Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza y Cabrera, 3rd Marquis of Cañete (c. 1500 – March 30, 1561), also known as El Viejo, was a Spanish military officer and, from June 29, 1556 to his death on March 30, 1561, the third
Viceroy of Peru.
Biography
Origins and military career
Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza was born at
Cañete into a high-ranking Spanish noble family. He was a descendant of
Juan Hurtado de Mendoza, Señor de Mendívil. Hurtado was guarda mayor (governor) of
Cuenca, Spain
Cuenca () is a city and municipalities in Spain, municipality of Spain located in the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castilla–La Mancha. It is the capital of the Province of Cuenca.
Etymology
Its name may derive fro ...
, and royal chief huntsman of
Castile, succeeding his father in both those positions. He was also a military officer, serving with distinction in actions in Granada, France and Flanders. He accompanied the Emperor,
Charles V Charles V may refer to:
Kings and Emperors
* Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500–1558)
* Charles V of Naples (1661–1700), better known as Charles II of Spain
* Charles V of France (1338–1380), called the Wise
Others
* Charles V, Duke ...
, to Germany and Flanders.
After being named viceroy of Peru in 1555,
he arrived at
Panama
Panama, officially the Republic of Panama, is a country in Latin America at the southern end of Central America, bordering South America. It is bordered by Costa Rica to the west, Colombia to the southeast, the Caribbean Sea to the north, and ...
, at that time part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Here he delayed his journey to deal with a rebellion of fugitive black slaves. He put
Pedro de Ursúa
Pedro de Ursúa (1526 –January 1, 1561) was a Spanish list of conquistadors in Colombia, conquistador from Baztan (municipality), Baztan in Navarre. He is best known for his final trip with Lope de Aguirre in search for El Dorado, where he w ...
in charge of the suppression of the rebels.
Viceroy of Peru
He arrived in Lima on June 29, 1556, finding a colony still recovering from the rebellions of
Sebastian del Castillo, Godinez, and
Girón. The Audiencia had been ruling for nearly four years, with its president,
Melchor Bravo de Saravia
Melchor Bravo de Saravia y Sotomayor (1512 – 1577) was a Spanish conquistador, interim viceroy of Peru, and Royal Governor of Chile.
Early career
He was born in Soria, Spain, the son of Juan de Saravia and María Mayor de Vera y Morales. ...
, serving as interim viceroy. The judges of the Audiencia had disputes among themselves, and they were arrogant towards the new viceroy. Hurtado immediately petitioned the king for the removal of the most offensive. Elsewhere in the colony, the pardoned insurgents were restive, and loyal royalists were agitating for greater rewards. There were still some centers of
Inca
The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (, ), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political, and military center of the empire was in the city of Cusco. The History of the Incas, Inca ...
resistance. In the face of this turbulence, Hurtado adopted despotic measures, executing many of the former rebels and banishing many of the discontented government supporters.
Among his other security measures were the creation of a permanent guard in Lima, and the construction of additional galleys to guard the coast.
He founded the College of San Juan de la Penitencia in Lima for poor
Mestizo
( , ; fem. , literally 'mixed person') is a term primarily used to denote people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in the former Spanish Empire. In certain regions such as Latin America, it may also refer to people who are culturall ...
girls, and another college at
Trujillo. He also endowed the recently founded
University of Lima
The University of Lima (; ; ) is a private nonprofit university in Lima, Peru.
It was founded in 1962. The decision to create the University of Lima was made in the early 1960s by a group of university professors, along with commerce and indu ...
. He founded the Hospital of San Andrés, also at Lima, and had the mummies of the Incas
Viracocha
Viracocha (also Wiraqocha, Huiracocha; Quechua Wiraqucha) is the creator and supreme deity in the pre-Inca and Inca mythology in the Andes region of South America. According to the myth Viracocha had human appearance and was generally consid ...
,
Yupanqui, and
Huayna Capac
Huayna Capac (; Cuzco Quechua: ''Wayna Qhapaq'' ) (before 14931527) was the third Sapa Inca of Tawantinsuyu, the Inca Empire. He was the son of and successor to Túpac Inca Yupanqui,Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro; 2015, originally published in Sp ...
moved there. In 1558 he founded the city of
Cuenca, near the former Inca royal residence of
Tomebampa (Ecuador). In Chile he founded the cities of
Mendoza and
Osorno (1559), and the Audiencia of
Chuquisaca.
Also in 1558, the viceroy sent out several exploring expeditions, intended also as punitive forces against bands of adventurers. He entrusted the pacification of the Amazon to his faithful supporter Pedro de Ursúa, and the conquest of the Chiriguanos and the plains of Condorillo to
Andrés Manso.
He named his son
García, 22 years old at the time, governor of Chile. In 1557 the Portuguese
Enrique Garcés discovered the mineral mercury in
Huancavélica, necessary for the extraction of silver.
Still in 1558 he reestablished the local jurisdiction of native chiefs. On January 5, 1560 he met with the last grandson of Huayna Capac,
Sayri Tupac Inca in Lima. Sayri Tupac renounced his claim to the Inca Empire and accepted baptism, as Diego. In return he received the title of Prince of Yucay, with a rich revenue.
Hurtado prohibited the sale of alcoholic beverages to the Indigenous.
Meanwhile, complaints about Hurtado's arbitrary and cruel governance, especially from those he had exiled, caused King
Philip II to remove him from office. (Other complaints against Hurtado were the lack of control of the economy, and the garroting of Captain Robles in his own bed.) In his place, the king appointed
Diego López de Zúñiga, 4th Count of Nieva
Diego López de Zúñiga y Velasco, 4th Count of Nieva () (c. 1510 – February 20, 1564 in Lima, Peru) was the fourth viceroy of Peru, from April 17, 1561 to his death on February 20, 1564.
Early career
López de Zúñiga was a knight of the ...
. López arrived at
Paita
Paita is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Paita Province which is in the Piura Region. It is a leading seaport in the region. Paita is located 1,089 km northwest of the country's capital Lima, and 57 km northwest of ...
in January 1561. His communications with Hurtado before reaching Lima were disrespectful. Hurtado fell sick and died in Lima, before López arrived the capital. He was interred in the Cathedral of Cuenca, in Spain.
Descendants
In 1532, the Marquis married Magdalena Manrique y Luna, daughter of
García Fernandez Manrique, 3rd Count of Osorno and of his third wife María de Luna y Bobadilla, with whom he had seventeen children.
By Magdalena Manrique:
*
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, 4th Marquis of Cañete
*
García Hurtado de Mendoza, 5th Marquis of Cañete
García Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique, 5th Marquis of Cañete (July 21, 1535 – May 19, 1609) was a Spanish Royal Governor of Chile, Governor of Chile, and later Viceroy of Peru (from January 8, 1590 to July 24, 1596). He is often known simply a ...
(1535–1609)
* Francisco de Mendoza, Archbishop of Burgos
* Pedro de Mendoza
* Rodrigo Hurtado de Mendoza y Pacheco, 1st Lord of Fregenal de la Sierra
* Fernando de Mendoza
* Juan Hurtado de Mendoza
* Alvaro de Mendoza
* Andrés de Mendoza
* Felipe de Mendoza
* María de Mendoza
* Francisca de Mendoza
* Teresa de Mendoza
Ancestry
References
Sources
*
*
*
*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hurtado de Mendoza, Andres
1500s births
1561 deaths
People from the Province of Cuenca
Viceroys of Peru
Andres 03
Knights of Santiago
Spanish generals
Andres 03
16th-century Spanish nobility