Attack On Lambeth Palace, 1640

In May 1640 an armed mob gathered at Lambeth Palace and attacked it. Claiming to want to speak with the highly unpopular Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, the crowd blamed Laud for the prorogation of the recent parliament. He was also distrusted for seemingly advocating High Church Anglicanism, possibly being a crypto-Papist, and for his support of Charles I's unpopular Queen, the Catholic Henrietta Maria. In the weeks proceeding the assault, several libels were published against Laud, often threatening him with violence and predicting an attack on the palace. On the night of 11/12 May, a mob descended upon Lambeth Palace, beating drums and armed. However, the archbishop was absent, having retired to Whitehall Palace for safety. His house was well guarded, and several riotors were shot at. In the aftermath of the attack, two men were tried for treason and executed for their roles. Laud himself was subsequently beheaded five years later after being impeached. To many Londoners, this was seen as justice for the reprisals against the Southwark mob, and his predicament was celebrated in verse.

Background

King, Laud and popular dissent

By 1640, English government was in crisis, brought about by religious and political dissension. In 1629 the king, Charles I had married the Catholic Henrietta Maria of France, who had sworn to Pope Urban VIII that she would actively aid the restoration of Catholicism in England. Charles aroused most antagonism through his religious measures. He believed in High Anglicanism, a sacramental version of the Church of England, theologically based upon Arminianism, a creed shared with his main political adviser, the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud. He was equally unpopular on account of both his theology—he was seen as very high church—and his closeness to Charles. High church Anglicanism was seen as effectively crypto-Catholicism by the suspicious—indeed, he had been called "the Pope of Lambeth" around Southwark inns—and hence threatened a return to popery. By 1640, Laud "had good reason to know that there were people out there who hated him", comments the historian Peter Lake.

Discontent with the King's advisors was common. In 1628 a London crowd—termed a mob by the Victorian historian S. R. Gardiner—had murdered the Duke of Buckingham's physician and in 1634, riots broke out on the pillorying of William Prynne, a religious radical. The same mob regularly slandered the Queen, both for her Catholicism and alleged profligacy: for example, it was asserted that Charles gave her £1,000 a week, which "the poore Subbiects p i". At the forefront of the dissent were the London apprentices. In the words of the antiquarian Charles Knight, these "were not a low-bred or illiterate class. The greater number were the sons of substantial citizens or yeomen," and because they were often the sons of gentlemen they were entitled to wear weapons. Marches of apprentices were possibly spontaneous, but may have been surreptitiously organised by men such as John Pym, a leading parliamentarian and radical.

Dissent was not only expressed through physical force, but also through propaganda in the form of political, often polemical, and nearly always anonymous poems. These were known as libels, and generally sharply campaigned against the authors' opponents in an attempt to raise support for certain positions. Laud was a frequent target. In 1637 he had been accused of ordering the mutilations of Prynne and his cohorts. Laud later complained that certain libels had been published that called him "William the Fox".

Short parliament

Charles finally brought his Personal rule to an end in February 1640. Short on funds with which to prosecute his ongoing war with Scotland, he was forced to recall parliament and ask for a subsidy. This parliament, though, was intent on redressing its grievances rather than in voting the King funds. As a result of this and the large number of public petitions against royal abuses, Charles dissolved the parliament three weeks later, on 5 May. In London, Laud was held personally responsible for both the war with Scotland—a fellow Protestant nation—and the prorogation of parliament.

