Anton Ažbe
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Anton Ažbe (30 May 1862 – 5 or 6 August 1905) was a Slovene realist painter and teacher of painting. Ažbe, crippled since birth and orphaned at the age of eight, learned painting as an apprentice to Janez Wolf and at the Academies in
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and
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. At the age of 30, Ažbe founded his own school of painting in
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that became a popular attraction for Eastern European students. Ažbe trained the "big four" Slovenian impressionists ( Rihard Jakopič, Ivan Grohar, Matej Sternen, Matija Jama), a whole generation of Russian painters ( Ivan Bilibin, Mstislav Dobuzhinsky, Igor Grabar,
Wassily Kandinsky Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as one of the pioneers of abstract art, abstraction in western art. Born in Moscow, he spent his childhood in ...
, Dmitry Kardovsky and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin, to name a few),
Serbia , image_flag = Flag of Serbia.svg , national_motto = , image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg , national_anthem = () , image_map = , map_caption = Location of Serbia (gree ...
n painters Nadežda Petrović, Beta Vukanović, Ljubomir Ivanović, Borivoje Stevanović, Kosta Miličević, and Milan Milovanović or a Czech painter Ludvik Kuba. Ažbe's training methods were adopted by Beta and
Rista Vukanović Rista Vukanović also Risto Vukanović (Bugovina near Trebinje, Bosnia and Hercegovina, then under the Habsburg monarchy, 16 April 1873 – Paris, France, 16 January 1918) was a Serbian painter, the husband of painter Beta Vukanović who together ...
when they took over Kiril Kutlik's atelier and school and by Russian artists both at home (Grabar, Kardovsky) and in emigration (Bilibin, Dobuzhinsky).Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 9. Ažbe's own undisputed artistic legacy is limited to twenty-six graphic works, including classroom studies, most of them at the National Gallery of Slovenia. His long-planned
masterpiece A masterpiece, , or ; ; ) is a creation that has been given much critical praise, especially one that is considered the greatest work of a person's career or a work of outstanding creativity, skill, profundity, or workmanship. Historically, ...
s never materialized and, according to
Peter Selz Peter Howard Selz (March 27, 1919 – June 21, 2019) was a German-born American art historian and museum director and curator who specialized in German Expressionism. Biography Peter Selz was born in Munich of Jewish parents. In 1936, aged 17, ...
, he "never came into his own as an artist". His enigmatic personality blended together
alcoholism Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World He ...
, chain smoking, bitter loneliness, minimalistic
simple living Simple living refers to practices that promote simplicity in one's lifestyle. Common practices of simple living include reducing the number of possessions one owns, depending less on technology and services, and spending less money. In addition t ...
in private, and eccentric behaviour in public.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 8. A public scarecrow and a bohemian
socialite A socialite is a person, typically a woman from a wealthy or aristocratic background, who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having ...
, Ažbe protected his personal secrets till the end, a mystery even to his students and fellow teachers. The public transformed the circumstances of his untimely death from
cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving Cell growth#Disorders, abnormal cell growth with the potential to Invasion (cancer), invade or Metastasis, spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Po ...
into an
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.


