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' (; English approximation: ; older form: ) is the Irish name for a
supernatural Supernatural phenomena or entities are those beyond the Scientific law, laws of nature. The term is derived from Medieval Latin , from Latin 'above, beyond, outside of' + 'nature'. Although the corollary term "nature" has had multiple meanin ...
race in Gaelic folklore, similar to
elves An elf (: elves) is a type of humanoid supernatural being in Germanic folklore. Elves appear especially in North Germanic mythology, being mentioned in the Icelandic ''Poetic Edda'' and the ''Prose Edda''. In medieval Germanic-speakin ...
. They are said to descend from the
Tuatha Dé Danann The Tuatha Dé Danann (, meaning "the folk of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. Many of them are thought to represent deities of pre-Christian Gaelic ...
or the gods of
Irish mythology Irish mythology is the body of myths indigenous to the island of Ireland. It was originally Oral tradition, passed down orally in the Prehistoric Ireland, prehistoric era. In the History of Ireland (795–1169), early medieval era, myths were ...
. The name ''aos sí'' means "folk of the ''sí''"; these are the burial mounds in which they are said to dwell, which are seen as portals to an Otherworld. Such abodes are referred to in English as 'shee', 'fairy mounds', 'elf mounds' or 'hollow hills'. The ''aos sí'' interact with humans and the human world. They are variously said to be the ancestors, the spirits of nature, or goddesses and gods. Evans Wentz, W. Y. (1966, 1990
The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries
Gerrards Cross, Colin Smythe Humanities Press
In modern Irish, they are also called ''daoine sí''; in Scottish Gaelic ''daoine sìth'' ('folk of the fairy mounds').


Etymology

In the
Irish language Irish (Standard Irish: ), also known as Irish Gaelic or simply Gaelic ( ), is a Celtic language of the Indo-European language family. It is a member of the Goidelic languages of the Insular Celtic sub branch of the family and is indigenous ...
, ''aos sí'', earlier ''aes sídhe'', means "folk of the fairy mounds". In
Old Irish Old Irish, also called Old Gaelic (, Ogham, Ogham script: ᚌᚑᚔᚇᚓᚂᚉ; ; ; or ), is the oldest form of the Goidelic languages, Goidelic/Gaelic language for which there are extensive written texts. It was used from 600 to 900. The ...
, it was ''áes síde''. Dictionary of the Irish Language:
síd, síth
'
The word ''sí'' or ''sídh'' in Irish means a fairy mound or ancient burial mound, which were seen as portals to an Otherworld. It is derived from
proto-Celtic Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly Linguistic reconstruction, reconstructed throu ...
''*sīdos'' ('abode'), and is related to the English words 'seat' and 'settle'. David Fitzgerald conjectured that the word ''sídh'' was synonymous with "immortal" and is compared with words such as ''sídsat'' ("they wait/remain"), ''síthbeo'' ("lasting"), ''sídhbuan'' ("perpetual"), and ''sídhbe'' ("long life"). In most of the tales concerning the ''sí'', a great age or long life is implied.


In medieval literature

In medieval Irish literature, the names ''aes síde'' and ''fír síde'' (folk of the ''síd'') are equivalent to the terms '' Tuath Dé'' and ''Tuatha Dé Danann''. The only difference is that ''Tuath Dé'' tends to be used in contexts of legendary history and mythology. Writing in the 7th century, the Irish bishop Tírechán described the ''sídh'' folk as "earthly gods" (). The 8th century ''Fiacc's Hymn'' says that the Irish adored the ''sídh'' folk before the coming of Saint Patrick.


