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Aperto ’93 is the title of an exhibition of contemporary art conceived by

Helena Kontova Helena Kontova (16 November 1955, Prague, Czech Republic) is an art critic and curator based in Milan, Italy, where she has been the editor of '' Flash Art International'' since 1979. She is also a co-founder and director, together with Giancarlo ...

and

Giancarlo Politi Giancarlo Politi (born 1937 in Trevi, Italy) is an art critic and publisher, mainly known for being the founder of '' Flash Art'' magazine. Magazine Politi was born in Trevi, in Umbria. He had a brief spell as an artist and poet before turning ...

, and organized by

for the XLV edition of the

Venice Biennale The Venice Biennale (; it, La Biennale di Venezia) is an international cultural exhibition hosted annually in Venice, Italy by the Biennale Foundation. The biennale has been organised every year since 1895, which makes it the oldest of ...

, directed by

Achille Bonito Oliva Achille Bonito Oliva (born 1939) is an Italian art critic and historian of contemporary art. Since 1968 he has taught history of contemporary art at La Sapienza, the university of Rome. He has written extensively on contemporary art and contempor ...

in 1993. It reprised and expanded the concept of the exhibition ''Aperto'', a new section in the Biennale for young artists ideated by Bonito Oliva and

Harald Szeemann '' Harald Szeemann (11 June 1933 – 18 February 2005) was a Swiss curator, artist, and art historian. Having curated more than 200 exhibitions, many of which have been characterized as groundbreaking, Szeemann is said to have helped redefine the r ...

in 1980.

Concept and realisation

The show, entitled “Emergency/Emergenze,” signified a shift in the history of exhibition making. Instead of proposing a vision developed by a sole curator – or curatorial team – ''Aperto ’93'' proposed a rhizomic or cellular model. In this model different points of view related to the then emerging scene, deeply influenced by the process of globalization, underlined the necessity of coexistence and cohabitation and furthermore a fragmentation of the way to think and criticize visual art. Kontova the editor, together with Politi, of

Flash Art ''Flash Art'' is a contemporary art magazine, and an Italian and international publishing house. Originally published bilingually, both in Italian and in English, since 1978 is published in two separate editions, Flash Art Italia (Italian) and ...

Italia and

International (www.flashartonline.com), took over the legacy of “Aperto” the section of the

devoted to emerging artists created in 1980 and inaugurated with a show curated by Achille Bonito Oliva and

and then abolished in 1997 by

Jean Clair Jean Clair () is the pen name of Gérard Régnier (born 20 October 1940 in Paris, France). Clair is an essayist, a polemicist, an art historian, an art conservator, and a member of the Académie française since May, 2008.Éric Biétry-Riviérre ...

. The curators altered the emphasis from a mere section into a "show within a show," featuring works by 120 artists including:

Laura Aguilar Laura Aguilar (October 26, 1959 – April 25, 2018) was an American photographer. She was born with auditory dyslexia and attributed her start in photography to her brother, who showed her how to develop in dark rooms. She was mostly self-taugh ...

Matthew Barney Matthew Barney (born March 25, 1967) is an American contemporary artist and film director who works in the fields of sculpture, film, photography and drawing. His works explore connections among geography, biology, geology and mythology as well ...

Henry Bond Henry Bond, FHEA (born 13 June 1966) is an English writer, photographer, and visual artist. In his ''Lacan at the Scene'' (2009), Bond made contributions to theoretical psychoanalysis and forensics. In 1990, with Sarah Lucas, Bond organised ...

, Christine Borland,

Maurizio Cattelan Maurizio Cattelan (born 21 September 1960) is an Italian artist. Known primarily for his hyperrealistic sculptures and installations, Cattelan's practice also includes curating and publishing. His satirical approach to art has resulted in him bei ...

, Collection Yoon Ja & Paul Devautour, John Currin,

Sylvie Fleury Sylvie Fleury (born 24 June 1961) is a Swiss contemporary pop artist known for her installations, sculpture, and mixed media. Her work generally depicts objects with sentimental and aesthetic attachments in consumer culture, as well as the para ...

, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Lothar Hempel,

Damien Hirst Damien Steven Hirst (; né Brennan; born 7 June 1965) is an English artist, entrepreneur, and art collector. He is one of the Young British Artists (YBAs) who dominated the art scene in the UK during the 1990s. He is reportedly the United King ...

