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Alonso de Cárdenas was a Spanish
noble A noble is a member of the nobility. Noble may also refer to: Places Antarctica * Noble Glacier, King George Island * Noble Nunatak, Marie Byrd Land * Noble Peak, Wiencke Island * Noble Rocks, Graham Land Australia * Noble Island, Gr ...
who was the 44th and 47th (and last) Grand Master of the
Order of Santiago The Order of Santiago (; ) is a religious and military order founded in the 12th century. It owes its name to the patron saint of Spain, ''Santiago'' ( St. James the Greater). Its initial objective was to protect the pilgrims on the Way of S ...
before the title passed to the
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as the need for a powerful military order outside the direct control of the king ceased to exist with the end of the
Reconquista The ''Reconquista'' (Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese for ) or the fall of al-Andalus was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian Reconquista#Northern Christian realms, kingdoms waged ag ...
. He is famous for building the castle at Puebla del Maestre in 1483. He was the father of García López de Cárdenas.


Family

Alonso was a member of the House of Cárdenas, a relatively new family that became increasingly powerful in Spain's colonial possessions in the
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. He was the father of García López de Cárdenas who discovered the Gran Cañón del Colorado, today known simply as the "Grand Canyon".


Biography

Alonso de Cárdenas served the Catholic Monarchs during the
War of the Castilian Succession The War of the Castilian Succession was the military conflict contested from 1475 to 1479 for the succession of the Crown of Castile fought between the supporters of Joanna 'la Beltraneja', reputed daughter of the late monarch Henry IV of Castil ...
. One of the captains under his command was
Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1 September 1453 – 2 December 1515) was a Spanish general and statesman. He led military campaigns during the Conquest of Granada and the Italian Wars, after which he served as Viceroy of Naples. For his e ...
, also known simply as the "Gran Capitan" for his considerable military exploits throughout Spain's European empire. After the Battle of Albuera, Alonso singled out the Gran Capitan for praise stating that he had always seen the captain leading his troops from the front, a fact he was sure of due to the splendor of his armor. Throughout his life, he had to engage in continuous power struggles to obtain and maintain power. With the finalization of the Spanish Reconquista, there were fewer and fewer possibilities to contribute militarily to the crown. For this reason, the struggles for power in contemporary Spain left the battlefield and were concentrated more on the political front. He was Grand Master of the Order of Santiago during two separate terms: the first from 1474 to 1476 and the second from 1477 to 1493, the last year that the order existed in a form semi-independent from the Spanish crown. Alonso de Cárdenas obtained his first term as Grand Master after his predecessor, Juan Pacheco, the Marquis of Villena, renounced his title in favor of his son, Diego López de Pacheco y Portocarrero. This type of succession for the Grand Mastership of Santiago was incorrect as the title was traditionally obtained by election and not by inheritance. This started a power struggle among the nobles of the order and led to a confrontation between Rodrigo Manrique de Lara and Don Alonso de Cárdenas himself. The result was a period of time in which the order had two different Grand Masters, one for Castile and one for Leon. King
Ferdinand II of Aragon Ferdinand II, also known as Ferdinand I, Ferdinand III, and Ferdinand V (10 March 1452 – 23 January 1516), called Ferdinand the Catholic, was King of Aragon from 1479 until his death in 1516. As the husband and co-ruler of Queen Isabella I of ...
stepped into the argument and mediated this division which ended with the death of Pedro Manrique two years later in 1476. For his contribution in the war against
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, Alonso was eventually granted the title of Grand Master in 1474. Throughout his tenure as Grand Master, Alonso held his chapter meetings at Azuaga in the Chapel of San Sebastián which later became known as the Convento de la Merced. Another instance of political conflict arose between members of the order and the Condado de Feria, located in
Zafra Zafra (; ) is a town in the Province of Badajoz (Extremadura, Spain), and the capital of the comarca of Zafra - Río Bodión. It has a population of 16,677, according to the 2011 census. Zafra is the hometown of Fray Ruy Lopez, author of one of ...
. This dispute resulted in a confrontation between Alonso and the "Señor de Feria" after which an agreement was made that the order would demolish its castle at Los Santos de Maimona which had been rebuilt only a few years previously in 1469 by the previous Grand Master, Juan Pacheco. Disputes also arose with Enrique de Guzmán, the Duke of Medina Sidonia, who in pursuit of the title of Grand Mastership, actively made war against Alonso and other members of the order. In 1475, Alonso de Cárdenas was forced to take refuge in the Castillo de Jerez de los Caballeros to defend himself against the Duke. Shortly thereafter, in 1478, Alonso ambushed and defeated the Duke's forces at Guadalcanal after which the Duke renounced his claim by order of the king. He finished his career as Grand Master in the
Conquest of Granada The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of G ...
.


Death and legacy

Alonso de Cárdenas died in 1493 and was buried in a sepulcher at the church of Santiago de Llerena in Llerena. After his death, the Order of Santiago, by papal mandate, passed into the ownership of the Spanish crown. With the finalization of the Reconquista, there was not any new Spanish territory to conquer on the
Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...
and nothing left to fight for.


See also

*
Order of Santiago The Order of Santiago (; ) is a religious and military order founded in the 12th century. It owes its name to the patron saint of Spain, ''Santiago'' ( St. James the Greater). Its initial objective was to protect the pilgrims on the Way of S ...
* List of grand masters of the Order of Santiago


References

* The information on this page was translated from its Spanish equivalent Alonso de Cárdenas. * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Cardenas, Alonso de Year of birth missing 1493 deaths 15th-century Castilian nobility Spanish untitled nobility Order of Santiago Grand masters of the Order of Santiago Knights of Santiago