Alice Guy-Blaché
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Alice Ida Antoinette Guy-Blaché ( Guy; ; 1 July 1873 – 24 March 1968) was a French pioneer film director. She was one of the first filmmakers to make a narrative fiction film, as well as the first woman to direct a film. From 1896 to 1906, she was probably the only female filmmaker in the world. She experimented with Gaumont's Chronophone sync-sound system, and with color-tinting, interracial casting, and special effects. She was artistic director and a co-founder of
Solax Studios Solax Studios was an American motion-picture studio founded in 1910 by executives from the Gaumont Film Company of France. Alice Guy-Blaché, her husband Herbert, and a third partner, George A. Magie. It was established as the Solax Company. G ...
in Flushing, New York. In 1912, Solax invested $100,000 for a new studio in
Fort Lee, New Jersey Fort Lee is a Borough (New Jersey), borough at the eastern border of Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, situated along the Hudson River atop The Palisades (Hudson River), The Palisades. As of the 2020 Uni ...
, the center of American filmmaking prior to the establishment of Hollywood. That year, she made the film '' A Fool and His Money'', probably the first to have an all-
African-American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. ...
cast. The film is now preserved at the National Center for Film and Video Preservation at the
American Film Institute The American Film Institute (AFI) is an American nonprofit film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the History of cinema in the United States, motion picture arts in the United States. AFI is supported by private fu ...
for its historical and aesthetic significance.


Early life and education

In 1865, Guy's father, Émile Guy, an owner of a bookstore and publishing company in
Santiago Santiago (, ; ), also known as Santiago de Chile (), is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas. It is located in the country's central valley and is the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Regi ...
, Chile and
Valparaíso Valparaíso () is a major city, Communes of Chile, commune, Port, seaport, and naval base facility in the Valparaíso Region of Chile. Valparaíso was originally named after Valparaíso de Arriba, in Castilla–La Mancha, Castile-La Mancha, Spain ...
, Chile, married Marie Clotilde Franceline Aubert. The couple returned to Santiago after the wedding in Paris. In early 1873, Marie and Émile lived in Santiago, with Alice's four siblings. There was a devastating
smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (W ...
epidemic in Chile in 1872 and 1873. Émile and Marie Guy brought all four of their children to Paris, where Alice was born. In her autobiography, Alice refers to this as her mother's attempt to make sure "her fifth child should be truly French". Her father returned to Chile soon after her birth, and her mother followed a few months later. Alice was left in the care of her grandmother in Carouge, Switzerland. When Alice was three or four, her mother took her to South America. At the age of six, Guy was taken back to France by her father to attend the ''Faithful Companions of Jesus'' boarding school. It was sometimes referred to as ''Sacred Heart'' after it was relocated to France- ''The Sacred Heart'' is associated with the Jesuits who were banned in Switzerland, whereas ''The Faithful Companions of Jesus'' was a separate order. The school where Alice Guy lived was in Veyrier-sous-Saleve in France. The building still exists 100 meters from the Swiss border, but had only been running for two years when Alice arrived. Her sisters were already there. The mother superior, Emilie Guers, a native of Geneva, expelled from her own country on short notice, regularly told the story of her expulsion. Alice heard the story repeatedly and mentioned it in her memoirs. Alice called the Mother Superior "a very great lady who wanted to make us strong, accomplished women." Alice's older brother died on 16 May 1880 at age 13. Guy and her sister Louise were moved to a
convent A convent is an enclosed community of monks, nuns, friars or religious sisters. Alternatively, ''convent'' means the building used by the community. The term is particularly used in the Catholic Church, Lutheran churches, and the Anglican ...
in Ferney a few years later and then brought back to Paris. Guy's father died on 5 January 1891 of unknown causes. Following his death, Guy's mother got a job with Mutualité maternelle which was founded on 20 May 1891. Her mother was unable to keep that job and thereafter Guy trained as a typist and stenographer, a new field at the time, to support herself and her mother. She landed her first stenography-typist job at a
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factory. In March 1894, she began working at the 'Comptoir général de la photographie' owned by Félix-Max Richard. Léon Gaumont later took over and headed the company.


