrationOfficial Abruzzo tourist board websiteTravel Guide to Abruzzo: all you need to know to plan your visitMap of Abruzzo
''Financial Times'', 29 June 2007
Italy as it used to be
The Guardian, 16 April 2005
Life in Abruzzo, a chronicle of Abruzzo life written from a hill village in the Gran Sasso MountainsThings to do in Abruzzo

{{coord, 42, 21, 58, N, 12, 23, 40, E, display=title
Abruzzo,
Regions of Italy
NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union
States and territories established in 1963
Wine regions of Italy
Samnium
Picenum