In Irish folklore

Due to the oral nature of Irish folklore, the exact origins of the fairies are not well defined. There are enough stories to support two possible origins. The fairies could either be
fallen angel Fallen angels are angels who were expelled from Heaven. The literal term "fallen angel" does not appear in any Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic religious texts, but is used to describe angels cast out of heaven. Such angels are often described ...
s or the descendants of the
Tuatha Dé Danann The Tuatha Dé Danann (, meaning "the folk of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. Many of them are thought to represent deities of pre-Christian Gaelic ...
; in the latter case, this is equivalent with ''aos sí''. In the former case, it is said that the fairies are angels who have fallen from heaven, but whose sins were not great enough to warrant hell. In many Gaelic tales, the ''aos sí'' are later literary versions of the
Tuatha Dé Danann The Tuatha Dé Danann (, meaning "the folk of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. Many of them are thought to represent deities of pre-Christian Gaelic ...
("People of the Goddess Danu")—the deities and deified ancestors of
Irish mythology Irish mythology is the body of myths indigenous to the island of Ireland. It was originally Oral tradition, passed down orally in the Prehistoric Ireland, prehistoric era. In the History of Ireland (795–1169), early medieval era, myths were ...
. Some sources describe them as the survivors of the Tuatha Dé Danann who retreated into the Otherworld when fleeing the mortal Sons of Míl Espáine who, like many other early invaders of Ireland, came from Iberia. As part of the terms of their surrender to the Milesians, the
Tuatha Dé Danann The Tuatha Dé Danann (, meaning "the folk of the goddess Danu"), also known by the earlier name Tuath Dé ("tribe of the gods"), are a supernatural race in Irish mythology. Many of them are thought to represent deities of pre-Christian Gaelic ...
agreed to retreat and dwell underground. In folk belief and practice, the ''aos sí'' are often appeased with offerings and care is taken to avoid angering or insulting them. Often, they are not named directly, but rather spoken of as "The Good Neighbours", "The Fair Folk", or simply "The Folk". The most common names for them, ''aos sí'', ''aes sídhe'', ''daoine sídhe'' (singular ''duine sídhe'') and ''daoine sìth'' mean, literally, "people of the mounds" (referring to the ''sídhe''). The ''aos sí'' are generally described as stunningly beautiful, though they can also be terrible and hideous. ''Aos sí'' are seen as fierce guardians of their abodes—whether a fairy hill, a fairy ring, a special tree (often a whitethorn) or a particular
loch ''Loch'' ( ) is a word meaning "lake" or "inlet, sea inlet" in Scottish Gaelic, Scottish and Irish Gaelic, subsequently borrowed into English. In Irish contexts, it often appears in the anglicized form "lough". A small loch is sometimes calle ...
or wood. It is believed that infringing on these spaces will cause the ''aos sí'' to retaliate in an effort to remove the people or objects that invaded their homes. Many of these tales contribute to the changeling myth in west European
folklore Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture. This includes oral traditions such as Narrative, tales, myths, legends, proverbs, Poetry, poems, jokes, and other oral traditions. This also ...
, with the ''aos sí'' kidnapping trespassers or replacing their children with changelings as a punishment for transgressing. The ''aos sí'' are often connected to certain times of year and hours; as the Gaelic Otherworld is believed to come closer to the mortal world at the times of dusk and dawn, the ''aos sí'' correspondingly become easier to encounter. Some festivals such as
Samhain Samhain ( , , , ) or () is a Gaels, Gaelic festival on 1 November marking the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the "Celtic calendar#Medieval Irish and Welsh calendars, darker half" of the year.Dáithí Ó hÓgáin, Ó hÓ ...
, Bealtaine and
Midsummer Midsummer is a celebration of the season of summer, taking place on or near the date of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere; the longest Daytime, day of the year. The name "midsummer" mainly refers to summer solstice festivals of Eu ...
are also associated with the ''aos sí.''


The ''sídhe''

A ''sídh'' (anglicized 'shee') is burial mound (
tumuli A tumulus (: tumuli) is a mound of Soil, earth and Rock (geology), stones raised over a grave or graves. Tumuli are also known as barrows, burial mounds, mounds, howes, or in Siberia and Central Asia as ''kurgans'', and may be found through ...
) associated with the ''aos sí''. In modern Irish, the word is ''sí'' (plural ''síthe''); in Scottish Gaelic it is ''sìth'' (plural ''sìthean''); in Old Irish it is ''síd'' (plural ''síde''). These ''sídhe'' are referred to in English as 'fairy mounds', 'elf mounds' or 'hollow hills'. In some later English-language texts, the word ''sídhe'' is incorrectly used both for the mounds and the people of the mounds. For example, W. B. Yeats, writing in 1908, referred to the ''aos sí'' simply as "the ''sídhe''". However, ''sidh'' in older texts refers specifically to "the palaces, courts, halls or residences" of the otherworldly beings that supposedly inhabit them.


Other names in Irish folklore

The ''Aos sí'' are known by many names in Ireland, among them: * ''Aingil Anúabhair'': "Proud angels" * ''Daoine Uaisle': "The noble folk" * ''Daoine maithe'': "Good people" * ''Deamhan Aerig'': "Air demons" * ''Dream Anúabhair'': "Excessively proud eople * ''Sídhfir'': "fairy men" * ''Sídheógaídhe'': "Young Moundlings" * ''Slúagh Cille'': "Host of the churchyard" * ''Slúagh na Marbh'': "Host of the dead" * ''Slúagh Sídhe'': "Mound host" * ''Slúagh-Sídhe-Thúatha-Dé-Danann'': "Mound host of the Túatha Dé Danann" * ''na Uaisle'': "The noble" or "The gentry"