Biography

Twin Twins are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.MedicineNet > Definition of Twin Last Editorial Review: 19 June 2000 Twins can be either ''monozygotic'' ('identical'), meaning that they develop from one zygote, which splits and forms two ...
s Alois and Anton Ažbe were born in a peasant family in the
Carniola Carniola ( ; ; ; ) is a historical region that comprised parts of present-day Slovenia. Although as a whole it does not exist anymore, Slovenes living within the former borders of the region still tend to identify with its traditional parts Upp ...
n village of Dolenčice near Škofja Loka in the
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(now in
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). Their father died of familial
tuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is a contagious disease usually caused by ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can al ...
at the age of forty when the boys were seven years old.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 11. Their mother lapsed into severe mental distress (there is unreliable evidence that she later committed suicide) and the boys were placed into
foster care Foster care is a system in which a minor has been placed into a ward, group home ( residential child care community or treatment centre), or private home of a state- certified caregiver, referred to as a "foster parent", or with a family mem ...
. By this time, it was evident that while Alois developed normally, Anton suffered serious congenital health problems: he lagged in physical growth, his legs were weak, and his spine was deformed. His
legal guardian A legal guardian is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to make decisions relevant to the personal and property interests of another person who is deemed incompetent, ca ...
reasoned that Anton was not fit for farm work; after completing an elementary school, he sent Anton to "study commerce" in Klagenfurt. After five years of living and working at a grocery store, Ažbe ran away from Klagenfurt to
Ljubljana {{Infobox settlement , name = Ljubljana , official_name = , settlement_type = Capital city , image_skyline = {{multiple image , border = infobox , perrow = 1/2/2/1 , total_widt ...
. At some point in the late 1870s, he met Janez Wolf, a Slovenian painter associated with the Nazarene movement who handled numerous church mural commissions.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 12. Little is known about Ažbe's experience with Wolf, apart from the facts that in 1880, Ažbe assisted Wolf with the
fresco Fresco ( or frescoes) is a technique of mural painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet") lime plaster. Water is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting become ...
es of the Zagorje ob Savi church and, in 1882, with the facade of the Franciscan Church of the Annunciation in Ljubljana. In the same year, Wolf helped Ažbe with admission to the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, where Anton studied for two years. He was dissatisfied with outdated, uninspiring Viennese training and barely made passing grades. In 1884, he relocated to the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, then a "liberal" and "modern" school as opposed to the conservative Viennese Academy.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 14. There, he made a superb impression on his teachers, Gabriel Hackl and Ludwig von Löfftz, and earned a free scholarship. To make a living, Ažbe teamed up with Ferdo Vesel, selling classroom works and run-of-the-mill
kitsch ''Kitsch'' ( ; loanword from German) is a term applied to art and design that is perceived as Naivety, naïve imitation, overly eccentric, gratuitous or of banal Taste (sociology), taste. The modern avant-garde traditionally opposed kitsch ...
scenes to wholesale dealers. Half of Ažbe's surviving legacy dates back to the Munich Academy years; by the end of this period, he was recognized as a professional portrait painter and was regularly exhibited in the Glaspalast. Wolf died in bitter poverty in 1884; later, Ažbe frequently spoke that shortly before death (rendered by Ažbe in chilling detail), Wolf dictated to him his last will – that he, Ažbe, must train a successor of Wolf's art, an ethnic Slovene who would surpass his seniors and strike the world with his genius. The free-of-charge training should last no less than eight years.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 13. For this purpose, said Ažbe, Wolf entrusted Ažbe with the "secret" of his art. It is not clear how much of the "Wolf's myth" is real; the "great Slovene painter" did not emerge, and Ažbe complained that all Slovene students, apart from faithful Matej Sternen, were leaving the school too early, preferring absolute freedom to the benefits of professional training. In 1892, Vesel and Rihard Jakopič offered Ažbe the informal job of examining and correcting the students' paintings.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 15. The seven clients rented a study room and paid Ažbe for fixing their homework. Two months later, an inflow of new clients allowed Ažbe to rent his own premises, thus starting the Ažbe School. After a brief stay on Türkenstrasse, the school relocated to its permanent base at 16, Georgenstrasse in
Schwabing Schwabing is a borough in the northern part of Munich, the Capital (political), capital of the Germany, German state of Bavaria. It is part of the city borough 4 (Schwabing-West) and the city borough 12 (Schwabing-Freimann). The population of Sc ...
(the building was destroyed by an allied air raid in July 1944). Later, Ažbe rented another building for the school classes and moved into his private workshop (also in Georgenstrasse).Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 37. The school was never short of students, with a normal complement reaching 80. The total number of Ažbe alumni stands at around 150.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 38. Some, notably Alexej von Jawlensky, Matej Sternen, and Marianne von Werefkin, attended the school for nearly a decade. Ažbe remained the sole instructor, except for a brief period in 1899–1900 when he hired Igor Grabar as an assistant.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 43. Long-established competitors, the Munich Academy and the Imperial Academy of Arts in
Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...
, recognized the Ažbe School and recommended it as a preparatory, or "refreshment", course. In 1904, Ažbe, a lifelong smoker, developed throat cancer and by the spring of 1905, he could hardly swallow food.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 19. Matej Sternen noted that the feeling of near death was obvious to all witnesses. Ažbe agreed to a surgery that passed without immediate complications, but on 5 or 6 August 1905, Ažbe died. The public had transformed a sad but ordinary and expected event into a
melodrama A melodrama is a Drama, dramatic work in which plot, typically sensationalized for a strong emotional appeal, takes precedence over detailed characterization. Melodrama is "an exaggerated version of drama". Melodramas typically concentrate on ...
tic
urban legend Urban legend (sometimes modern legend, urban myth, or simply legend) is a genre of folklore concerning stories about an unusual (usually scary) or humorous event that many people believe to be true but largely are not. These legends can be e ...
. Leonhard Frank, who studied with Ažbe in 1904, reproduced the legend in ''Links, wo das Herz ist'' (1952): "Nobody ever saw his paintings. Nobody knew if he ever painted at all. Nobody knew his past. One chilly December night, intoxicated with cognac, he fell asleep in the snow. He was found dead in the morning. Nobody knew where he had come from." A similar story was retold by Mikhail Shemyakin. The school of Anton Ažbe survived its founder and existed until the onset of
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 91.


