The United States Marine Highway Program is a

United States Department of Transportation The United States Department of Transportation (USDOT or DOT) is one of the executive departments of the U.S. federal government. It is headed by the secretary of transportation, who reports directly to the president of the United States a ...

(DOT) initiative authorized to increase use of the United States' of navigable waterways to alleviate traffic and wear to the nation's highways caused by tractor trailer traffic.FY13 Status of the Highway Trust Fund
''Federal Highway Administration''. United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved September 3, 2014. The program is managed by the Maritime Administration's Office of Ports & Waterways Planning. In 2007 Congress included provisions to Public Law 110-140, to "Offer a waterborne alternative to available land-side transportation services using documented Vessels" and "Provide transportation services for passengers or freight (or both) that may reduce congestion on land-side infrastructure using documented vessels."Marine Highway Initiative Descriptions
United States Department of Transportation]. ''Maritime Administration''. Retrieved September 3, 2014. As the United States' population grows, its need to transport freight within its borders also grows. This increases the need for fossil fuels and damages the nation's highways. It is estimated that in 2008, 3.7 billion hours were lost and of fuel were spent in traffic jams by Americans.United States Department of Transportation. Maritime Administration. Marine Highway Initiative Video #:wz0Zd4kT5X8 Alongside grassroots efforts to reduce this congestion and greenhouse gas, such as the idea of "buying local", the federal government is looking to its navigable waterways to help alleviate the problem. The Coast Guard and Marine Transportation Act of 201
Public Law 112-213
dded 'public benefits' as one of the program's mandates. In 2016, the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 201
Public Law 114-92
amended the program yet again by adding freight that is "shipped in discrete units or packages that are handled individually, palletized, or unitized for purposes of transportation." The National Defense Authorization Act for 202
Public Law 116-92
changed the program name from the Short Sea Transportation Program to the Marine Highway Transportation Program. The National Defense Authorization Act for 2023
Public Law 117-263
made the most dramatic change to the program by adding, "bulk, liquid, or loose cargo loaded in tanks, holds, hoppers, or on deck" as well as adding marine highway services that operate between a port on the United States Marine Highway to and from Canada and Mexico. The law eliminated the need to be a "Designated Project" to be eligible for Marine Highway Grant funding. The law also changed the name of the program from the America's Marine Highway Program to the United States Marine Highway Program. Research has shown that transporting by barge or ship is the most fuel-efficient method of transporting goods (per Units of transportation measurement#Payload-distance, Ton-Mile), being over eight times more efficient than tractor-trailers and double what is achievable by rail. It also does not face the transportation limits truckers face in "hours driving". A driver is only allowed to be on the road 11 hours out of 21; this drops their average speed effectively in half when transiting more than . A teamster's daily range is also dependent on highway

traffic congestion Traffic congestion is a condition in transport that is characterized by slower speeds, longer trip times, and increased vehicular queueing. Traffic congestion on urban road networks has increased substantially since the 1950s, resulting in m ...

and bottlenecks (such as weigh-stations and toll booths) whereby their daily range could be even less.

History

Waterborne transport has been important to Americans since the settling of Jamestown, when travel between plantation was as likely to be by boat as by road. Until World War II, Texas oil was transported to the East Coast by tanker, when it was replaced by the Big Inch pipeline. Coastwise transport on the first container ship, the in 1958, from Newark, New Jersey, to Houston, Texas, ignited an industry. The United States Marine Highway Program is MARAD's effort to stimulate low cost, green barges in places where they have not been employed.

