André Tulard (23 June 1898 – 3 February 1967) was a French civil administrator and

police The police are Law enforcement organization, a constituted body of Law enforcement officer, people empowered by a State (polity), state with the aim of Law enforcement, enforcing the law and protecting the Public order policing, public order ...

inspector. He is known for having created the , a census of Jews in

Vichy France Vichy France (; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of the French capitulation after the Battle of France, ...

. Tulard was head of the Service of Foreigners and Jewish Affairs at the

Prefecture of Police In France, a Prefecture of Police (), headed by the Prefect of Police (), is an agency of the Government of France under the administration of the Ministry of the Interior. Part of the National Police, it provides a police force for an area lim ...

of Paris. Although Tulard was an active collaborator with the Germans, he received no punishment after the war and even retained his title as Knight of the

Legion of Honor The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and civil. Currently consisting of five classes, it was ...

The ''fichier juif''

Tulard created the first census of members of the

French Communist Party The French Communist Party (, , PCF) is a Communism, communist list of political parties in France, party in France. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its Member of the European Parliament, MEPs sit with The Left in the ...

(PCF), for the Prefecture of Police under the Third Republic (1871–1940). He created another census under Vichy, which listed Jews, known as the . These files were then handed over to Theodor Dannecker, head of the

Gestapo The (, ), Syllabic abbreviation, abbreviated Gestapo (), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe. The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of F ...

in Paris. Following a Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940, which forced Jews in

occupied France The Military Administration in France (; ) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zone in areas of northern and western France. This so-called ' was established in June 19 ...

to declare themselves as such at a police station or sub-prefecture, Vichy promulgated the first law on the status of Jews on 3 October 1940. In the department of the Seine alone, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons presented themselves to the police station. The registrations were then centralized by the French police, who created, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the Dannecker report, "the dossier is subdivided into files ordered alphabetically, with Jews of French or foreign nationality being on cards of different colours, as well as files ordered by profession, by nationality, and by street".. These files were then handed over to section IV J of the Gestapo, in charge of the " Jewish problem". They were then used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the

11th arrondissement of Paris The 11th arrondissement of Paris (''XIe arrondissement'') is one of the 20 Arrondissements of Paris, arrondissements of the capital city of France. In spoken French, the arrondissement is referred to as ''le onzième'' (; "the eleventh"). The ar ...

, during which 3,200 foreign Jews and 1,000 French Jews were interned in various camps, including Drancy. Along with many French police officers, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of

Drancy internment camp Drancy internment camp () was an assembly and detention camp for confining Jews who were later deported to the extermination camps during the German military administration in occupied France during World War II, German occupation of France duri ...

, which would be the last stop before

Auschwitz Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust. It consisted of Auschw ...

for Jewish people rounded up in France, in the huge majority by the French police itself. Tulard also participated in the logistics concerning the distribution of

yellow badge The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (, ), was an accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history. A Jew's ethno-religious identity, which would be d ...

s, made mandatory by the Vichy law on the status on Jews. After the collapse of Vichy France and the end of the war, Tulard was one of the active collaborators with the Germans who received no punishment,Michael Curtis, ''Verdict on Vichy: power and prejudice in the Vichy France regime'', p. 356: "André Tulard (1899–1967): No punishment." and even retained his title as a Knight of the

. André Tulard was a diligent civil servant educated in the law. Cooperating with German officials, he oversaw the development of a registry for Jews at the Paris municipal police headquarters in fall 1940. More than 110 people, mostly women, created the cards—blue for French-born Jews and orange for the more vulnerable foreign-born Jews—and pulled the cards identifying Jews to be rounded up for deportation "to the East". At the end of the war, French authorities suspended Tulard, but he was reinstated, perhaps helped by a petition stating that he was "never antisemitic".

References

;Notes ;Citations

Sources

* Maurice Rajsfus, ''La Police de Vichy — Les forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944'', Le Cherche Midi éditeurs, 1995 (Rajsfus is a French historian, specialist of the history of the police. He was called for during the trial of

Maurice Papon Maurice Papon (; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant and Nazi collaborator who was convicted of crimes against humanity committed during the occupation of France. Papon led the police in major prefectures from ...

). *Sonia Combe, ''Les fichiers de juifs. De la dissimulation à la désinformation'' in la revue '' Lignes'', n°23, octobre 1994, pp. 93–127.

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cf. « Le numéro INSEE: de la mobilisation clandestine (1940) au projet Safari (1974) », article by Michel Louis Lévy published in issue n°86 of the ''Dossiers et recherches'' of the INED statistics institute {{DEFAULTSORT:Tulard, Andre 1898 births 1967 deaths Holocaust perpetrators in France Knights of the Legion of Honour Police misconduct in France French politicians convicted of crimes Vichy French war criminals

The ''fichier juif''

See also

References

Sources

External links