Types

The banshee or ''bean sídhe'' (from ), which means "woman of the ''sídhe''", has come to indicate any supernatural woman of Ireland who announces a coming death by wailing and keening. Her counterpart in Scottish mythology is the ''bean sìth'' (sometimes spelled ''bean-sìdh''). Other varieties of ''aos sí'' and ''daoine sìth'' include the Scottish ''
bean-nighe The (Scottish Gaelic for 'washerwoman' or 'laundress'; ) is a female spirit in Scottish folklore, regarded as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld. She is a type of (, anglicized as "banshee") that haunts desolate streams and ...
'' (the washerwoman who is seen washing the bloody clothing or
armour Armour (Commonwealth English) or armor (American English; see American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, e ...
of the person who is doomed to die), the '' leanan sídhe'' (the "fairy lover"), the '' cat-sìth'' (a fairy cat), and the '' cù-sìth'' (a fairy dog). The '' sluagh sídhe''—"the fairy host"—is sometimes depicted in Irish and Scottish lore as a crowd of airborne spirits, perhaps the cursed, evil or restless dead. The ''siabhra'' (anglicised as "sheevra"), may be a type of these lesser spirits, prone to evil and mischief. However, an
Ulster Ulster (; or ; or ''Ulster'') is one of the four traditional or historic provinces of Ireland, Irish provinces. It is made up of nine Counties of Ireland, counties: six of these constitute Northern Ireland (a part of the United Kingdom); t ...
folk song also uses "sheevra" simply to mean "spirit" or "fairy".


List

* Abarta * Abhartach * Alp-luachra * ''
Bean-nighe The (Scottish Gaelic for 'washerwoman' or 'laundress'; ) is a female spirit in Scottish folklore, regarded as an omen of death and a messenger from the Otherworld. She is a type of (, anglicized as "banshee") that haunts desolate streams and ...
''/ Caoineag * Banshee * '' Cat-sìth'' * '' Cù-sìth'' * Changeling * Clíodhna * Clurichaun * Dobhar-chú * Dullahan * Ellén Trechend * Fachan * Far darrig * Fear gorta * '' Am Fear Liath Mòr'' * Fetch * Fuath * Gancanagh * Ghillie Dhu / Gille Dubh * Glaistig/ Glashtyn * Leanan sídhe * Leprechaun *
Merrow Merrow (from Irish language, Irish ', Middle Irish ' or ') is a mermaid or merman in Irish folklore. The term is anglicised from the Irish word murúch. The merrows supposedly require a magical cap (; anglicised: #Cohuleen druith, cohuleen dr ...
* Oilliphéist * Púca * Selkie * Sluagh


''Creideamh Sí''

''Creideamh Sí'' is Irish for the "Fairy Faith", a term for the collection of beliefs and practices observed by those who wish to keep good relationships with the ''aos sí'' and avoid angering them. General belief in the Celtic otherworld, the existence of ''aos sí'' and the ability of the ''aos sí'' to influence the local area and its people are all beliefs characteristic of the ''Creideamh Sí''. It is characterised as an aspect of Irish popular religion and exists syncretically with folk Christianity. Effort is made by those who believe to appease local ''aos sí'' through food and drink. The custom of offering milk and traditional foods—such as baked goods, apples or berries—to the ''aos sí'' has survived through the Christian era into the present day in parts of Ireland, Scotland and the diaspora. Those who maintain some degree of belief in the ''aos sí'' also are careful to leave their sacred places alone and protect them from damage through road or housing construction.


See also

* Edmund Lenihan * Enchanted Moura * Fairy riding * Fir Bolg *
Jinn Jinn or djinn (), alternatively genies, are supernatural beings in pre-Islamic Arabian religion and Islam. Their existence is generally defined as parallel to humans, as they have free will, are accountable for their deeds, and can be either ...
(Arab mythical being) *
Kami are the Deity, deities, Divinity, divinities, Spirit (supernatural entity), spirits, mythological, spiritual, or natural phenomena that are venerated in the traditional Shinto religion of Japan. ''Kami'' can be elements of the landscape, forc ...
* Otherworld * Strontian *
Seiðr In Old Norse, (sometimes anglicized as ''seidhr'', ''seidh'', ''seidr'', ''seithr'', ''seith'', or ''seid'') was a type of Magic (paranormal), magic which was practiced in Vikings, Norse society during the Iron Age Scandinavia, Late Scandinavian ...


References


Primary sources

* ''
Lebor Gabála Érenn ''Lebor Gabála Érenn'' (literally "The Book of Ireland's Taking"; Modern Irish spelling: ''Leabhar Gabhála Éireann'', known in English as ''The Book of Invasions'') is a collection of poems and prose narratives in the Irish language inten ...
'' (''The Book of Invasions'') in '' Lebor Laignech'' (''The Book of Leinster'') * '' Annála na gCeithre Máistrí'' (''The Annals of the Four Masters'') * '' Leabhar Bhaile an Mhóta'' (''The Book of Ballymote'') * '' Lebor na hUidre'' (''The Book of the Dun Cow'') * '' Leabhar Buidhe Lecain'' (''The Yellow Book of Lecan'') * '' Leabhar (Mór) Leacain'' (''The Great Book of Lecan'')


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Irish folklore archive inscribed into UNESCO register
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aos Si Fairies Irish folklore Irish legendary creatures Scottish mythology * Irish fairy tales Irish mythology