Approach to funding

The United States studied Europe's model of Short Sea Shipping, and has taken a different approach to how it will encourage business and shipping lines to return to the nation's intracoastal waterways. The Secretary of Transportation has identified several heavily congested motorways throughout the US that have an acceptable waterway alternative. These routes are identified with an 'M' designator, for example: M-5 identifies the coastal alternative to I-5 between San Diego, CA and Seattle, WA. Once these routes have been identified, state and local government agencies can apply for ' Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery' (TIGER) Grants to improve port infrastructure and encourage the use of water-side shipping. These grants are not intended to 'subsidize' shipping industries, but to purchase equipment needed to expand existing marine highway services, or to create new services. This is intended to offset start-up or expansion costs for marine highway services. Since 2010, Congress has appropriated $76.6 million for the US Marine Highway Grant Program. In addition, the Bi-Partisan Infrastructure La
Public Law 117-58
added an additional $25 million in appropriated funding. These funds have been used primarily to purchase material handling equipment and to purchase or build barges along the inland waterways. With the expansion into Canada and Mexico, Congress ensured the funds would not be spent in those countries. With intermodal transit standardized in the U.S., transferring goods with different modes of transport does not require longshoremen or terminal workers to re-pack material. This leads to a lower chance of product loss or damage. Many ports have refined the transferring of a container off a truck and onto a container barge or ship into an art form and can accomplish it in under a minute.

Potential drawbacks

Environmental

For years the United States has had regulations concerning the handling of ballast water for transcontinental shipping. The goal was to minimize the cross contamination of invasive marine species into virgin waters. Major Shipping hubs such as the Port of Long Beach,

Port of New York and New Jersey The Port of New York and New Jersey is the port district of the New York metropolitan area, New York-Newark metropolitan area, encompassing the region within approximately a radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument. It includes the sy ...

, and the Port of Houston have already been contaminated for generations. Short Sea shipping will use these ports like spokes of a wheel to smaller, easier to access ports, and there are concerns of 'secondary contamination' to these smaller estuaries.

Trucking companies

The Teamsters Union, as of May 2013 has yet to publish a stance on federal backing of this third contender to many shipping markets, MARAD and maritime shipping leaders believe they are helping the Teamsters by moving freight out of areas with low Teamster-to-Cargo Ratios, and into ports where the ratio is closer to 1:1 or better. They also believe that the Marine Highway can better handle the nation's north-south transit, though there are no east-west sailing corridors and those will always be land-side transits. Truck drivers, under DOT regulation, are limited in the number of hours they are allowed to drive in a day. These limits do not allow for traffic, waiting to load or unload, or check points. A ferry, or Roll-on/Roll-off Vessel would allow a driver to keep moving his cargo to its ultimate destination while they take their mandatory off-duty hours.

Small business concerns

The benefit of shipping by truck is convenience. The teamster who picks up the merchandise is contractually bound to ensure its delivery to the product's destination. Using Short Sea Shipping adds two more legs to the shipping equation. The first teamster carries the goods from its point of origin to the port authority, from there by barge or ship to the second port authority. A second teamster then collects the cargo and delivers it to the final destination. This forces the business owner to either work with a single large trucking company working in both ports, or coordinate with two owner-operators independently, and possibly have the cargo sitting on a pierside holding area until a second trucking contract can be agreed upon.Marie Douet, Jean François Cappuccilli, A review of Short Sea Shipping policy in the European Union, Journal of Transport Geography, Volume 19, Issue 4, July 2011, Pages 968-976,

Cabotage laws

The Merchant Marine Act of 1920, also known as the Jones Act, prohibits foreign ships from carrying cargo or passengers between U.S. ports, a practice called cabotage. Ships that wish to trade between U.S. ports must be built and flagged in the U.S. and have at least three-fourths of their crew-members U.S. citizens or permanent residents. Large container ships that already stop at several ports along the U.S. coasts could move containers between those ports at low cost but for the Jones Act.

Expanding into the future

The

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the naval warfare, maritime military branch, service branch of the United States Department of Defense. It is the world's most powerful navy with the largest Displacement (ship), displacement, at 4.5 millio ...

is considering the United States Marine Highway as an opportunity to breathe life into their aging

Military Sealift Command The Military Sealift Command (MSC) is an organization that controls the replenishment and military transport ships of the United States Navy. Military Sealift Command has the responsibility for providing sealift and ocean transportation for all U ...