Carsten Höller Carsten Höller (born December 1961) is a German artist. He lives and works in Stockholm, Sweden.Alice Rawsthorn (January 2012)"Cliff Hanger - The Ghanaian home of artists Carsten Höller and Marcel Odenbach goes above—and beyond" '' W Magazin ...

, Sean La nders,

Paul McCarthy Paul McCarthy (born August 4, 1945) is a contemporary artist who lives and works in Los Angeles, California. Life McCarthy was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, in 1945. He studied art at Weber State University in Ogden, Utah, and later continued ...

Gabriel Orozco Gabriel Orozco (born April 27, 1962) is a Mexican artist. He gained his reputation in the early 1990s with his exploration of drawing, photography, sculpture and installation. In 1998, Francesco Bonami called Orozco "one of the most influentia ...

Philippe Parreno Philippe Parreno (born 1964 in Oran, Algeria) is a contemporary French artist who lives and works in Paris. His works include films, installations, performances, drawings, and text. Parreno focuses on expanding ideas of time and duration thr ...

, Simon Patterson, Charles Ray,

Pipilotti Rist Pipilotti Elisabeth Rist (born 21 June 1962) is a Swiss visual artist best known for creating experimental video art and installation art. Her work is often described as surreal, intimate, abstract art, having a preoccupation with the female ...

, Andres Serrano,

Kiki Smith Kiki Smith (born January 18, 1954) is a West German-born American artist whose work has addressed the themes of sex, birth and regeneration. Her figurative work of the late 1980s and early 1990s confronted subjects such as AIDS and gender, whi ...

, Rudolf Stingel, Rirkrit Tiravanija,

Andrea Zittel Andrea Zittel (born 1965) is an American artist based in Joshua Tree, CA whose practice encompasses spaces, objects and modes of living in an ongoing investigation that explores the questions "How to live?" and "What gives life meaning?" Early li ...

Wu Shanzhuan Wu Shanzhuan (born October 25, 1960) is an artist based in Hamburg. Biography Wu was born in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. His art is Conceptual in nature, often dealing with issues surrounding language. His work includes painting, drawing, insta ...

, Wang Youshen, Emmanuel Kane Kuei and Botala Tala. Anticipating "the curators’ era," ''Aperto ’93'' consisted of 13 sections, each of them managed by then-emerging curators, many of whom are now internationally acclaimed, such as Francesco Bonami (first Italian to curate the

Whitney Biennial The Whitney Biennial is a biennial exhibition of contemporary American art, typically by young and lesser known artists, on display at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City, United States. The event began as an annual exhibition ...

Nicolas Bourriaud Nicolas Bourriaud (born 1965) is a curator and art critic, who has curated a great number of exhibitions and biennials all over the world. With Jérôme Sans, Bourriaud cofounded the Palais de Tokyo in Paris, where he served as codirector from 1 ...

(theoretician of

Relational Art Relational art or relational aesthetics is a mode or tendency in fine art practice originally observed and highlighted by French art critic Nicolas Bourriaud. Bourriaud defined the approach as "a set of artistic practices which take as their theor ...

), Kong Changan, Antonio D'Avossa,

Jeffrey Deitch Jeffrey Deitch (pronounced ''DIE-tch'';Mike Boehm (January 12, 2010)L.A.'s MOCA picks art dealer Jeffrey Deitch as director'' Los Angeles Times''. born 1952) is an American art dealer and curator. He is best known for his gallery Deitch Projec ...

(director of the

Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles (MOCA) is a contemporary art museum with two locations in greater Los Angeles, California. The main branch is located on Grand Avenue in Downtown Los Angeles, near the Walt Disney Concert Hall. MOCA's or ...

), Thomas Locher, Robert Nickas, Matthew Slotover (founder of Frieze magazine and art fair), Berta Sichel and Benjamin Weil.

Critical reception

The show became a cult event of the ’90s, managing to frame what was happening at that time.

Artforum ''Artforum'' is an international monthly magazine specializing in contemporary art. The magazine is distinguished from other magazines by its unique 10½ x 10½ inch square format, with each cover often devoted to the work of an artist. Notably ...

published a review entitled "Aperto 93: The Better Biennale".Giorgio Verzotti, "Aperto 93": the better biennale, Artforum (October, 1993) The model of Aperto ’93 is often quoted by curators, and it was a source of inspiration for the 2003

directed by Francesco Bonami, the first

Moscow Biennale The Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art is one of the most important Russian cultural events and was founded in 2003. First Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art The First Moscow Biennale of Contemporary Art (January 28 – February 28, 2005) ca ...

