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Andrés Pico (November 18, 1810 – February 14, 1876) was a Californio who became a successful rancher, fought in the contested Battle of San Pascual during the
Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War (Spanish language, Spanish: ''guerra de Estados Unidos-México, guerra mexicano-estadounidense''), also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, ...
, and negotiated promises of post-war protections for Californios in the 1847 Treaty of Cahuenga. After California became one of the United States, Pico was elected to the state Assembly and Senate. He championed the Pico Act of 1859, seeking to split California into two parts in the interest of fair tax representation of the Californios in the southern third of the state. He was appointed as the commanding brigadier general of the state militia during the U.S. Civil War.


Early life

Andrés Pico was born in
San Diego San Diego ( , ) is a city on the Pacific coast of Southern California, adjacent to the Mexico–United States border. With a population of over 1.4 million, it is the List of United States cities by population, eighth-most populous city in t ...
in 1810 as a member of the Pico family of California, a prominent Californio family. He was one of several sons of José María Pico and María Eustaquia López. An older brother was Pío Pico, who twice served as governor of
Alta California Alta California (, ), also known as Nueva California () among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but was made a separat ...
.


Ranchero

In 1845 under the law for secularization of former Church properties, his older brother Governor Pío Pico granted Andrés Pico and his associate Juan Manso a nine-year lease for the Mission San Fernando Rey de España lands, which encompassed nearly the entire
San Fernando Valley The San Fernando Valley, known locally as the Valley, is an urbanized valley in Los Angeles County, Los Angeles County, California. Situated to the north of the Los Angeles Basin, it comprises a large portion of Los Angeles, the Municipal corpo ...
. At that time a 35-year-old rancher, Andrés Pico lived in Pueblo de Los Ángeles. He ran cattle on the ranch and used the mission complex as his hacienda. He gave Rómulo Pico Adobe to his son. In 1846, to raise funds for the
Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War (Spanish language, Spanish: ''guerra de Estados Unidos-México, guerra mexicano-estadounidense''), also known in the United States as the Mexican War, and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, ...
, the Pío Pico government sold secularized mission lands. The Mission San Fernando was sold to Eulogio de Celis, who established Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando. Celis returned to Spain, but his descendants stayed in California. Under the terms of secularization, the sale excluded the Mission compound and its immediate surroundings, which were reserved for Don Andrés."Andreas Pico Adobe"
, ''The Branding Iron,'' December 1976, Number 124; reprinted by the San Fernando Valley Historical Society, 1977; accessed 11 October 2011


In the Mexican–American War

During the Mexican–American War, Andrés Pico commanded the native forces, the California Lancers, in
Alta California Alta California (, ), also known as Nueva California () among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but was made a separat ...
. In 1846 Pico led an attack on forces commanded by U.S. General Stephen Watts Kearny at the fierce but inconclusive Battle of San Pasqual. He is sometimes confused with his older brother Pío Pico, who in 1847, was elected as the last
Governor A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political regions, political region, in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of a state's official representative. Depending on the ...
of
Alta California Alta California (, ), also known as Nueva California () among other names, was a province of New Spain formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but was made a separat ...
. On January 13, 1847, as the acting governor of Mexican Alta California (while his brother was in Mexico raising additional money for the fight against the United States), Andrés Pico approached the U.S. commander Lieutenant-Colonel John C. Frémont, man to man and alone. Without firing a shot, Don Andrés and Frémont agreed to the terms of the Ceasefire of Cahuenga, an informal agreement that ended the war in California, in exchange for promises of protection of California from abuses by Frémont's forces. Frémont agreed to stop burning Californio ranches and stop stealing horses and cattle; he and Andrés Pico became friends. The Ceasefire was confirmed by the Treaty of San Fernando, formalized at the mission.


Post-statehood activity

Despite having previously fought against the Americans, Pico was elected a delegate to California's First Constitutional Convention in August 1849. In 1850, after statehood was achieved, Don Andrés was elected to the
California State Assembly The California State Assembly is the lower house of the California State Legislature (the upper house being the California State Senate). The Assembly convenes, along with the State Senate, at the California State Capitol in Sacramento, Califor ...
from Los Ángeles. Because of perceived anti-Californio sentiments in San Francisco, as well as his own pro-Southern sentiments, Pico introduced a bill in 1859 to divide California into two states (the lower counties becoming the Territory of Colorado). The bill passed the legislature, was signed by the Governor, and was put to a vote of southern California voters. The voters approved the split, but Congress failed to act on the matter. In 1853, Don Andrés acquired a half interest in Rancho Ex-Mission San Fernando from Eulogio F. de Celis; it was split along present-day Roscoe Boulevard, with his brother Pio Pico's land being the southern half of the
San Fernando Valley The San Fernando Valley, known locally as the Valley, is an urbanized valley in Los Angeles County, Los Angeles County, California. Situated to the north of the Los Angeles Basin, it comprises a large portion of Los Angeles, the Municipal corpo ...
to the Santa Monica Mountains. In 1858, Pico was commissioned as a brigadier general in the California Militia.


