Aristide Pierre Henri Briand (; 28 March 18627 March 1932) was a French statesman who served eleven terms as Prime Minister of France during the

French Third Republic The French Third Republic (french: Troisième République, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 194 ...

. He is mainly remembered for his focus on international issues and reconciliation politics during the interwar period (19181939). In 1926, he received the

Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiolog ...

along with German Foreign Minister

Gustav Stresemann Gustav Ernst Stresemann (; 10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as chancellor in 1923 (for 102 days) and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929, during the Weimar Republic. His most notable achievement was the reconc ...

for the realization of the

Locarno Treaties The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland, during 5 to 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on 1 December, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of Central ...

, which aimed at reconciliation between France and Germany after the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fig ...

. To avoid another worldwide conflict, he was instrumental in the agreement known as the

Kellogg–Briand Pact The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris – officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy – is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war to ...

of 1928, as well to establish a "

European Union The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe. The union has a total area of and an estimated total population of about 447million. The EU has often been ...

" in 1929. However, all his efforts were compromised by the rise of nationalistic and revanchist ideas like

Nazism Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...

and

Fascism Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and th ...

following the Great Depression.

Early life

He was born in

Nantes Nantes (, , ; Gallo: or ; ) is a city in Loire-Atlantique on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 314,138 in Nantes proper and a metropolitan area of nearly 1 million inhabit ...

, Loire-Inférieure (now Loire-Atlantique) of a ''

petit bourgeois ''Petite bourgeoisie'' (, literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a French term that refers to a social class composed of semi-autonomous peasants and small-scale merchants whose politico-economic ideological ...

'' family. He attended the Nantes Lycée, where, in 1877, he developed a close friendship with

Jules Verne Jules Gabriel Verne (;''Longman Pronunciation Dictionary''. ; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright. His collaboration with the publisher Pierre-Jules Hetzel led to the creation of the ''Voyages extraord ...

. He studied law at the Faculty of Law of Paris, and soon went into politics, associating himself with the most advanced movements, writing articles for the

syndicalist Syndicalism is a revolutionary current within the left-wing of the labor movement that seeks to unionize workers according to industry and advance their demands through strikes with the eventual goal of gaining control over the means of pro ...

journal ''Le Peuple'', and directing the ''Lanterne'' for some time. From this he passed to the ''Petite République'', leaving it to found ''

L'Humanité ''L'Humanité'' (; ), is a French daily newspaper. It was previously an organ of the French Communist Party, and maintains links to the party. Its slogan is "In an ideal world, ''L'Humanité'' would not exist." History and profile Pre-World Wa ...

'', in collaboration with

Jean Jaurès Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès (3 September 185931 July 1914), commonly referred to as Jean Jaurès (; oc, Joan Jaurés ), was a French Socialist leader. Initially a Moderate Republican, he later became one of the first social de ...

Activism

At the same time he was prominent in the movement for the formation of trade unions, and at the congress of workers at Nantes in 1894, he secured the adoption of the labor union idea against the adherents of

Jules Guesde Jules Bazile, known as Jules Guesde (; 11 November 1845 – 28 July 1922) was a French socialist journalist and politician. Guesde was the inspiration for a famous quotation by Karl Marx. Shortly before Marx died in 1883, he wrote a letter ...

. From that time, Briand was one of the leaders of the

French Socialist Party The Socialist Party (french: Parti socialiste , PS) is a French centre-left and social-democratic political party. It holds pro-European views. The PS was for decades the largest party of the " French Left" and used to be one of the two major ...

. In 1902, after several unsuccessful attempts, he was elected deputy. He declared himself a strong partisan of the union of the left in what was known as the ''Bloc'', to check the reactionary deputies of the right. From the beginning of his career in the

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourbon ...

, Briand was occupied with the question of the

separation of church and state The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a secular sta ...