, the second Johannesburg Biennale directed by

Okwui Enwezor Okwui Enwezor (23 October 1963 – 15 March 2019) was a Nigerian curator, art critic, writer, poet, and educator, specializing in art history. He lived in New York City and Munich. In 2014, he was ranked 24 in the '' ArtReview'' list of the 100 ...

, and the first and second

Gwangju Biennale The Gwangju Biennale is a contemporary art biennale founded in September 1995 in Gwangju, South Jeolla province, South Korea. The Gwangju Biennale is hosted by the Gwangju Biennale Foundation and the city of Gwangju. The Gwangju Biennale Founda ...

Artists in Aperto '93

* Pep Agut *

Kai Althoff Kai Althoff (born 1966 in Cologne) is a German visual artist and musician. Life and work Kai Althoff was born in Cologne, Germany, in February 1966. He is a multimedia artist and a painter. Borrowing from moments of history, religious iconogra ...

Janine Antoni Janine Antoni (born January 19, 1964) is a Bahamian–born American artist, who creates contemporary work in performance art, sculpture, and photography. Antoni's work focuses on process and the transitions between the making and finished product, ...

* Filadelfo Anzalone *

Hany Armanious Hany Armanious (born 1962) is an Australian artist who lives and works in Sydney. Armanious produces installations and sculptural forms, as well as paintings and drawings. Life and work Hany Armanious was born in Ismailia, Egypt and migrated t ...

* Sadie Benning * Biefer & Zgraggen *

Bigert & Bergström Bigert & Bergström is a Swedish artist duo consisting of Mats Bigert and Lars Bergström. The Bigert & Bergström creative partnership began in 1986 while attending Royal Swedish Academy of Arts in Stockholm. Since then, the duo have created a w ...

* Christine Borland * Marco Brandizzi *

Angela Bulloch Angela Bulloch (born 1966 in Rainy River, Ontario, Canada), is an artist who often works with sound and installation; she is recognised as one of the Young British Artists. Bulloch lives and works in Berlin. Life and career Bulloch studied at Go ...

* Kathe Burkhart * Giorgio Cattani *

* Cercle Ramo Nash *

Dawn Clements Dawn Clements (1958–2018) was an American contemporary artist and educator. She was known for her large scale, panoramic drawings of interiors that were created with many different materials in a collage-style. Her primary mediums were sumi ink ...

* Mat Collishaw *

Meg Cranston Meg Cranston (born 1960) is an American artist who works in sculpture and painting. She is also a writer. Cranston was born in Baldwin, New York. She earned a B.A. in Anthropology/Sociology from Kenyon College in Ohio in 1982. She received an MFA ...

* John Currin * Mario Dellavedova *

Jessica Diamond Jessica Diamond (born June 6, 1957) is an American conceptual artist who is known for her wall drawings and installations. She has explored themes of anti-commercialism and social and sexual roles in her artworks. Diamond was born in New York, N ...

* Cheryl Donegan * Milena Dopitová *

Lukas Duwenhögger Lukas is a form of the Latin name Lucas. Popularity In 2013 it was the ninth most popular name for boys in Australia. Meaning and different spellings * Amharic - Luqas (ሉቃስ) * Arabic - Luqa (لوقا) / Luqas (لوكاس) * Armenian - Ղո ...

* Maria Eichhhorn * Róza El-Hassan * Marcelo Expósito * Ocean Earth Construction and Development Corporation *

* Formento & Sossella * Dominique González-Foerster *

Félix Gonzáles-Torres Felix may refer to: * Felix (name), people and fictional characters with the name Places * Arabia Felix is the ancient Latin name of Yemen * Felix, Spain, a municipality of the province Almería, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, ...

* Gotscho * Renée Green * Scott Grodesky *

Sigrid Hackenberg Sigrid is a Scandinavian given name for women from Old Norse ''Sigríðr'', composed of the elements ''sigr'' "victory" and ''fríðr'' "beautiful". Common short forms include Siri, Sigga, Sig, and Sigi. An Estonian and Finnish variant is Si ...

* Haha * Lothar Hempel * José Antonio Hernández-Diez *

* Martin Honert * Richard House *

Fabrice Hybert Fabrice Hybert, also known by the pseudonym Fabrice Hyber, is a French plastic artist born on 12 July 1961 in Luçon (Vendée). At 56, he was elected to the Academy of Fine Arts on April 25, 2018. Attached to nature, economics, commerce and scie ...

