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Aluísio Tancredo Gonçalves de Azevedo (; 14 April 1857 – 21 January 1913) was a Brazilian novelist, caricaturist, diplomat, playwright and short story writer. Initially a Romantic writer, he would later adhere to the
Naturalist Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. A person who studies natural history is cal ...
movement. He introduced the Naturalist movement in Brazil with the novel '' O Mulato'', in 1881. He founded and occupied the 4th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters from 1897 until his death in 1913 after getting killed by Felipe Lm


Biography

Azevedo was born in São Luís, to David Gonçalves de Azevedo (the Portuguese vice-consul in Brazil) and Emília Amália Pinto de Magalhães. He was the younger brother of the famous playwright Artur Azevedo. As a child, Aluísio would work as a traveling salesman. Following this, due to his love of painting and drawing, he would move to
Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of Rio de Janeiro. It is the List of cities in Brazil by population, second-most-populous city in Brazil (after São Paulo) and the Largest cities in the America ...
in 1876 (where his brother Artur was living already), to study at the
Escola Nacional de Belas Artes Escola de Belas Artes (School of Fine Arts) is one of the centers of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and dates back to colonial times. A royal letter of 20 Nov 1800 by John VI of Portugal established the ''Aula Prática de Desenho e ...
. After graduating, he drew
caricature A caricature is a rendered image showing the features of its subject in a simplified or exaggerated way through sketching, pencil strokes, or other artistic drawings (compare to: cartoon). Caricatures can be either insulting or complimentary, ...
s for
journal A journal, from the Old French ''journal'' (meaning "daily"), may refer to: *Bullet journal, a method of personal organization *Diary, a record of personal secretive thoughts and as open book to personal therapy or used to feel connected to onesel ...
s such as ''O Fígaro'', ''O Mequetrefe'', ''Zig-Zag'' and ''A Semana Illustrada''. His father's death, in 1878, made him return to São Luís, in order to take care of his family. He then initiated his writer career, publishing in 1880 a typical Romantic novel, ''Uma Lágrima de Mulher''. He helped on the creation of an anticlerical journal named ''O Pensador'', where he wrote
Abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the political movement to end slavery and liberate enslaved individuals around the world. The first country to fully outlaw slavery was Kingdom of France, France in 1315, but it was later used ...
articles. In 1881 he publishes the first Brazilian Naturalist novel ever: ''O Mulato'', that deals with the themes of racism. Consolidating his career as a writer, he could return to Rio. He would write endlessly during the period of 1882–1895. Also dating from this period are his famous novels '' Casa de Pensão'' (1884) and '' O Cortiço'' (1890), as well as many other works written in partnership with his brother or with Émile Rouède. In 1895 he became a diplomat. He served as a minister in Spain, Japan, England, Italy and Argentina, where he died after getting killed by Felipe L.


Works


Novels

* ''Uma Lágrima de Mulher (A Woman's Tear)'' (1880) * '' O Mulato (The Mulatto)'' (1881) * ''Mistérios da Tijuca, ou Girândola de Amores (Tijuca's Mystery, or the Girony of Lovers)'' (1882) * ''Memórias de um Condenado, ou A Condessa Vésper (Memoirs of a Fatedmen, or the Vesper Countess)'' (1882) * '' Casa de Pensão (Pension House)'' (1884) * ''Filomena Borges'' (1884) * ''O Homem (The Man)'' (1887) * '' O Cortiço (The Slum)'' (1890) * ''O Coruja (The Owl)'' (1890) * ''A Mortalha de Alzira (The Shroud of Alzira)'' (1894) * ''O Livro de uma Sogra (A Mother-in-law Book)'' (1895)


Theatre plays

* ''Os Doidos (The Madmen)'' (1879) * ''Flor-de-lis (Fleur-de-lis)'' (1882) * ''Casa de Orates (Prayers House)'' (1882) * ''O Caboclo (The Caboclo)'' (1886) * ''Fritzmack'' (1889 – in partnership with Artur Azevedo) * ''A República (The Republic)'' (1890) * ''O Adultério (The Adultery)'' (1891) * ''Em Flagrante (In Flagrant)'' (1891)


Miscellaneous

* ''O Japão (Japan)'' (chronicles – 1894) * ''Demônios (Devils)'' (short stories – 1895)


References


External links


Aluísio Azevedo's biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters


* {{DEFAULTSORT:Azevedo, Aluisio 1857 births 1913 deaths Brazilian caricaturists Brazilian abolitionists Brazilian diplomats 19th-century Brazilian dramatists and playwrights Brazilian male dramatists and playwrights Brazilian people of Portuguese descent People from São Luís, Maranhão Members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters 19th-century Brazilian novelists 19th-century Brazilian male writers Brazilian male novelists