. He was appointed the reporter of the commission charged with the preparation of the 1905 law on separation, and his report at once marked him out as one of the coming leaders. He succeeded in carrying his project through with but slight modifications, and without dividing the parties upon whose support he relied. He was the principal author of the law of separation, but, not content with preparing it; he wished to apply it as well. The ministry of Maurice Rouvier was allowing disturbances during the taking of inventories of church property, a clause of the law for which Briand was not responsible. Consequently, he accepted the

portfolio Portfolio may refer to: Objects * Portfolio (briefcase), a type of briefcase Collections * Portfolio (finance), a collection of assets held by an institution or a private individual * Artist's portfolio, a sample of an artist's work or a ...

of Public Instruction and Worship in the Sarrien ministry (1906). So far as the chamber was concerned, his success was complete. But the acceptance of a position in a bourgeois ministry led to his exclusion from the Unified Socialist Party (March 1906). As opposed to Jaurès, he contended that the Socialists should co-operate actively with the Radicals in all matters of reform, and not stand aloof to await the complete fulfillment of their ideals. He himself was atheist. He became a freemason in the lodge Le Trait d'Union in July 1887 while the lodge did not record his name in spite of his repeated requests. The lodge declared "unworthy" to him on 6 September 1889. In 1895 he joined the lodge Les Chevaliers du Travail that was established in 1893.

Prime Minister of France

Pre-war

Briand served as Minister of Justice under Clemenceau in 1908–9, before succeeding Clemenceau as

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

on 24 July 1909, serving until 2 March 1911. In social policy, Briand's first ministry was notable for the passage of a bill in April 1910 for workers' and farmers' pensions. That same year, compulsory sickness and old-age insurance was introduced for 8 million rural and urban workers. However, a law court decision in 1912 that questioned the legality of compulsion "enabled a large proportion of employers and workers to evade the law." Briand again served as Minister of Justice 1912-13 under the premiership of the rightwinger Raymond Poincaré (soon to become president of the Republic), before again becoming Prime Minister for a few months from 21 January 1913 until 22 March 1913.

First World War

1914–15

At the end of August 1914, following the outbreak of the First World War, Briand again became Minister of Justice when René Viviani reconstructed his ministry. In the winter of 1914–15 Briand was one of those who pushed for an expedition to

Salonika Thessaloniki (; el, Θεσσαλονίκη, , also known as Thessalonica (), Saloniki, or Salonica (), is the second-largest city in Greece, with over one million inhabitants in its Thessaloniki metropolitan area, metropolitan area, and the capi ...

, in the hope of helping Serbia, and perhaps bringing Greece, Romania, Bulgaria and Italy into the war as a pro-French bloc, which would also act as a barrier to future Russian expansion in the Balkans. He got on well with Lloyd George, who was also, contrary to military advice, keen for operations in the Balkans, and had a long talk with him on 4 February 1915. Briand was the main mover in persuading

Maurice Sarrail Maurice Paul Emmanuel Sarrail (6 April 1856 – 23 March 1929) was a French general of the First World War. Sarrail's openly socialist political connections made him a rarity amongst the Catholics, conservatives and monarchists who dominated th ...

to accept the Salonika command in August 1915. In October 1915 following an unsuccessful French offensive and the entry of Bulgaria, Briand again became Prime Minister (29 October 1915), succeeding René Viviani. He also became Foreign Minister for the first time, a post held by Théophile Delcassé until the final weeks of the previous government. He was also pledged to "''unité de front''", not just between the military and Parliament but also closer links with the other Allies, a pledge met with "prolonged, thunderous applause" by the deputies.Greenhalgh 2005, pp. 36, 38–9 Draft proposals for Allied cooperation, prepared by

Lord Esher Viscount Esher, of Esher in the County of Surrey, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 11 November 1897 for the prominent lawyer and judge William Brett, 1st Baron Esher, upon his retirement as Master of the Rolls ...

and Maurice Hankey were on the table by the time British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith visited Paris on 17 November (mainly to discuss Greece, and only his second wartime talks with France; the first had been with Viviani in July 1915). The opening weeks of Briand's ministry required him to broker an agreement between

General Gallieni Joseph Simon Gallieni (24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French soldier, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the French colonies. Gallieni is infamous in Madagascar as the French military leader who e ...