Career


Secretary to Léon Gaumont

In 1894, Alice Guy was hired by Félix-Max Richard to work as a secretary for a camera manufacturing and photography supply company. The company changed hands in 1895 due to a court decision against Félix-Max Richard, who sold the company to four men:
Gustave Eiffel Alexandre Gustave Eiffel ( , ; Bonickhausen dit Eiffel; 15 December 1832 – 27 December 1923) was a French civil engineer. A graduate of École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, he made his name with various bridges for the French railway net ...
, Joseph Vallot, Alfred Besnier, and Léon Gaumont. Gustave Eiffel was president of the company, and Léon Gaumont, thirty years Eiffel's junior, was the manager. The company was named after Gaumont because Eiffel was the subject of a national scandal regarding the Panama Canal. L. Gaumont et C became a major force in the fledgling motion-picture industry in France. Alice continued to work at Gaumont et C, a decision that led to a pioneering career in filmmaking that spanned more than 25 years and involved her directing, producing, writing and/or overseeing more than 700 films. Although she initially began working for Léon Gaumont as his secretary, Guy became familiar with his clients, relevant marketing strategies, and the company's stock of cameras. She also met a handful of pioneering film engineers such as
Georges Demenÿ Georges Demenÿ (12 June 1850 in Douai – 26 October 1917 in Paris) was a French inventor, chronophotographer, filmmaker, gymnast and physical fitness Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being and, more specifically, the abilit ...
and
Auguste and Louis Lumière The Lumière brothers (, ; ), Auguste Marie Louis Nicolas Lumière (19 October 1862 – 10 April 1954) and Louis Jean Lumière (5 October 1864 – 6 June 1948), were French manufacturers of photography equipment, best known for their ' motion ...
. Alice Guy and Gaumont attended the "surprise" Lumière event on March 22, 1895. It was the first demonstration of film projection, an obstacle that Gaumont, the Lumières, and Edison were all racing to solve. They screened one of their early films '' Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory'', which consisted of a simple scene of workmen leaving the Lumière plant in Lyon. Bored with the idea of captured film only being used for the scientific and/or promotional purpose of selling cameras in the form of "demonstration films," Guy was confident that she could incorporate fictional story-telling elements into film. She asked Gaumont for permission to make her own film, and he granted it.


Early filmmaking at Gaumont Film Company

Alice Guy made her first film in 1896. Its original title may have been '' La Fée aux Choux'' (The Fairy of the Cabbages) or ''The Birth of Children'', or it may have had no title at first. The scene Alice described as her debut effort does not match either the 1900 version of ''La Fée aux choux'' or the 1902 version, retitled ''Sage-femme de première classe'' which has been found in film archives. By comparing Alice's descriptions of her debut effort with the two films that are available for us to view, we discover differences that indicate there was a third film that came first. The 1896 film seems to be lost. However, multiple points of confirmation indicate that there were three different ''La Fée aux choux''. A 30 July 1896 newspaper describes a "chaste fiction of children born under the cabbages in a wonderfully framed chromo landscape," and provides other details that confirm Alice Guy's description of her first film. "Before very long," Alice Guy reported in 1912, "every moving picture house in the country was turning out stories instead of spectacles and plots instead of panoramas." From 1896 to 1906, Alice Guy was Gaumont's head of production and is generally considered the first filmmaker to systematically develop narrative filmmaking. She was probably the only female director from 1896 to 1906. Her earlier films share many characteristics and themes with her contemporary competitors, such as the Lumières and Méliès. She explored dance and travel films, often combining the two, such as ''Le Boléro'' performed by Saharet (1905) and ''Tango'' (1905). Many of Guy's early dance films were popular in music-hall attractions such as the serpentine dance films – also a staple of the Lumières and
Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February11, 1847October18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, ...
film catalogs. In 1906, Guy made '' The Life of Christ'', a big-budget production for the time, which included 300 extras. She used the illustrated
James Tissot Jacques Joseph Tissot (; 15 October 1836 – 8 August 1902), better known as James Tissot ( , ), was a French painter, illustrator, and caricaturist. He was born to a drapery merchant and a milliner and decided to pursue a career in art at a y ...
New Testament as reference material for the film, which featured 25 episodes and was her largest production at Gaumont to date. In addition to this, she was one of the pioneers in the use of audio recordings in conjunction with the images on screen in Gaumont's " Chronophone" system, which used a vertical-cut disc synchronized to the film. She employed some of the first special effects, including using
double exposure In photography and cinematography, a multiple exposure is the superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image, and double exposure has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The exposure values may or may not be id ...
, masking techniques, and running a film backward. During her tenure at Gaumont, Guy hired and trained Louis Feuillade and Étienne Arnaud as writers and directors and hired set designer Henri Ménessier and art director Ben Carré.