Personality

Modern understanding of Ažbe's personality is based on the interpretation of biased and conflicting statements made by his alumni. Ažbe never wrote for the public and never attempted to formulate his own teaching methods on paper. His letters to Alois were destroyed according to the family's will; the rest of his archive contained only business papers. The only evidence of Ažbe's own handwriting is limited to three postcards and a letter to Sternen. It is not known if Ažbe ever had a personal life; he himself mentioned that he was engaged twice, and both marriage attempts failed. There was ''some'' bond between him and Kathi Kobus, owner of the Simpli pub, but they both took the secret of this relationship to their graves.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 39. According to Sternen, he was consumed by a mysterious personality split that drove him into
binge drinking Binge drinking, or heavy episodic drinking, is drinking alcoholic beverages with an intention of becoming intoxicated by heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time, but definitions vary considerably. Binge drinking is a style of ...
and slovenly appearance. Likewise, Kandinsky wrote that Ažbe's apparently unremarkable life was itself a mystery. Physically, Ažbe was not a
dwarf Dwarf, dwarfs or dwarves may refer to: Common uses *Dwarf (folklore), a supernatural being from Germanic folklore * Dwarf, a human or animal with dwarfism Arts, entertainment, and media Fictional entities * Dwarf (''Dungeons & Dragons''), a sh ...
but still a man of a very short and irregular stature. Niko Zupanič described him as having unusually short and weak legs, with a twisted upper spine. His head combined a large cranium with a disproportionately narrow face. Igor Grabar noted that his wide forehead was covered with a web of red pulsing veins; the rest of the face was uniformly red, as if in a fever; at the age of 33 Ažbe seemed to be at least forty years old. He groomed his long chestnut moustache to the style of
Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as th ...
. He always wore black, and of the best make; in winter his attire was complete with a tall oriental karakul hat.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 16. The oddly shaped and expensively (if not tastelessly) dressed schoolmaster, slowly walking with a cane and always smoking, became a target of tabloids and cartoonists. Boys taunted him on the streets, shouting ''"Atzpe! Atzpe!"'' (incorrectly pronouncing Slovenian ''Ažbe'' in German).Grabar, chapter 6. Ažbe's own German was not perfect either; he, particularly, abused the word ''nähmlich'' ("namely", "that is...")Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 18. and was called "Professor Nähmlich". He normally spoke German in Munich but used Slovenian in a Slavic company. Ažbe never had a proper home, sleeping on an untidy sofa in a workshop filled with his students' paintings. He always painted in his studio and never ventured into open-air painting. Ažbe frequently spoke of his planned future masterpieces, none of which moved past the sketch stage. He left Munich only once, visiting
Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...
in 1897; otherwise, his life revolved between the school and local pubs. Their owners regularly allowed a drunken Ažbe to sleep on their premises. With age he became more and more sedentary and replaced his daily walkouts with a circle ride on a
tram A tram (also known as a streetcar or trolley in Canada and the United States) is an urban rail transit in which Rolling stock, vehicles, whether individual railcars or multiple-unit trains, run on tramway tracks on urban public streets; some ...
. Ažbe maintained ties with brother Alois but eventually severed all contacts after Alois' savvy wife reprimanded Anton for wasting too many matches lighting his cigars. The housewife's frugality was completely alien to Ažbe, who never hesitated offering free tuition to students in need and lending them cash. An obituary noted that "he was a man of almost proverbial modesty... one of the most original and best-known personalities of Munich."