, the new War Minister, and General Joffre, newly (2 December) promoted to "Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies" (''generalissimo'') over ''all'' theatres apart from North Africa.

1916

In the poisonous atmosphere after the opening of the German attack at Verdun (21 February 1916), Gallieni read an angry report at the Council of Ministers on 7 March criticising Joffre's conduct of operations over the last eighteen months and demanding ministerial control, then resigned. He was falsely suspected of wanting to launch a military takeover of the government. Briand knew that publication of the report would damage morale and might bring down the government. Gallieni was persuaded to remain in office until a replacement had been agreed. General Roques was appointed after it had been ensured that Joffre had no objections. The first formal Allied conference met in Paris on 26 March 1916 (Italy did not participate) but initially made little impact, perhaps because Briand had vetoed the British suggestion of a permanent secretariat, or perhaps because there had been three informal sets of Anglo-French talks in the last quarter of 1915, one of which, the Chantilly meeting, had already seen strategy plans drawn up. Late in March 1916 Joffre and Briand blocked the withdrawal of five British divisions from

. Briand was widely suspected of wanting to make his mistress Princess George of Greece, who was born a Bonaparte. In the spring of 1916 Briand urged Sarrail to take the offensive in the Balkans to take some of the heat off Verdun, although the British, preoccupied with the upcoming Somme offensive, declined to send further troops and Sarrail's offensive that summer was not a success. Briand also attended the conference at Saleux on 31 May 1916 about the upcoming Anglo-French offensive on the Somme, with President Poincaré (on whose train it was held), General Foch (commander, Army Group North) and the British Commander-in-Chief General Haig. The first Secret Session of the Chamber of Deputies was held in June 1916 to discuss the shortcomings of the defence at Verdun. The government won a vote of confidence but with a clause demanding "effective supervision" of the army. The Parliamentary Army Commission elected Abel Ferry as a commissioner (1 August). By October Ferry was presenting his fourth report on army railways, to Joffre's fury.Greenhalgh 2014, p. 167-8 M 137 16 Maxwell Briand Théodore Tissier

M 137 16 Maxwell Briand Théodore Tissier

Late in 1916 Roques had been sent on a fact-finding mission to Salonika after Britain, Italy and Russia had pushed for the dismissal of the theatre commander Sarrail. To Briand's and Joffre's surprise, Roques returned recommending that Sarrail be reinforced and that Sarrail no longer report to Joffre. Coming on the back of the disappointing results of the

Somme campaign The Battle of the Somme (French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place betw ...

and the defeat of Romania, Roques' report further discredited Briand and Joffre and added to the Parliamentary Deputies' demands for a closed session.Doughty 2005, p318-20 In November Ferry presented a report on the shortage of manpower. A secret session was held on 21 November about calling up the Class of 1918 followed by another a week later. On 27 November Briand proposed that Joffre be effectively demoted to commander-in-chief in northern France, with both he and Sarrail reporting to the War Minister, although he withdrew this proposal after Joffre threatened resignation. The Closed Session began on 28 November and lasted until 7 December. Briand had little choice but to make concessions to preserve his government, and in a speech of 29 November he promised to repeal Joffre's promotion of December 1915 and in vague terms to appoint a general as technical adviser to the government. Briand survived a confidence vote by 344-160 (six months earlier he had won a confidence vote 440-80).

Reconstructed government

On 13 December Briand formed a new government, reducing the size of the Council of Ministers from 23 to 10 and replacing Roques with

General Lyautey A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED On ...