Later works at The Solax Company

In 1907, Alice Guy married Herbert Blaché, who was soon appointed the production manager for Gaumont's operations in the United States. After working with her husband for Gaumont in the U.S., the two established their own business in 1910, partnering with George A. Magie in the formation of The Solax Company, the largest pre-Hollywood studio in America. With production facilities for their new company in Flushing, New York, her husband served as production manager and
cinematographer The cinematographer or director of photography (sometimes shortened to DP or DOP) is the person responsible for the recording of a film, television production, music video or other live-action piece. The cinematographer is the chief of the camera ...
. Alice Guy-Blaché worked as the
artistic director An artistic director is the executive of an arts organization, particularly in a theatre company or dance company, who handles the organization's artistic direction. They are generally a producer and director, but not in the sense of a mogu ...
and directed many of its releases. Within two years, they had become so successful that they invested more than $100,000 into new and technologically advanced production facilities in
Fort Lee, New Jersey Fort Lee is a Borough (New Jersey), borough at the eastern border of Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, situated along the Hudson River atop The Palisades (Hudson River), The Palisades. As of the 2020 Uni ...
. Many early film studios were based in Fort Lee at the beginning of the 20th century. This made her the first woman to own her own studio and studio plant. It was mentioned in publications of the era that Guy-Blaché placed a large sign in her studio that read: 'Be Natural'. In 1913, Guy-Blaché directed ''The Thief'', the first script sold by future Wonder Woman creator William Moulton Marston. Guy-Blaché and her husband divorced several years later, and with the rise of the more hospitable and cost-effective climate in Hollywood, their film partnership also ended.