Ažbe as a creator

Loyal students Igor Grabar and Dmitry Kardovsky noted portraits by Ažbe for his "superb drawing" marred by dry, if not dull, paint technique. Modern critics divide over Ažbe's significance as a painter, not in the least because his surviving undisputed legacy is limited to twenty-six works. Eleven of these are early paintings and classroom studies from his college years. Only four paintings, dated from 1890 to 1903, can be considered mature art influenced by the Munich Secession.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 27. The largest and most complex of these, ''The Village Choir'', has been irreversibly damaged by a botched restoration. Photographs and memoirs testify to the existence of his other works, now lost or hidden in private collections. Lack of hard evidence prompted conflicts among historians and critics, further aggravated by the politics of the former
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
and its successor states.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 22. Baranovsky and Khlebnikova noted that by the end of the twentieth century, Ažbe the creator has become a myth, just like Ažbe the person became a legend after his death. Frantz Stele (1962) and Peg Weiss (1979) have extensively studied Ažbe's relationships with the emerging avantgarde art and mature
impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
, and considered Ažbe to be a forerunner of modernist art, a link between Cézanne and Kandinsky.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, pp. 54-56. Both studies, in particular Weiss', were rejected by Tomaž Brejc who reasoned that any parallels between Ažbe and Cézanne are moot because Ažbe never mastered Cézanne's technique and there is no evidence that he ever attempted it.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 58.