Libels against Laud

The day after the Short Parliament rose, a number of libels had been promulgated around the city calling for the hunting of "William the Fox", and called for "every class to preserve their ancient liberty and chase the bishops from the kingdom". Similar calls were made to "destroy this subtle fox and hunt this ravening wolf out of his den". These bills were directed at "Gentlemen Prentisses" and summoned them to St George's Fields, Southwark. Several interrogations from the time reveal the depth of feeling against Laud. In one, a servant states that he had heard that "his Grace’s house of Canterbury at Lambeth should be fired, and yt they woulde keepe his Lo dshi in until he shuld be burnt", while another man was alleged to have said "my lord of Canterbury a pox on hym for he was the cause of the dissolution of the parliament, but they he attackerswill have him ere they leave". Graffiti referencing Laud was found on the walls of the Royal Exchange against the "bishop's devils", which called upon "all Gentleman Prentises yt desire to kill the B sho". Other libels compared Laud's fate to that of John Lambe, Buckingham's physician, who in 1628 had also been murdered by a mob led by apprentices. Laud was condemned as an enemy of the common weal. The authorities, thus alerted, mustered the Southwark-based militia on 11 May, but with little sign of trouble, they were stood down the same evening.

11/12 May 1640

Following the dispersal of the militia, crowds gathered in St George's Fields. Around midnight, headed by apprentices and to the accompaniment of drums, this made its way to Lambeth Palace. There the crown was augmented by arrivals from the nearby suburbs of Blackwall, Ratcliff and Wapping, in all—at Laud's later estimation—totalling 500 persons. Other estimates were greater: Thomas Coke, writing to his father put the number at 800 "or therabouts", while John Castle and the Venetian ambassador estimated 1200 and 2000 respectively.

Few details are now known of the attack on the palace. It appears the crowd originally gathered outside the palace gates, and claimed to want only to ask Laud "but one civil question": whether it was, indeed, he who was responsible for the dissolution of parliament. Threats—"reviling of all bitterness"—continued to be made against Laud. Some, following the instructions of the Royal Exchange libels, brought guns and fired at the defenders. According to a witness, the crowd damaged the gardens and orchard, and would have torn the building down. In response, Laud's guards fired on the crowd.

The archbishop, however, was not there. Fearing the worst, he had left two hours earlier and made his way by boat to Westminster Palace, taking his plate. A contemporary described the events of the night of 11 May and Laud's escape:

Before Laud departed, he attempted to fortify the palace. His guards were armed; Laud had spent £50 on watchmen, musketeers, gunners, ordnance, gunpowder and shot. His guards were assisted on the ground by several justices and a small number of constables who were insufficient in number to push the crowd back. Around 2 AM, realising that Laud was indeed absent, the crowd began dispersing, although not without threats to return and a promise to see him "either by hook or by crook, sooner or later".

On 12 May the Privy Council—of which Laud was a member—promulgated orders against riotous assemblies in London and authorised the mayor to keep the militia on standby. People south of the river were prevented from travelling to the city and boats were kept ready to transport troops to the area at short notice. Vagrancy was made punishable by arrest, the city watch was doubled, and a militia force took up residency in St George's Fields. Laud's signature was at the top of the council order.

14 May

In spite of the Privy Council's measures, the crowds returned and the libels continued to be distributed threatening the "destruction" of Laud. A Northamptonshire lawyer, Robert Woodford wrote that "we hear of diverse other libels, and the state of things in the Kingdome is very doubtfull and uncertaine'. As Laud had escaped to Whitehall Palace, placards soon appeared, fix to the gates, stating that in spite of his royal protection, he would not escape popular justice.

Rumours abounded. It was said that on 14 May another crowd—substantially bigger than that of three nights earlier, estimated at between 5,000 and 8,000 people—assembled at Blackheath, while the Venetian Ambassador reported that a mob of 7,000 had destroyed the palace as they had threatened. Both rumours were false. However, a large crowd of around "several thousand" had instead marched on the city and searched for their imprisoned comrades in the gaols: from The Clink, to White Lion Prison and that of the King's Bench Prison, among others, they released several individuals being held for their part in the events of the 11th, and threatened to pull at least one of the buildings down. further libels appeared, now also naming the Earl of Strafford, the Marquis of Hamilton and the Spanish Ambassadors. Walter argues that this escalation of popular threats to anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic targets illustrates the degree to which the Short Parliament's dissolution was seem as a papist plot.

