Aleksander Lesser

Aleksander Lesser (13 May 1814 – 13 March 1884) was a Polish painter, illustrator, sketch artist, art critic, and amateur researcher of antiquities. Lesser was Jewish, and became one of the first artists to depict scenes from modern Jewish history in Poland. He specialized in Polish historical and contemporary themes, and he was known and respected in artistic and scholarly circles. He was a member of Kraków's Academy of Learning and co-founder of Warsaw's Zachęta, the Society for Encouragement of the Fine Arts."Lesser, Aleksander," ''Encyklopedia powszechna PWN'' (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 2, p. 705.

Early life

Aleksander Lesser was born in Warsaw in 1814 to Levy Lesser (1791–1870), a well-known trader and banker, and Róża Loewenstein (1790–1840). Lesser's formal study of painting began in the Warsaw Lyceum under Aleksander Kokular before continuing at the Faculty of Fine Arts at the Royal University of Warsaw in 1830–1831 under Antoni Brodowski, the Polish romantic painter. This university was closed by the imperial Russian authorities after the Polish uprising of 1831; thus, between 1832 and 1835, Lesser continued his studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Dresden, where he studied with Moritz Retzsch and Karl Christian Vogel.

Between 1836 and 1846, Lesser studied in Munich under Peter Cornelius, Heinrich Hess, and Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld; these individuals were prominent representatives of German romanticism who called themselves Nazarenes. In 1843, Lesser became friends with a prominent Polish poet named Cyprian Kamil Norwid (Norwid later emigrated).

Career

Lesser returned to Warsaw in 1846, where he was widely praised for his treatment of historical and religious (primarily Christian) themes, as well as for his portraits and genre scenes. Many of his paintings, including ''Obrona Trembowli'' (The Defense of Trembowla; 1840), were interpreted by both critics and the public as allegories of the Polish struggle for independence.

He began giving a more important role to Jewish themes in his work in the 1860s, thus becoming one of the first artists to paint scenes from modern Polish Jewish history. In addition, Lesser began painting and sketching scenes from Polish Jewish history upon the encouragement of Joachim Lelewel, a historian and advocate of Polish independence who was living in exile.

In 1860, he was a co-founder of the Society for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts, an organization which aimed to promote art for the mutual benefit of both artists and society at large (and which still exists to this day). Lesser was a member of the executive committee of this organization from 1864 to 1883, and he served on the Commission on Art History in the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Kraków starting from 1878. Lesser died in 1884 at the age of 69. Nowadays, his works are mostly located in the National Museum in Warsaw (more than 436 drawings and sketches), in the National Museum in Kraków, and in collections in Poznań and Lviv.

Works

His most famous paintings include:
*''The Defense of Trembowla against the Turks'' (1841)
*''The Funeral of the Five Fallen in 1861'' (1861), depicting the funeral of Poles of Catholic and Hebrew descent who had been murdered by Russian Cossacks. The painting includes Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Jewish clergymen.
*Portraits of Polish Kings – 40 portraits of Polish monarchs. The paintings, together with commentaries, were published in Warsaw in 1860.

Also notable are:
*''The Recovery of Wanda's Body from the Wisła River''
*'' Kadłubek Writing His Chronicle at a Monastery''
*''Young Boleslaw Wrymouth Departs Moravia''
*''The Coronation of Leszek I the White''
*''The Prussian Tribute''
*''Copernicus' Last Moments''
*Paintings with Christian themes, e.g., ''The Transfiguration of Jesus''; ''Mary Magdalen''.

Gallery

File:Aleksander Lesser - Kopernik na łożu śmierci.jpg, ''Copernicus On His Deathbed'' (c. 1884)
File:Burial of victims of Polish patriotic manifestations in Warsaw 1861.PNG, ''The Funeral of the Five Fallen in 1861'' (1861), National Museum, Kraków
File:Aleksander Lesser - Death of Barbara Radziwiłł - MP 2243 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Death of Barbara Radziwiłł'', (1859), National Museum in Warsaw
File:Aleksander Lesser - Portrait of John II Casimir Vasa (1609–1672) - MP 2244 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Portrait of John II Casimir Vasa'', (1850), National Museum in Warsaw
File:Aleksander Lesser - Portrait of Stephen Báthory - MP 2239 - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Portrait of Stephen Báthory'', (1846), National Museum in Warsaw
File:Aleksander Lesser - Portrait of Friedrich Berg - MP 3713 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Portrait of Friedrich Berg'', (1868), National Museum in Warsaw
File:Aleksander Lesser - Portrait of Julia née Bergson, artist’s wife - MP 2161 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Portrait of Julia née Bergson'', artist’s wife, National Museum in Warsaw
File:Aleksander Lesser - Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski.jpg, ''Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski'', (c. 1845), Kórnik Castle
File:Boleslaus I of Poland (89919860).jpg, ''Bolesław I Chrobry'' from the series of portraits depicting Kings and Dukes of Poland
File:Muzeum Diecezjalne w Sandomierzu Obrona Trembowli - Anna Dorota Chrzanowska 30.12.2010 p.jpg, ''The Defence of Trembowla against the Turks'', Diocesan Museum, Sandomierz
File:Aleksander Lesser - Dream of Gediminas about the Iron Wolf - MP 2537 MNW - National Museum in Warsaw.jpg, ''Dream of Gediminas about the Iron Wolf'', National Museum in Warsaw
File:Lesser Female nude.jpg, ''Female nude''
File:Lesser Reclining male nude.jpg, ''Reclining male nude''

See also

*List of Polish painters

Sources

References

*"Lesser, Aleksander," ''Encyklopedia powszechna PWN'' (PWN Universal Encyclopedia), vol. 2, Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1974, p. 705.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lesser. Aleksander
1814 births
1884 deaths
19th-century Polish Jews
Jewish painters
19th-century Polish painters
19th-century Polish male artists
Polish male painters