Ažbe as a teacher

Supporters (Igor Grabar) and opponents ( Mstislav Dobuzhinsky) of Ažbe training system agree that it relied, at least in the beginners' classes, on two paramount ideas: the ''Main Line'' and the ''Ball Principle'' (German: ''Kugelprinzip''). Ažbe discouraged beginners from focusing on minor details, instead of forcing them to build the image around one bold "Main Line". He enforced drawing in black charcoal that enabled quick and radical corrections of the students' work. Dobuzhinsky admitted that these intrusions into his early work were an eye-opener, "an excellent tool against dilettante, myopic copying of reality..." although for many students it spelled their end as painters: overwhelmed by the "Main Line", they did not dare to step over it and "beef it up" with relevant details.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 47. The ''Ball Principle'', in its most practical application, portrait, stipulated that a human head is simply a sphere; reproducing lighting of a human head follows the same rules as reproducing a plaster ball. Facial features in this system are merely protrusions and cavities of the ball's surface. Once the student mastered these basics, Ažbe carefully led him to a different interpretation, that of a head as a
polyhedron In geometry, a polyhedron (: polyhedra or polyhedrons; ) is a three-dimensional figure with flat polygonal Face (geometry), faces, straight Edge (geometry), edges and sharp corners or Vertex (geometry), vertices. The term "polyhedron" may refer ...
composed of flat surfaces and sharp ridges – in Dobuzhinsky's opinion, a precursor to
cubism Cubism is an early-20th-century avant-garde art movement which began in Paris. It revolutionized painting and the visual arts, and sparked artistic innovations in music, ballet, literature, and architecture. Cubist subjects are analyzed, broke ...
. Ažbe, himself a master of human anatomy, enforced rigorous training in this subject, from nude
figure drawing A figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its various shapes and Human positions, postures, using any of the drawing Drawing#Media, media. The term can also refer to the act of producing such a drawing. The degree of representatio ...
to attending autopsies.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 46. Igor Grabar, who approved this approach, recalled that in the process he memorized all human muscles and bones by heart to the point where he easily reproduced them in plaster with closed eyes.
Wassily Kandinsky Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as one of the pioneers of abstract art, abstraction in western art. Born in Moscow, he spent his childhood in ...
, on the contrary, dreaded
figure drawing A figure drawing is a drawing of the human form in any of its various shapes and Human positions, postures, using any of the drawing Drawing#Media, media. The term can also refer to the act of producing such a drawing. The degree of representatio ...
sessions: "I quickly encountered a constraint upon my freedom that turned me into a slave, even only temporarily in a new guise – studying from a model. Two or three models 'sat for heads' or 'posed nude'. Students of both sexes and from various countries thronged around these smelly, apathetic, expressionless, characterless natural phenomena who were paid fifty to seventy
pfennig The pfennig (; . 'pfennigs' or 'pfennige' ; currency symbol, symbol pf or ₰) or penny is a former Germany, German coin or note, which was an official currency from the 9th century until the introduction of the euro in 2002. While a valua ...
an hour... the people who were of no concern to them... they spent not one second thinking about art." Kandinsky, in his mature years, stayed aside from portraiture or nude figures, and his few rare examples were "featureless, weightless and transparent, a mere cipher without substance" – an opposite of Ažbe's own intentions. Yet, Kandinsky also appreciated Ažbe's view that no theory and no set of rules should subdue the artist's will, and quoted Ažbe: "You must know your own anatomy but in front of an
easel An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it, at an angle of about 20° to the vertical. In particular, painters traditionally use an easel to support a painting while they work on it, normally stan ...
you must forget it". Painting in colour was a distant target that required prerequisite mastery of line, shape and anatomy. All memoirists noted Ažbe's aversion to mixing paints on a palette; instead, he recommended painting with raw paints and wide brushes.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 48. A wide brush covered with layers of different paints could, according to Ažbe, paint a human forehead in a single powerful stroke, a skill that required years of rigorous, sometimes exhausting, training. Ažbe frequently compared a proper oil painting to a
diamond Diamond is a Allotropes of carbon, solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond is tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of e ...
: raw paints must retain their independence, like the facets of a gem. Ažbe himself adopted this style, later called "
crystallization Crystallization is a process that leads to solids with highly organized Atom, atoms or Molecule, molecules, i.e. a crystal. The ordered nature of a crystalline solid can be contrasted with amorphous solids in which atoms or molecules lack regu ...
of colour", only in the middle of the 1890s.Baranovsky and Khlebnikova, p. 49. While Igor Grabar praised this style and elevated it to a level of a whole system developing in parallel to
impressionism Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage ...
, Dobuzhinsky (who never mastered the power stroke) called it "an artful magicians' trick... colourful but greasy painting devoid of its essence, the 'tone'."