Laud's diary, contemporary and subsequent opinion

Londoners referred to the attack as "the Blunder and Hubbub’ of Lambeth. In 1682, the Tory pamphleteer and clergyman, John Nalson, in what Walter calls his "anything but" ''Impartial Collection'' argues that "the Rabble" intended to make the archbishop "the Sacrifice of their Rage could they have got him into their Power", while erl of Clarendon believed they openly stated their intention to dismember Laud. The bills proclaiming him an enemy of the commonweal implicitly accused Laud of treason in doing so, and since the Middle Ages it had been accepted in common law that the people had the right to execute the king's justice upon his enemies when they were discovered (for example, against outlaws and abjurors).

Laud's diary entries for the period read as follows:

Aftermath

The crown, in an attempt to preempt further outbreaks, issued more proclamations for punishing those who took part in "traiterous and rebellious assemblies". This was promulgated on 15 may around Southwark, Westminster, the city and its suburbs; anyone in breach of the order was liable to be arrested or killed. London Bridge's drawbridge and portcullis was ordered repaired, the armed militia was placed outside the royal palaces—including at Richmond, where the Royal children were—and in the city a curfew was imposed and the Tower's guard was strengthened.

Accused

A drummer, Benstead was accused of encouraging the mob with his drum. Convicted and hanged, drawn and quartered, his head was set above London Bridge and his quartered body parts distributed between various gates of London. His precise age is unknown, but he is believed by historians to have been in his teens at the time of his death.

Executions

Benstead has been described by Walter as the crown's "sacrificial victim... of repression", and he and his comrade's trials as "judicial revenge".

Aftermath

In March 1461, Laud was committed to The Tower on treason charges. Londoners, says Walter, "angrily celebrated on the streets"; Laud himself complained how the mob "followed me with clamour and revilings even beyond barbarity itself". He was sworn at, bombarded with mud and leeks This, argues Walter, was their moment of revenge for Benstead and .

Commemoration

Benstead's death was later eulogised by an anonymous pamphleteer in the '' Mercuries Message Defended'' of 1641, as a satirical example of Laud's charity:

As Laud awaited his own execution in 1645 another popular poem recalled the treatment of Benson, and blamed Laud for it:

When ye yonge ladds did to you come
you knew their meaning by their drum
you had better y lded then:
yor head yor Body then might have
one death on burial & on grave
by Boys but owtwo by men.
But you yt by y u Jud e n cleare
will make five quarters in a year
and hang them on ye gate:
That head .e. Benstead’sshall stand upon ye bridge
when yours shall under Traytors bridge
& smile at yor Just fate.

Historiography

The attack on Lambeth Palace has often been seen, since Gardiner proposed it in the 19th century, as exemplifying the political crises that Charles's Personal rule had led to. More recently, Keith Lindley, in a study of the period's popular politics and its relationship with religion identified several previously anonymous participants of the May 1640 attack as part of a broader prosopography of mass politics. In 2006, David Cressy contexualized the attack nationally, seeing it as part of a more general trend of nationwide disorder. Walter's 2024 article re-evaluates the palace assault, and emphasises its political—rather than economic or religious—causation following Walter's discovery of most of Benstead's interrogation.

Notes

References

Sources

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Further reading

No Nine Days Wonder: Embedded Protestant Narratives in Early Modern Prose Murder Pamphlets 1573-1700
(Doctorate Thesis, University of Warwick)
High Crimes and Misdemeanors: A History of Impeachment for the Age of TrumpGod's Fury, England's Fire: A New History of the English Civil WarsTravesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England: Tales of Discord and Dissensionlaud treason - Google SearchThe Century of Revolution: 1603–17141640 (Apr.) , History of Parliament OnlineThe Theatre of Death: Rituals of Justice from the English Civil Wars to the RestorationThe Politics of Information in Early Modern EuropeMan and the natural world: changing attitudes in England 1500-1800

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