. That day his government survived a vote of confidence by 30 votes, and Joffre was appointed "general-in-chief of the French armies, technical adviser to the government, consultative member of the War Committee" (he was persuaded to accept by Briand, but soon found that he had been stripped of real power and asked to be relieved altogether on 26 December), with Nivelle replacing him as commander-in-chief of the Armies of the North and Northeast. A Senate Secret Session on 21 December attacked Briand's plans for a smaller war cabinet as "yet another level of bureaucracy"; on 23 December Briand pledged that he would continue to push for a "permanent Allied bureau" to secure constant cooperation between the Allied nations. Briand's reduced War Cabinet was formed in imitation of the small executive body formed by Lloyd George, just appointed Prime Minister of Britain, but in practice Briand's often met just prior to meetings of the main Cabinet. Painlevé declined the job of War Minister as he would have preferred Petain as commander-in-chief rather than the inexperienced Nivelle. Like President Poincaré Briand had thought Petain too cautious to be suitable. Nivelle's appointment caused great friction between the British and French high commands, after Lloyd George attempted to have Haig placed under Nivelle's command at the

Calais Conference The Calais Conference was a 26 February 1917 meeting of politicians and generals from France and the United Kingdom. Ostensibly about railway logistics for the upcoming allied Spring offensive the majority of the conference was given over to a p ...

in January. Briand only reluctantly agreed to attend another allied conference in London (12–13 March 1917) to resolve the matter. Briand resigned as Prime Minister on 20 March 1917 as a result of disagreements over the prospective Nivelle Offensive, to be succeeded by Alexandre Ribot.

1920s

Briand returned to power in 1921. He supervised the French role in the

Washington Naval Conference The Washington Naval Conference was a disarmament conference called by the United States and held in Washington, DC from November 12, 1921 to February 6, 1922. It was conducted outside the auspices of the League of Nations. It was attended by nine ...

of 1921–22. Three factors guided the French strategy and necessitated a Mediterranean focus: the French navy needed to carry a great many goods, the Mediterranean was the axis of chief interest, and a supply of oil was essential. The primary goal was to defend

French North Africa French North Africa (french: Afrique du Nord française, sometimes abbreviated to ANF) is the term often applied to the territories controlled by France in the North African Maghreb during the colonial era, namely Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. ...

, and Briand made practical choices, for naval policy was a reflection of overall foreign policy. The Conference agreed on the American proposal that capital ships be limited to a ratio of 5 to 5 to 3 for the United States, Britain, and Japan, with Italy and France allocated 1.7 each. France's participation reflected its need to deal with its diminishing power and reduced human, material, and financial resources. Briand's efforts to come to an agreement over reparations with the Germans failed in the wake of German intransigence, and he was succeeded by the more bellicose Raymond Poincaré. In the wake of the Ruhr Crisis, however, Briand's more conciliatory style became more acceptable, and he returned to the Quai d'Orsay in 1925. He would remain foreign minister until his death in 1932. During this time, he was a member of 14 cabinets, four of which he headed himself in 1925–1926 and 1929. Briand negotiated the Briand-Ceretti Agreement with the Vatican, giving the French government a role in the appointment of Catholic bishops.

Kellogg–Briand Pact

Aristide Briand received the 1926

together with

of Germany for the

(

Austen Chamberlain Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (16 October 1863 – 16 March 1937) was a British statesman, son of Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (twice) and was briefly ...

of the United Kingdom had received a share of the Peace Prize a year earlier for the same agreement). A 1927 proposal by Briand and United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg for a universal pact outlawing war led the following year to the Pact of Paris, aka the

Briand plan for European federation

As foreign minister Briand formulated an original proposal for a new economic union of Europe. Described as Briand's Locarno diplomacy and as an aspect of Franco-German rapprochement, it was his answer to Germany's quick economic recovery and future political power. Briand made his proposals in a speech in favor of a European Union in the

League of Nations The League of Nations (french: link=no, Société des Nations ) was the first worldwide Intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by ...

on 5 September 1929, and in 1930, in his
Memorandum on the Organization of a Regime of European Federal Union
for the Government of France. The idea was to provide a framework to contain France's former enemy while preserving as much of the 1919 Versailles settlement as possible. The Briand plan entailed the economic collaboration of the great industrial areas of Europe and the provision of political security to Eastern Europe against Soviet threats. The basis was economic cooperation, but his fundamental concept was political, for it was political power that would determine economic choices. The plan, under the Memorandum on the Organization of a System of European Federal Union, was in the end presented as a French initiative to the League of Nations. With the death of his principal supporter, German foreign minister

, and the onset of the Great Depression in 1929, Briand's plan was never adopted but it suggested an economic framework for developments after World War II that eventually resulted in the European Union. In evaluating his internationalism, historian Douglas Houston concludes:

Briand's internationalism is easy to deride; nothing he achieved was durable, and his aim seemed no more than old-fashioned security fired by a personal ambition he made little effort to hide. Yet no one worked harder or more imaginatively to give the new international system life. His internationalism sprang from the realization that France could not be secure until everyone else was. He may have embraced principle for reasons of ''Realpolitik'', but there is little doubt that he became convinced of the justice of his cause.