(MSC) Fleet. Currently, if a national crisis were to take place, the U.S. government would need to rely heavily on foreign support to transport its Armed Forces, much like during Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The US Navy entered into a Memorandum of Agreement with MARAD to develop a U.S. built and U.S. crewed dual-use vessel to sail in peacetime in trade and to provide a sealift capability during times of National Emergency.Memorandum of Agreement between U.S. Navy and U.S. Maritime Administration
United States Department of Transportation: Maritime Administration. Retrieved September 3, 2014.

List of routes

Most routes along The United States Marine Highway are numbered after a landside highway that it runs parallel to, typically an

Interstate Highway The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly known as the Interstate Highway System, or the Eisenhower Interstate System, is a network of controlled-access highways that forms part of the National Hi ...

. {, class="wikitable plainrowheaders" !scope="col" , Number !scope="col" , Name !scope="col" , Associated landside route(s) !scope="col" , Southern or western terminus !scope="col" , Northern or eastern terminus !scope="col" class="unsortable" , Notes , - , M-2 ,

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, , colspan="2" align="center" , Loop around the ocean channels of Puerto Rico , , - , M-3 ,

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, M-5 (AK) at the

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, M-70 in

Kansas City, Missouri Kansas City, Missouri, abbreviated KC or KCMO, is the largest city in the U.S. state of Missouri by List of cities in Missouri, population and area. The city lies within Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson, Clay County, Missouri, Clay, and Pl ...

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Upper Mississippi River The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, a city at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. Historically, it may refer to the area above the Arkansa ...

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Catoosa, Oklahoma Catoosa is a city in Rogers County, Oklahoma, Rogers and Wagoner County, Oklahoma, Wagoner counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 7,440 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census compared to 7,159 at the 2010 United States c ...

, M-55 near Napoleon, Arkansas , , - , M-49 , Atchafalaya River and J. Bennett Johnson Waterway , , M-10 near

Morgan City, Louisiana Morgan City is a small city in St. Mary Parish, Louisiana, United States, located in the Acadiana region. The population was 11,472 at the 2020 census. Known for being "right in the middle of everywhere", Morgan City is located southeast of ...

Shreveport, Louisiana Shreveport ( ) is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the List of municipalities in Louisiana, third-most populous city in Louisiana after New Orleans and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge. The bulk of Shreveport is in Caddo Parish, Lo ...

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Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. It borders on Lake Michigan to its northeast, the Mississippi River to its west, and the Wabash River, Wabash and Ohio River, Ohio rivers to its ...

Rivers , , M-10 near

New Orleans New Orleans (commonly known as NOLA or The Big Easy among other nicknames) is a Consolidated city-county, consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a population of 383,997 at the 2020 ...

, M-90 in

Chicago Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...

, , - , M-65 , Mobile - Black Warrior Rivers and Tombigbee Waterway , , M-10 near

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Birmingham, Alabama Birmingham ( ) is a city in the north central region of Alabama, United States. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Alabama, Jefferson County. The population was 200,733 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List ...

(via the Black Warrior) and M-55 in

Cairo, Illinois Cairo ( , sometimes ) is the southernmost city in the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat of Alexander County, Illinois, Alexander County. A river city, Cairo has the lowest elevation of any location in Illinois and is the only Illinoi ...

(via the Tombigbee Waterway) , , - , M-64 ,

Hampton Roads Hampton Roads is a body of water in the United States that serves as a wide channel for the James River, James, Nansemond River, Nansemond, and Elizabeth River (Virginia), Elizabeth rivers between Old Point Comfort and Sewell's Point near whe ...

Chesapeake Bay The Chesapeake Bay ( ) is the largest estuary in the United States. The bay is located in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region and is primarily separated from the Atlantic Ocean by the Delmarva Peninsula, including parts of the Ea ...

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James River The James River is a river in Virginia that begins in the Appalachian Mountains and flows from the confluence of the Cowpasture and Jackson Rivers in Botetourt County U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowli ...

