An Introduction To The Three Volumes Of Karl Marx's Capital

''An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital'' () is a book by German Marxist scholar Michael Heinrich examining the three volumes of Karl Marx's major economic work ''Capital''. Published in German in 2004, the book is structured as a shortened account of Marx's analysis of capitalism, and is written from the standpoint of the ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'' school of thought, criticising both Marxist and bourgeois readings of Marx. The book was first published in Germany by and became one of the most popular introductions to ''Capital'' in the country. It was the first of Heinrich's works to be translated into English, with a 2012 edition by Monthly Review Press.

Background

Michael Heinrich published ''An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital'' in 2004 while working as a lecturer in economics at HTW Berlin. He was the managing editor of ' until 2014 and was a contributor to the ''Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe'' (''MEGA''; ). In a 2011 interview, Heinrich stated that the aim of the book was to present Marx's ''Capital'' and other basic elements of Marx's theory to new readers.

The foundations for the book were laid in his 1991 PhD thesis '' The Science of Value'' () which, along with the ''Introduction'', was published as part of a wider discourse in Germany on the monetary character of Marx's theory of value. This revival of research into Marx, known as the ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'' (), was based on the earlier work of Western Marxists like Theodor Adorno and Louis Althusser and was initiated by West German scholars Hans-Georg Backhaus and Helmut Reichelt during the 1960s and 1970s. The ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'' involved a re-examination of Marx's auxiliary texts and the theoretical distinctions between the different editions of ''Capital'' that were published in the second edition of ''MEGA'' in 1975.

As part of the ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'', the book rejects "worldview Marxism" (), which Heinrich characterises as a reading of Marx marked by its oversimplification of social phenomena as the result of purely economic interests, its historical determinism, and view of Marx's theories as "all-encompassing". In the book, Heinrich attributes the development of "worldview Marxism" to the contributions of Friedrich Engels following Marx's death that were later incorporated into Marxism–Leninism. The book contests that Marx had adopted the ideas of classical economics and its labour theory of value in an attempt to build an alternative political economy and instead argues that Marx's project was based on a critique of the presuppositions of all established economic science.

Following the 1993 publication of the original economic manuscripts for Volumes II and III of ''Capital'' in ''MEGA'', Heinrich argued that Engels had distorted Marx's manuscripts as part of his attempt to publish a coherent third volume. This stance was met with harsh criticism and generated a number of defences of Engels's editorial work. In the book, Heinrich argues that ''Capital'' was a fragmented and unfinished work that therefore included concepts that needed to be redesigned to be used for concrete economic analysis.

Summary

Heinrich's ''Introduction'' is organised around various themes in Marx's work, and draws on his unfinished manuscripts the ''Grundrisse'' and ''Theories of Surplus Value'' in addition to its reading of ''Capital''. Chapters 1 and 2 of the book introduce and place the book within the wider Marxist corpus. Chapters 3–5 discuss ''Capital'' Volume I, chapter 6 discusses Volume II, and chapters 7–10 discuss Volume III; chapters 11 and 12 discuss theories of the state and communism, respectively. The book also incorporates an analysis of the differences between the various revisions made by Marx to ''Capital'', as well as a wide range of historical documents.

Like other ''Neue Marx-Lektüre'' adherents, Heinrich favours a monetary reading of Marx's theory of value, arguing against conventional conceptions of Marx's theory of value, where the value of a commodity is derived from its socially necessary labour time. Against readings of Marx's theory of value as a labour theory of value, Heinrich argues that Marx's value theory conceptualises value as a historical social relation where an individual commodity has tangible value only through the act of exchange. By calling value and price two different levels of abstraction, Heinrich's reading of Marx sidesteps the transformation problem, a commonly raised criticism of Marx's ''Capital'' on the difficulty of establishing a consistent relationship between value and price.

The book devotes special attention to the concepts of fetishism and reification to correct common misconceptions that confuse the concepts with false consciousness, alienation, or simple consumerism. Heinrich argues that Marx's theory of fetishism constitutes a theory of social domination that applies not just to commodities, but to capital and to "social relations in bourgeois society" as well.

Heinrich also rejects the significance of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall in Marx's theory of crisis. He argues against popular interpretations that suggest a law between a rise in the organic composition of capital and a fall in the rate of profit, which fail to consider the contradictory effects that capitalist development can have on the rate of profit.

Reception

The ''Introduction'' has been praised for its systematic examination of Marx and for its comprehensive inclusion of Volumes II and III of Marx's ''Capital'', in contrast to many other books on Marx's critique of political economy which primarily write about Volume I. Heinrich insists in the book that a reading of ''Capital'' must include Volumes II and III to not be subject to distortion. Academic praised the book for its attention to detail on the various differences between the different editions of Marx's ''Capital''. In Germany, the book has been reprinted many times and is widely used in universities and ''Capital'' reading groups.

Author Doug Henwood praised the book as one of the best short introductions to Marx's ''Capital''. Writing in ''Historical Materialism'', historian Guido Starosta praised Heinrich's commentary on commodity fetishism for its rigour, contrasting it from David Harvey's '' A Companion to Marx's Capital'', which he criticised for trivialising commodity fetishism. Similarly, Chris O'Kane, writing in the '' Marx & Philosophy Review of Books'', and Petrino DiLeo, writing in the ''International Socialist Review'', both praised Heinrich's treatment of fetishism for its lucidity.

The Marxian economist Paul Cockshott praised the ''Introduction'' for its clarity while criticising Heinrich's interpretation of Marx, arguing that Heinrich's break from conventional interpretations of Marx would detach the scientific method from the labour theory of value. Sociologist John Holloway likewise praised the book as "impressively clear", but said he did not share its interpretation of Marx. Social scientist Christian Fuchs criticised the book for suggesting that Heinrich's reading of Marx is universally accepted and the one correct reading of Marx. Fuchs also took issue with Heinrich's understanding of value as the product of exchange, arguing that Heinrich's approach would suggest that "no exploitation has taken place if a commodity is not sold".

See also

* ''Das Kapital''
* Critique of political economy
* Law of value
* ''Reading Capital''
* Valorisation

Notes

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital, An
2004 non-fiction books
Books critical of capitalism
Communist books
Books about capitalism
Books in political philosophy
2004 in economic history
Historical materialism
Critique of political economy
Marxist books
Marxist theory