Governments

Briand's first Government, 24 July 1909 – 3 November 1910

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship *

Stéphen Pichon Stephen Jean-Marie Pichon (10 August 1857 – 18 September 1933, Vers-en-Montagne) was a French journalist, diplomat and politician of the Third Republic. The Avenue Stéphen-Pichon in Paris is named after him. Life Stephen Jean-Marie Pichon ...

– Minister of Foreign Affairs * Jean Brun – Minister of War * Georges Cochery – Minister of Finance * René Viviani – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions *

Louis Barthou Jean Louis Barthou (; 25 August 1862 – 9 October 1934) was a French politician of the Third Republic who served as Prime Minister of France for eight months in 1913. In social policy, his time as prime minister saw the introduction (in July ...

– Minister of Justice * Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère – Minister of Marine *

Gaston Doumergue Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue (; 1 August 1863 in Aigues-Vives, Gard18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the Third Republic. He served as President of France from 13 June 1924 to 13 June 1931. Biography Doumergue cam ...

– Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Joseph Ruau – Minister of Agriculture * Georges Trouillot – Minister of Colonies *

Alexandre Millerand Alexandre Millerand (; – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924. His participation in Waldeck-Rousseau's cabinet at the s ...

– Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs * Jean Dupuy – Minister of Commerce and Industry

Briand's second Government, 3 November 1910 – 2 March 1911

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior and Worship *

– Minister of Foreign Affairs * Jean Brun – Minister of War *

Louis Lucien Klotz Louis-Lucien Klotz (11 January 1868 – 15 June 1930) was a French journalist and politician. He was the French Minister of Finance during World War I. Early life Klotz was born in Paris to Alsatian Jewish parents. He was the nephew of Vic ...

– Minister of Finance * Louis Lafferre – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions *

Théodore Girard Théodore is the French version of the masculine given name Theodore. Given name *Théodore Caruelle d'Aligny (1798–1871), French landscape painter and engraver * Théodore Anne (1892–1917), French playwright, librettist, and novelist *Théodo ...

– Minister of Justice * Auguste Boué de Lapeyrère – Minister of Marine *

Maurice Faure Maurice Faure (2 January 1922 – 6 March 2014) was a member of the French Resistance and a minister in several French governments. He was born in Azerat, Dordogne. He was a deputy in the French parliament from 1951 to 1983 and a Senator from ...

– Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts *

Maurice Raynaud Auguste Gabriel Maurice Raynaud (10 August 1834 – 29 June 1881) was the French doctor who discovered Raynaud syndrome, a vasospastic disorder which contracts blood vessels in extremities and is the "R" in the CREST syndrome acronym, in the lat ...

– Minister of Agriculture * Jean Morel – Minister of Colonies * Louis Puech – Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs * Jean Dupuy – Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes * 23 February 1911 – Briand succeeds Brun as interim Minister of War.

Briand's third and fourth Governments, 21 January – 22 March 1913

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of the Interior *

Charles Jonnart Charles Célestin Auguste Jonnart (27 December 1857 – 30 December 1927) was a French politician. Early years Born into a bourgeois family in Fléchin, Pas-de-Calais, Charles Jonnart was educated at Saint-Omer, then in Paris. Interested in th ...

– Minister of Foreign Affairs * Eugène Étienne – Minister of War *

– Minister of Finance * René Besnard – Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions *

– Minister of Justice *

Pierre Baudin Pierre Baudin (21 August 1863 in Nantua – 30 July 1917 in Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), mak ...