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, M-95 near

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, , - , M-69 , Texas Gulf Intracoastal Waterway , ,

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Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

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Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, second-most populous city in Pennsylvania (after Philadelphia) and the List of Un ...

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Detroit Detroit ( , ) is the List of municipalities in Michigan, most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated on the bank of the Detroit River across from Windsor, Ontario. It had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 United State ...

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and

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, Detroit , , - , M-84 , Columbia, Willamette and

Snake Snakes are elongated limbless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes (). Cladistically squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales much like other members of the group. Many species of snakes have s ...

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Astoria, Oregon Astoria is a Port, port city in and the county seat of Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. Founded in 1811, Astoria is the oldest city in the state and was the first permanent American settlement west of the Rocky Mountains. The county is the ...

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Hudson River The Hudson River, historically the North River, is a river that flows from north to south largely through eastern New York (state), New York state. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains at Henderson Lake (New York), Henderson Lake in the ...

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(via the

) and the St. Lawrence Seaway (via

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Miami Miami is a East Coast of the United States, coastal city in the U.S. state of Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade County in South Florida. It is the core of the Miami metropolitan area, which, with a populat ...

Portland, Maine Portland is the List of municipalities in Maine, most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the county seat, seat of Cumberland County, Maine, Cumberland County. Portland's population was 68,408 at the 2020 census. The Portland metropolit ...

, , - , M-146 , Houston Ship Channel, Buffalo Bayou, and Galveston Bay , , M-10 in

Galveston, Texas Galveston ( ) is a Gulf Coast of the United States, coastal resort town, resort city and port off the Southeast Texas coast on Galveston Island and Pelican Island (Texas), Pelican Island in the U.S. state of Texas. The community of , with a pop ...

Houston Houston ( ) is the List of cities in Texas by population, most populous city in the U.S. state of Texas and in the Southern United States. Located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the county seat, seat of ...

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, and Block Island Sound , , M-87 in

, M-95 near

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, , - , M-495 ,

Anacostia Anacostia is a historic neighborhood in Southeast (Washington, D.C.), Southeast Washington, D.C. Its downtown is located at the intersection of Marion Barry Avenue (formerly Good Hope Road) SE and the neighborhood contains commercial and gover ...

, Occoquan, and Potomac Rivers , ,

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, M-95 at

, , - , M-580 , San Joaquin and

Sacramento Sacramento ( or ; ; ) is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the seat of Sacramento County. Located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers in Northern California's Sacramento Valley, Sacramento's 2020 p ...

Rivers , , M-5 near San Francisco , Stockton, California (via the San Joaquin) and Sacramento, California (via the Sacramento) , , - , M-A1 , Matanuska River, Matanuska and Susitna River, Susitna Rivers, Anchorage, Alaska, Anchorage, AK , , M-5 (AK) at the Cook Inlet , Palmer, Alaska (via the Matanuska) and Talkeetna, Alaska (via the Susitna) , , - , M-AS1 , American Samoa , , colspan="2" align="center" , Loop around the waterways and ocean channels of America Samoa , , - , M-GNM1 , Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands , , colspan="2" align="center" , Loop around the waterways and ocean channels of Guam; and the Northern Mariana Islands' main islands of Rota (island), Rota, Tinian, and Saipan , , - , M-H1 , Hawaiian Islands , , colspan="2" align="center" , Loop around the waterways and ocean channels of Hawaii , , - , M-V1 , United States Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands , {{n/a , colspan="2" align="center" , Loop around the waterways and ocean channels of the major islands of Saint Croix, Saint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, Saint John and Water Island, U.S. Virgin Islands, Water Island ,

External links

* https://geodata.bts.gov/datasets/2f8f522f630e4cf5b754ab9e4b64e37e_0/explore?location=37.863253%2C-95.810886%2C5.66

References

United States Department of Transportation Waterways in the United States 2007 establishments in the United States

History

Approach to funding

Potential drawbacks

Environmental

Trucking companies

Small business concerns

Cabotage laws

Expanding into the future

List of routes

See also

External links

References