Pico Act of 1859

Pico authored what became known as the Pico Act in February 1859, to partition California into two states, splitting the north two-thirds off as "California", and the south one-third to be called the Territory of Colorado, or whatever name the local populace preferred. The reason for the split was anger at taxation without representation: the southern Spanish-speaking Californios had been paying state taxes, but no state programs had been brought to their lands. The bill passed both houses of the state legislature and was sent to a vote in the affected southern parts of the state. The southern voters overwhelmingly approved the plan, and it was signed by Governor John B. Weller on April 18, 1859. But the U.S. Congress never voted on the bill because of the tensions between the North and the South prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. California remained one state.


Senator and retirement

In 1860, he was elected by the state legislature as a California State Senator from Los Ángeles. On May 7, 1861, Pico, former assemblyman James R. Vineyard, and a partner won permission to make a deep slot-like road cut in the pass between the
San Gabriel Mountains The San Gabriel Mountains () are a mountain range located in Los Angeles and San Bernardino counties, California, United States. The mountain range is part of the Transverse Ranges and lies between the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert ...
and the Santa Susana Mountains ranges, making what would become known as the Beale's Cut Stagecoach Pass or San Fernando Pass. The State of California awarded them a twenty-year contract to maintain the turnpike and collect tolls. Vineyard was elected to the California State Senate from Los Ángeles County (Pico's old seat) four months later, but would die in office. A landowner and surveyor named Edward Beale was appointed by newly elected President
Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the 16th president of the United States, serving from 1861 until Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, his assassination in 1865. He led the United States through the American Civil War ...
as the federal Surveyor General of California and Nevada. Beale challenged the general's loyalty to the new president and in 1863, Beale was awarded the right to collect the toll in the pass. Andrés Pico's Rancho ex-Mission San Fernando was confiscated by a federal decree in 1864, which said that he "did not own and never did own" it. Reduced to a pauper, he retired in Los Ángeles. Ex-Mission San Fernando fell into ruins until the mid-20th century, when the Roman Catholic Church conserved about one fourth of the old mission quadrangle. Since Pico's death, the bulk of the old mission has never been restored. The site of the main mission buildings are now occupied by a parochial high school, including the old, monumental front facing east toward the former Fort Tejon Road. The sites of the Butterfield stagecoach stables, and the outbuildings and storage buildings of Don Andrés' ranch and hacienda, have been lost under development of the modern urban community of Mission Hills.


Personal life

Pico married Catarina Moreno, granddaughter of Los Ángeles pobladore Jose Cesario Moreno, in San Diego. They had one son, Rómulo, and adopted a daughter, also named Catarina.


Legacy

* His son's home, the Andrés Pico Adobe, is the oldest residence in the
San Fernando Valley The San Fernando Valley, known locally as the Valley, is an urbanized valley in Los Angeles County, Los Angeles County, California. Situated to the north of the Los Angeles Basin, it comprises a large portion of Los Angeles, the Municipal corpo ...
. Having deteriorated when empty, it was restored by new owners in the early 1930s, who also extended it with an addition.. Now operated as a house museum, it holds the archives of the San Fernando Valley Historical Society. Identified as a significant property in the 1935 Historic American Buildings Survey, Andrés Pico Adobe is listed on the
National Register of Historic Places The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) is the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government's official United States National Register of Historic Places listings, list of sites, buildings, structures, Hist ...
and as a Los Ángeles Historic-Cultural Monument."Andres Pico Adobe"
, Los Angeles Parks
* Pico Boulevard, running from Santa Monica to downtown Los Ángeles, is named for Pío Pico, the former governor, but also honors the entire Pico family.


Gallery

File:Portrait of General Andres Pico.jpg, Pico in an undated photograph File:Portrait of Pablo de la Guerra, Salvador Vallejo and Andres Pico.jpg, Portrait of Pablo de la Guerra, Salvador Vallejo and Andrés Pico File:Andres Pico Old.jpg, Oil painting of Pico by N. Paul Petrovits File:Flores Gang Lynched.jpg, Plaque commemorating the lynching of the Flores Daniel Gang


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pico, Andres 1810 births 1876 deaths 19th-century American businesspeople 19th-century American landowners 19th-century Roman Catholics African-American Catholics American politicians of Mexican descent California state senators Catholic politicians from California Governors of Alta California Hispanic and Latino American people in California politics Landowners from California Members of the California State Assembly Mexican military personnel of the Mexican–American War Mexican people of African descent Military personnel from California People of the Conquest of California People of Alta California Politicians from San Diego Spanish people of African descent Union militia generals 19th-century members of the California State Legislature