Notable alumni

In chronological order, by year of admission:Years as in Baranovsky and Khlebnikova pp. 91–206. * Rihard Jakopič (1892–?) * Ludvík Kuba (1895–1904) * Ivan Grohar (1896–?) * Igor Grabar (1896–1901) * Alexej von Jawlensky (1896–1905) * Dmitry Kardovsky (1896–1900) * Marianne von Werefkin (1896–1905) * Matija Jama (1897–) *
Wassily Kandinsky Wassily Wassilyevich Kandinsky ( – 13 December 1944) was a Russian painter and art theorist. Kandinsky is generally credited as one of the pioneers of abstract art, abstraction in western art. Born in Moscow, he spent his childhood in ...
(1897–1899) * Yelena Makovskaya (1897–1899) * Nikolai Root (1897) * Pavel Shmarov (1897–1898) * Matej Sternen (1897–1905) * Nadežda Petrović (1898–1901) * Beta Vukanović * Ljubomir Ivanović * Borivoje Stevanović * Kosta Miličević * Milan Milovanović * Ivan Bilibin (1899) * Olga Della-Vos-Kardovskaya (1899–1900) * Mikhail Shemyakin (1900–1902) * Mstislav Dobuzhinsky (1899–1901) * Oleksandr Murashko (1901) * Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (1901) *
David Burliuk David Davidovich Burliuk (; 21 July 1882 – 15 January 1967) was a Russian poet, artist and publicist of Ukrainian origin associated with the Futurism (art), Futurist and Neo-Primitivist movements. Burliuk has been described as "the father of ...
and Vladimir Burliuk (1903) * Karl Friedrich Lippmann (1903–1906) * Eugeniusz Żak (1903–1904) * Hakob Kojoyan (1903–1905) * Leonhard Frank (1904) * Oskar Herman (1904) * Josip Račić (1904) * Konstantin Dydyshko (1905) * Abraham Manevich (1905) After the death of Anton Ažbe, the school trained a group of Estonian painters: Johannes Greenberg, Anton Starkopf, and Ado Vabbe.


References


Sources

* Victor Baranovsky, Irina Khlebnikova (2001) (in Russian). ''Anton Ažbe i hudozhniki Rossii'' (Антон Ажбе и художники России).
Moscow State University Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,. is a public university, public research university in Moscow, Russia. The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, a ...
. . * Shulamith Behr (2000). ''Veiling Venus: gender and painterly abstractions in early German modernism'', in: Katie Scott, Caroline Arscott (editors) (2000).
Manifestations of Venus: art and sexuality
'. Manchester University Press. , . * Konrad Boehmer (1997).
Schönberg and Kandinsky: an historic encounter
'. Taylor & Francos. , . * Igor Grabar.
Avtomonografia
' (Автомонография) (in Russian). 2001 edition: Respublika, Moscow. . * Dirk Heisserer (2008) (in German).
Wo die Geister wandern: Literarische Spaziergänge durch Schwabing
'. C.H.Beck. , . * Peter Howard Selz (1974).
German expressionist painting
'. University of California Press. , .


Further reading

* Katarina Ambrožič (1988) (in German). ''Wege zur Moderne und die Ažbe-Schule in München''. Recklinghausen: Bongers. . * Bernd Fäthke (1988) (in German). ''Im Vorfeld des Expressionismus. Anton Azbe und die Malerei in München und Paris''. Wiesbaden: Verlag des Institutes für Bildende Kunst. . * Marijan Tršar (1991) (in Slovene). ''Anton Ažbe''. Ljubljana: Založba Park. * Peg Weiss (1979). ''Kandinsky in Munich: the formative Jugendstil years''. Princeton University Press. , (1985 edition: , ). {{DEFAULTSORT:Azbe, Anton 1862 births 1905 deaths Slovenian realist painters Deaths from esophageal cancer in Germany People from the Municipality of Gorenja Vas-Poljane Painters from Munich Academy of Fine Arts, Munich alumni Academy of Fine Arts Vienna alumni 19th-century Slovenian painters Slovenian male painters Painters from Austria-Hungary Expatriates in the German Empire