– Minister of Marine * Théodore Steeg – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Fernand David – Minister of Agriculture * Jean Morel – Minister of Colonies * Jean Dupuy – Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs * Gabriel Guist'hau – Minister of Commerce and Industry

Briand's fifth Government, 29 October 1915 – 12 December 1916

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs *

Joseph Galliéni Joseph Simon Gallieni (24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French soldier, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the French colonies. Gallieni is infamous in Madagascar as the French military leader who e ...

– Minister of War * Louis Malvy – Minister of the Interior * Alexandre Ribot – Minister of Finance *

Albert Métin Emile Albert Métin (28 January 1871 – 16 August 1918) was a French teacher and professor of history and geography, a prolific author and a politician who was twice Minister of Labor and Social Welfare. Life Early years Albert Métin was born ...

– Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions * René Viviani – Minister of Justice *

Lucien Lacaze Marie-Jean-Lucien Lacaze (22 June 1860, Pierrefonds, Oise – 23 March 1955, Paris) was a French admiral, minister of Marine, préfet maritime and académicien. Biography Lacaze was born in Pierrefonds, Oise to a physician of Réunion, where ...

– Minister of Marine * Paul Painlevé – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Jules Méline – Minister of Agriculture *

– Minister of Colonies * Marcel Sembat – Minister of Public Works * Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs * Léon Bourgeois – Minister of State * Denys Cochin – Minister of State * Émile Combes – Minister of State *

Charles de Freycinet Charles Louis de Saulces de Freycinet (; 14 November 1828 – 14 May 1923) was a French statesman and four times Prime Minister during the Third Republic. He also served an important term as Minister of War (1888–1893). He belonged to the Op ...

– Minister of State *

– Minister of State Changes * 15 November 1915 – Paul Painlevé becomes Minister of Inventions for the National Defense in addition to being Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts. * 16 March 1916 –

Pierre Auguste Roques Pierre Auguste Roques (28 December 1856 – 26 February 1920) was a French general and creator of the French air force. Biography Born to a modest family in Marseillan, Hérault, his lively intelligence earned him a study grant that allowed h ...

succeeds Galliéni as Minister of War

Briand's sixth Government, 12 December 1916 – 20 March 1917

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs *

Hubert Lyautey Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey (17 November 1854 – 27 July 1934) was a French Army general and colonial administrator. After serving in Indochina and Madagascar, he became the first French Resident-General in Morocco from 1912 to 1925. Early ...

– Minister of War * Albert Thomas – Minister of Armaments and War Manufacturing * Louis Malvy – Minister of the Interior * Alexandre Ribot – Minister of Finance * Étienne Clémentel – Minister of Commerce, Industry, Labour, Social Security Provisions, Agriculture, Posts, and Telegraphs * René Viviani – Minister of Justice, Public Instruction, and Fine Arts *

– Minister of Marine *

Édouard Herriot Édouard Marie Herriot (; 5 July 1872 – 26 March 1957) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister (1924–1925; 1926; 1932) and twice as President of the Chamber of Deputies. He led the ...

– Minister of Supply, Public Works, and Transport *

– Minister of Colonies Changes * 15 March 1917 –

succeeds Lyautey as interim Minister of War.

Briand's seventh Government, 16 January 1921 – 15 January 1922

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs *

– Minister of War *

Pierre Marraud Pierre Marraud was a French politician born in Port-Sainte-Marie, Lot-et-Garonne, 8 January 1861, died in Paris 13 March 1958. *Préfet in 1900, Councillor of State, commissaire du gouvernement at the end of the First World War until becoming p ...

– Minister of the Interior *

Paul Doumer Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. Biography Joseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal ''dépa ...

– Minister of Finance * Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Labour * Laurent Bonnevay – Minister of Justice * Gabriel Guist'hau – Minister of Marine * Léon Bérard – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * André Maginot – Minister of War Pensions, Grants, and Allowances *

Edmond Lefebvre du Prey Edmond Lefebvre du Prey (16 October 1866 in Saint-Omer – 14 January 1955) was a French politician of the Third Republic. Lefebvre du Prey was a member of the National Assembly In politics, a national assembly is either a unicamera ...