Legacy

In the late 1940s, Alice Guy-Blaché wrote an autobiography. It was published, in French, in 1976 and was translated into English a decade later with the help of her daughter Simone, daughter-in-law Roberta Blaché, and the film writer Anthony Slide. Guy-Blaché was concerned with her unexplained absence from the historical record of the film industry. She regularly communicated with colleagues and film historians, correcting previously made and supposedly factual statements about her life. She crafted lengthy lists of her films as she remembered them, with the hope of being able to assume creative ownership and receive legitimate credit for them. Guy-Blaché was the subject of a
National Film Board of Canada The National Film Board of Canada (NFB; ) is a Canadian public film and digital media producer and distributor. An agency of the Government of Canada, the NFB produces and distributes documentary films, animation, web documentaries, and altern ...
documentary ''The Lost Garden: The Life and Cinema of Alice Guy-Blaché'' by director Marquise Lepage, which received Quebec's Gémeaux Award for Best Documentary. In 2002, film scholar Alison McMahan published ''Alice Guy Blaché: Lost Visionary of the Cinema''. Guy-Blaché is considered by some to have been the first female filmmaker, and from 1896 to 1920, she directed over 1,000 films, some 150 of which survive, and 22 of which are feature-length. She was one of the first women, along with Lois Weber, to manage and own her own studio: The Solax Company. Few of her films survive in an easily viewable format. In December 2018,
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released a six-disc box, ''Pioneers: First Women Filmmakers'', in cooperation with the
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, the
British Film Institute The British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and television charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI uses funds provided by the National Lottery to encourage film production, ...
, and others. The first disc of the set is devoted to the films of Alice Guy-Blaché. It includes '' Matrimony's Speed Limit'' (1913), which was selected for preservation in the
National Film Registry The National Film Registry (NFR) is the United States National Film Preservation Board's (NFPB) collection of films selected for preservation (library and archival science), preservation, each selected for its cultural, historical, and aestheti ...
of the
Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...
in 2003. The 2018 documentary film '' Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché'', directed by Pamela B. Green and narrated by
Jodie Foster Alicia Christian "Jodie" Foster (born November 19, 1962) is an American actress and filmmaker. Foster started her career as a child actor before establishing herself as leading actress in film. She has received List of awards and nominations re ...
, which opened at the Cannes Film Festival (Cannes Classics), deals with Guy-Blaché's life, career, and legacy. Because of ''Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché'', many of Guy-Blaché's films were restored and preserved, and a pillar in her name will be featured at the
Academy Museum of Motion Pictures The Academy Museum of Motion Pictures is a film museum opened in 2021 located in Los Angeles, California. The first large-scale museum of its kind in the United States, it houses more than 13 million objects, and is dedicated to the history, sc ...
. In September 2019, Guy-Blaché was included in ''
The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' series " Overlooked No More". As reported by Deadline in 2021, Pamela B. Green is developing a feature
biopic A biographical film or biopic () is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or group of people. Such films show the life of a historical person and the central character's real name is used. They differ from docudrama films and histo ...
about Alice Guy-Blaché. Guy-Blaché was an early influence on both
Alfred Hitchcock Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was an English film director. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 featu ...
and
Sergei Eisenstein Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein; (11 February 1948) was a Soviet film director, screenwriter, film editor and film theorist. Considered one of the greatest filmmakers of all time, he was a pioneer in the theory and practice of montage. He is no ...
. Hitchcock remarked, "I'd be over the moon with the Frenchman George Méliès. I was thrilled by the movies of D.W. Griffith and the early French director Alice Guy." In his Memoirs, Eisenstein described an unnamed film he had seen as a child that continued to be very important to him. This film was identified as Alice Guy-Blaché's ''The Consequences of Feminism'' (1906) during the making of the documentary ''Be Natural: The Untold Story of Alice Guy-Blaché.''


Personal life

Alice Guy-Blaché's marriage meant that she had to resign from her position working with Gaumont. The couple was sent by the Gaumont company to Cleveland to facilitate the franchise of Gaumont equipment. Early in 1908, the couple went to New York City where Guy-Blaché gave birth to her daughter, Simone, in September 1908. Two years later, Guy-Blaché became the first woman to run her own studio when she created Solax in Gaumont's Flushing studio. In 1912, when she was pregnant with her second child, she built a studio in Fort Lee, New Jersey, and continued to complete one to three films a week. On 27 June 1912, Reginald, her son, was born. To focus on writing and directing, Guy-Blaché took her husband into Solax in 1913 "for feature production and executive direction". Shortly after taking the position, Herbert Blaché started a film company named Blaché Features, Inc. The couple maintained a personal and business partnership for the next few years, working together on many projects. In 1918, Herbert Blaché left his wife and children to pursue a career in Hollywood. Alice Guy-Blaché almost died from the Spanish flu pandemic in October 1918 while filming her final film ''Tarnished Reputations''. Following her illness, she joined Herbert in Hollywood in 1919 but they lived separately. She worked as Herbert's directing assistant on his two films starring Alla Nazimova. Alice Guy-Blaché directed her last film in 1919. In 1921, she was forced to auction her film studio and other possessions in
bankruptcy Bankruptcy is a legal process through which people or other entities who cannot repay debts to creditors may seek relief from some or all of their debts. In most jurisdictions, bankruptcy is imposed by a court order, often initiated by the deb ...
. Alice and Herbert were officially divorced in 1922. She returned to France in 1922 and never made another film.


Death

Alice Guy-Blaché never remarried, and in 1964 she returned to the United States to live in
Wayne, New Jersey Wayne is a Township (New Jersey), township in Passaic County, New Jersey, Passaic County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Home to William Paterson University and located less than from Midtown Manhattan, the township is a bedroom suburb of New ...
, with her older child, her daughter, Simone. On 24 March 1968, at 94, Alice Guy-Blaché died in a nursing home in New Jersey. She is interred at Maryrest Cemetery.