* Wendy Jacob * Michael W. Joo * Samuel Kane Kwei * Josif Kiraly * Dimitris Kozaris * Elke Krystufek * Carter Kustera * Alix Lambert * Sean Landers *

Zbigniew Libera Zbigniew Libera (born 7 July 1959) is a Polish artist, born in Pabianice, Poland. Libera's artworks are considered to fall under the styles of pop art and critical art, and have been frequently used his works to comment on political and social ...

* Eva Marisaldi * Daniel J. Martinez *

* Lee Ming-Sheng * Dan Mihaltianu * Regina Möller * Mondo / Mokoh * Gianmarco Montesano * Liliana Moro / Bernhard Rüdiger * Kirsten Mosher * Kohdai Nakahara * New Madras Agency *

Bonnie Ntshalintshali Bonnie Ntshalintshali (1 January 1967 – 31 December 1999) was a South African ceramicist and sculptor. Early life Bonnie Mayvee Ntshalintshali was born on a farm in the Winterton district of KwaZulu-Natal in 1967. As a girl she survived polio ...

* Kristin Oppenheim *

Anatoly Osmolovsky Anatoly Osmolovsky (Moscow, ), is a Russian visual artist, performer, theorist, editor and teacher. He resides in Moscow where he sculpts wood. Osmolovsky grounds his art in theory and supports his work with self-published writings in ''Radek'' ( ...

* Laurie Palmer * Agelo Papadimitriou *

Paper Tiger Television Paper Tiger Television (PTTV) is a non-profit, low-budget public access television program and open media collective based in New York City. Currently operating from Brooklyn, PPTV was co-founded by media activist and Academy Award nominated ...

* Simon Patterson * Hirsch Perlman * Dan Peterman *

Vong Phaophanit Vong Phaophanit (born 1961) is an artist based in London. Phaophanit is best known for his large-scale installations, which incorporate a wide range of materials including ash, silk, rice, rubber, wax and often light. Biography Born in Savanna ...

* Steven Pippin * Premiata Ditta s.a.s. (Vincenzo Chiarandà e Anna Stuart Tovini) * Luca Quartana * Charles Ray *

Rosângela Rennó Rosângela Rennó Gomes (Belo Horizonte, MG, 1962) is a Brazilian artist who lives and works in Rio de Janeiro. Her work consists of Photograph, photographic images from public and private archives that question the nature of an image and its symb ...

* Pipilotti Rist * Julie Roberts * Alexis Rockman * Christopher Roth *

Nancy Rubins Nancy Rubins (born 1952) is an American sculptor and installation artist. Her sculptural works are primarily composed of blooming arrangements of large rigid objects such as televisions, small appliances, camping and construction trailers, ...

* Doris Salcedo * Sergio Sarra * Eran Schaerf * Nicolaus Schafhausen * Julia Scher * Rainald Schumacher * Andres Serrano * Wu Shanzhuan * Torsten Slama *

* Nedko Solakov *

Ivano Sossella Ivano may refer to: People * Ivano Baldanzeddu (born 1986), Italian football player * Ivano Balićborn 1979), Croatian handballer * Ivano Bamberghi (born 1949), Italian speed skater * Ivano Beggio (1944–2018), Italian businessman * Ivano Bertini ...

* Georgina Starr * Franz Stauffenberg * Rudolf Stingel * SubREAL * Botala Tala * Rikrit Tiravanija * Maria Grazia Toderi * TODT * Rigoberto Torres * Oliviero Toscani * Octavian Trauttmansdorff * Noboru Tsubaki *

Patrick Van Caeckenbergh Patrick Van Caeckenbergh (born 1960) is a Belgian artist. Born in Aalst, East Flanders, he now lives and works in Gentbrugge, Belgium. Work Patrick Van Caeckenbergh has secluded himself from the outside world and as a hermit critically studies th ...

* Niek Van De Steeg * Eugenia Vargas * Rolf Walz * Nari Ward * Sue Williams * Yukinori Yanagi * Wang Youshen *

Peter Zimmermann Peter Zimmermann (born 1956 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German painter, sculptor, object artist and university professor. Life and education Peter Zimmermann studied at the State Academy of Fine Arts in Stuttgart from 1978 to 1983. Since ...

Bibliography

* * * * * * * Ricci, Clarissa (2013)
"La Biennale di Venezia 1993 – 2003: L’esposizione come piattaforma"

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...

: Università Ca' Foscari Venezia. *

References

External links

"45th Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte: punti cardinali dell'arte"
''asac.labiennale.org''. {{coord missing, Italy Art exhibitions in Italy Venice Biennale exhibitions