– Minister of Agriculture *

Albert Sarraut Albert-Pierre Sarraut (; 28 July 1872 – 26 November 1962) was a French Radical politician, twice Prime Minister during the Third Republic. Biography Sarraut was born on 28 July 1872 in Bordeaux, Gironde, France. On 14 March 1907 Sarraut, ...

– Minister of Colonies * Yves Le Trocquer – Minister of Public Works *

Georges Leredu George Leredu (2 June 1860, Metz – 23 June 1943), lawyer, was mayor of Franconville-la-Garenne from 1908 to 1919, deputy (representative of parliament) from 1914 to 1927 then senator until 1936. He was Minister for Health A health minister is t ...

– Minister of Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions *

Lucien Dior Lucien is a male given name. It is the French form of Luciano or Latin ''Lucianus'', patronymic of Lucius. Lucien, Saint Lucien, or Saint-Lucien may also refer to: People Given name * Lucien of Beauvais, Christian saint *Lucien, a band member ...

– Minister of Commerce and Industry * Louis Loucheur – Minister of Liberated Regions

Briand's eighth Government, 28 November 1925 – 9 March 1926

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs * Paul Painlevé – Minister of War *

Camille Chautemps Camille Chautemps (1 February 1885 – 1 July 1963) was a French Radical politician of the Third Republic, three times President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). He was the father-in-law of U.S. politician and statesman Howard ...

– Minister of the Interior * Louis Loucheur – Minister of Finance * Antoine Durafour – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions * René Renoult – Minister of Justice *

Georges Leygues Georges Leygues (; 29 October 1856 – 2 September 1933) was a French politician of the Third Republic. During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy's chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re-arma ...

– Minister of Marine *

Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, and the Prime Minister of France who signed the Munich Agreement before the outbreak of World War II. Daladier was born in Carp ...

– Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Paul Jourdain – Minister of Pensions * Jean Durand – Minister of Agriculture *

Léon Perrier Léon Perrier (1873–1948) was a French politician. He served as the French Minister of the Colonies from 1925 to 1928. Early life Léon Perrier was born on 1 February 1873 in Tournon-sur-Rhône in the Ardèche, France. Career Perrier served a ...

– Minister of Colonies *

Anatole de Monzie Anatole de Monzie (22 November 1876, Bazas, Gironde – 11 January 1947, Paris) was a French administrator, encyclopaedist (''Encyclopédie française''), political figure and scholar. His father was a tax collector in Bazas, Gironde where ...

– Minister of Public Works * Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes * 16 December 1925 –

succeeds Loucheur as Minister of Finance.

Briand's ninth Government, 9 March – 23 June 1926

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs * Paul Painlevé – Minister of War * Louis Malvy – Minister of the Interior * Raoul Péret – Minister of Finance * Antoine Durafour – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions *

Pierre Laval Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occu ...

– Minister of Justice *

– Minister of Marine * Lucien Lamoureux – Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Paul Jourdain – Minister of Pensions * Jean Durand – Minister of Agriculture *

– Minister of Colonies *

– Minister of Public Works * Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Commerce and Industry Changes * 10 April 1926 – Jean Durand succeeds Malvy as Minister of the Interior.

François Binet François Binet (4 May 1880 – 2 December 1930) was a French politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from April to July 1926 in Aristide Briand's ninth government. He was a member of the Chambre des députés Chamber of Deputies ...

succeeds Durand as Minister of Agriculture.

Briand's tenth Government, 23 June – 19 July 1926

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs *

Adolphe Guillaumat Marie Louis Adolphe Guillaumat (4 January 1863 – 18 May 1940) was a French Army general during World War I. Early years Adolphe Guillaumat was born in Bourgneuf, Charente-Maritime. He graduated first from his class of 1884 at the Saint-Cyr m ...

– Minister of War * Jean Durand – Minister of the Interior * Joseph Caillaux – Minister of Finance * Antoine Durafour – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions *

– Minister of Justice *

– Minister of Marine *

Bertrand Nogaro Bertrand Nogaro (5 April 1880 – 7 April 1950) was a French economist and politician. He served as Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts in Aristide Briand's tenth government from June to July 1926. He was elected to the '' Académie des ...

– Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts * Paul Jourdain – Minister of Pensions *

– Minister of Agriculture *

– Minister of Colonies * Charles Daniel-Vincent – Minister of Public Works * Fernand Chapsal – Minister of Commerce and Industry

Briand's eleventh Government, 29 July – 3 November 1929

* Aristide Briand – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs * Paul Painlevé –

Minister of War A defence minister or minister of defence is a cabinet official position in charge of a ministry of defense, which regulates the armed forces in sovereign states. The role of a defence minister varies considerably from country to country; in ...

* André Tardieu –

Minister of the Interior An interior minister (sometimes called a minister of internal affairs or minister of home affairs) is a cabinet official position that is responsible for internal affairs, such as public security, civil registration and identification, emergency ...

* Henry Chéron – Minister of Finance * Louis Loucheur – Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions *

– Minister of Justice *

– Minister of Marine * Laurent Eynac – Minister of Air *

–

Minister of Public Instruction Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of governme ...

and

Fine Arts In European academic traditions, fine art is developed primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing it from decorative art or applied art, which also has to serve some practical function, such as pottery or most metalwo ...

Louis Antériou Louis Antériou (14 June 1887 – 5 March 1931) was a French politician. Antériou was born in La Voulte-sur-Rhône. He represented the Republican-Socialist Party in the Chamber of Deputies from 1919 to 1931. He was a freemason.Encyclopédie ...

– Minister of Pensions * Jean Hennessy – Minister of Agriculture * André Maginot –

Minister of Colonies Minister may refer to: * Minister (Christianity), a Christian cleric ** Minister (Catholic Church) * Minister (government), a member of government who heads a ministry (government department) ** Minister without portfolio, a member of government w ...

Pierre Forgeot Pierre Forgeot (10 March 1888 – 30 June 1956) was a French lawyer, politician and businessman who was involved in issues of war damages during and after World War I (1914–18). He was Minister of Public Works in 1928–29. After leaving politics ...

– Minister of Public Works *

Georges Bonnefous Georges Edouard Félix Bonnefous (30 November 1867 – 27 May 1956) was a French progressive Republican politician who was deputy for Seine-et-Oise from 1910 to 1936. He was Minister of Commerce and Industry from 11 November 1928 to 3 November 192 ...

– Minister of Commerce and Industry

Notes

References

* * * * * * * * Georges Suarez's multi-volume biography of Briand (1938–52) is of particular value to historians as it cites documents lost in 1940.Greenhalgh 2005, p.288

External links

*
Timeline for the 150th anniversary of Aristide Briand
* , - {{DEFAULTSORT:Briand, Aristide 1862 births 1932 deaths Politicians from Nantes French Socialist Party (1902) politicians Republican-Socialist Party politicians French atheists Prime Ministers of France French Foreign Ministers French interior ministers French Ministers of Justice French Ministers of War Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 10th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 11th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 12th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 13th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 14th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic 20th-century French diplomats French Freemasons French people of World War I French Nobel laureates Nobel Peace Prize laureates

Early life

Activism

Prime Minister of France

Pre-war

First World War

1914–15

1916

Reconstructed government

1920s

Kellogg–Briand Pact

Briand plan for European federation

Governments

Briand's first Government, 24 July 1909 – 3 November 1910

Briand's second Government, 3 November 1910 – 2 March 1911

Briand's third and fourth Governments, 21 January – 22 March 1913

Briand's fifth Government, 29 October 1915 – 12 December 1916

Briand's sixth Government, 12 December 1916 – 20 March 1917

Briand's seventh Government, 16 January 1921 – 15 January 1922

Briand's eighth Government, 28 November 1925 – 9 March 1926

Briand's ninth Government, 9 March – 23 June 1926

Briand's tenth Government, 23 June – 19 July 1926

Briand's eleventh Government, 29 July – 3 November 1929

See also

Notes

References

External links