Accolades and tributes

On December 12, 1958, Guy-Blaché was awarded the
Légion d'honneur The National Order of the Legion of Honour ( ), formerly the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour (), is the highest and most prestigious French national order of merit, both military and Civil society, civil. Currently consisting of five cl ...
, the highest non-military award France offers. On 16 March 1957, she was honored in a
Cinémathèque française A cinematheque is an archive of films and film-related objects with an exhibition venue. Similarly to a book library (bibliothèque in French), a cinematheque is responsible for preserving and making available to the public film heritage. Typically ...
ceremony that went almost unnoticed by the press. In 2002, Circle X Theatre in Los Angeles produced ''Laura Comstock's Bag-punching Dog'', a musical about the invention of cinema, and Alice Guy-Blaché was the lead character. The musical was written by
Jillian Armenante Jillian Armenante (born July 5, 1964) is an American television and film actress, known for playing the role of Donna Kozlowski on the TV show ''Judging Amy''. Life and career Armenante was born in Paterson, New Jersey, and grew up in Wyckoff, ...
, Alice Dodd, and Chris Jeffries. In 2011, an off-Broadway production of ''Flight'' premiered at the Connelly Theatre, featuring a fictionalized portrayal of Guy-Blaché as a 1913 documentary filmmaker. In 2004, the Fort Lee Film Commission unveiled a historical marker dedicated to Alice Guy-Blaché at the location of Solax Studio. In 2012, for the centennial of the founding and building of the studio, the Commission raised funds to replace her grave marker in Maryrest Cemetery in Mahwah, New Jersey. The new marker includes the Solax logo and notes Guy-Blaché's role as a cinema pioneer. In 2010, the Academy Film Archive preserved Alice Guy-Blaché's short film ''The Girl in the Arm-Chair.'' In 2011, the Fort Lee Film Commission successfully lobbied the
Directors Guild of America The Directors Guild of America (DGA) is an entertainment guild that represents the interests of Film director, film and Television director, television directors in the United States motion picture industry and abroad. Founded as the Screen Dir ...
to accept Alice Guy-Blaché as a member. She was subsequently awarded a posthumous "Special Directorial Award for Lifetime Achievement" at the 2011 DGA Honors. In 2013, Guy-Blaché was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame. In 2018, film journalist Véronique Le Bris founded the Alice Guy Prize, granted yearly to highlight the woman film-maker of the year. A square in the
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is named the in her honor. In 2019, the re-edited and expanded version of Eisenstein's memoirs, ''Yo. Memoirs by Sergei Eisenstein'' mention Alice's ''The Consequences of Feminism'' and its influence on Eisenstein''.'' In 2021,
Yale University Yale University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. Founded in 1701, Yale is the List of Colonial Colleges, third-oldest institution of higher education in the United Stat ...
opened its new state-of-the-art screening room, named the Alice Cinema, after Alice Guy-Blaché. In 2021, French-German TV channel
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produced a documentary on Alice Guy-Blaché titled ''Alice Guy, the unknown lady of the 7th art'', directed by Valérie Urréa and Nathalie Masduraud, voiced by Agnès Jaoui and Maud Wyler. In 2022,
Rowman & Littlefield Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949. Under several imprints, the company offers scholarly books for the academic market, as well as trade books. The company also owns ...
published a new edition of ''The Memoirs of Alice Guy Blaché'', edited by Anthony Slide and translated by Simone Blaché and Roberta Blaché. This memoir contains a new introduction by Slide. The Golden Door Film Festival gives an award named in her honor. On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of her birth, around July 1, 2023, several French institutions celebrated Alice Guy and her legacy: * The
Cinémathèque Française A cinematheque is an archive of films and film-related objects with an exhibition venue. Similarly to a book library (bibliothèque in French), a cinematheque is responsible for preserving and making available to the public film heritage. Typically ...
held a special day of hommage with the showing of 8 of her films. It also uploaded a 2K resolution
digitization Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital (i.e. computer-readable) format.Collins Dictionary. (n.d.). Definition of 'digitize'. Retrieved December 15, 2021, from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ ...
of the very first known making-of in the history of cinéma, ''Alice Guy tourne une phonoscène'' (Alice Guy shoots a phonoscene - he ancestor of the music video 1907, by anonym) on its online film portal, Henri. * French postal service La Poste launched a special edition stamp at her effigy which was presented by her great-grandson Thierry Peeters at
philately Philately (; ) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possibl ...
center ''Carré d'Encre'' on July 3, 2023. * Newly re-opened Paris museum of history of immigration Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration shares within its new permanent exhibition several of Alice Guy's films, amongst which ''L'Américanisé'' (1912), to illustrate the experience of immigrants to the United States (like Alice Guy herself).


Selected filmography

These films were produced by Gaumont (1896–1907), Solax (1910–1913), or others (1914–1920). *'' La Fée aux Choux'' (''The Fairy of the Cabbages''; 1896) *'' Le pêcheur dans le torrent'' (The fisherman in the stream; 1897) *'' Le chiffonnier'' (1898) *'' Danse serpentine'' (1900) *'' Les Fredaines de Pierrette'' (1900) *'' Les chiens savants'' (1902) *'' Esméralda'' (1905) (based on the 1831
Victor Hugo Victor-Marie Hugo, vicomte Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romanticism, Romantic author, poet, essayist, playwright, journalist, human rights activist and politician. His most famous works are the novels ''The Hunchbac ...
novel '' The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'') *''La Statue'' (1905) *'' Une histoire roulante'' (1906) *'' The Birth, the Life and the Death of Christ'' (1906) *'' Les Résultats du féminisme'' (1906) *'' The Game-Keeper's Son'' (1906) *'' Madame a des envies'' (1906) *'' La barricade'' (1907) *'' Fanfan la Tulipe'' (1907) *''One Touch of Nature'' (1910) *''The Sergeant's Daughter'' (1910) *''The Pawnshop'' (1910) *'' Greater Love Hath No Man'' (1911) *'' Algie the Miner'' (1912) *'' Falling Leaves'' (1912) *'' A Fool and His Money'' (1912) *'' Making an American Citizen'' (1912) *'' The Girl in the Armchair'' (1912) *'' The Pit and the Pendulum'' (1913) *'' Matrimony's Speed Limit'' (1913) * '' A House Divided'' (1913) * '' Shadows of the Moulin Rouge'' (1913) *'' The Lure'' (1914) *'' The Shooting of Dan McGrew'' (1915) *'' The Vampire'' (1915) *''The Ocean Waif'' (1916) * '' What Will People Say?'' (1916) *'' The Adventurer'' (1917) * '' The Empress'' (1917) *'' The Great Adventure'' (1918) *'' Tarnished Reputations'' (1920)


See also

* Women's cinema


Notes


References


Sources

* Contains one chapter about Alice Guy Blaché. * Contains one chapter about Alice Guy Blaché. * Updated as: ** * * * * * * * See also:


Further reading

* This contains many passages and words not translated into the English editions.


External links

*Excerpt from Ephemeral Podcast about three different La Fée aux Choux https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UnYopp6VuzQ *Ephemeral Podcast - Alice Guy https://www.ephemeral.show/episode/alice-guy
Alice Guy Blaché, Lost Visionary of the Cinema
* * *
Literature on Alice Guy-Blaché
* ** * *
The films of Alice Guy-Blaché
''Hell Is For Hyphenates'', January 31, 2014
Alice Guy; at kinotv
kinotv) *
The Incredible Story of the First Woman Film Director
- a video on her life
Filming of a phonoscene
that was directed by Alice Guy-Blaché {{DEFAULTSORT:Guy-Blache, Alice 1873 births 1968 deaths French cinema pioneers French emigrants to the United States French women film directors French women film producers People from Saint-Mandé French silent film directors Women film pioneers French feminists