Albert-László Barabási (born March 30, 1967) is a Romanian-born
Hungarian-American physicist, renowned for his pioneering discoveries in
network science
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, Cognitive network, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct eleme ...
and
network medicine
Network medicine is the application of network science towards identifying, preventing, and treating diseases. This field focuses on using network topology and network dynamics towards identifying diseases and developing medical drugs. Biological ...
.
He is a distinguished university professor and Robert Gray Professor of Network Science at
Northeastern University
Northeastern University (NU or NEU) is a private university, private research university with its main campus in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It was founded by the Boston Young Men's Christian Association in 1898 as an all-male instit ...
, holding additional appointments at the Department of Medicine,
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is the third oldest medical school in the Un ...
and the Department of Network and Data Science at
Central European University
Central European University (CEU; , ) is a private research university in Vienna. The university offers graduate and undergraduate programs in the social sciences and humanities, which are accredited in Austria and the United States. The univ ...
. Barabási previously served as the former Emil T. Hofmann Professor of Physics at the
University of Notre Dame
The University of Notre Dame du Lac (known simply as Notre Dame; ; ND) is a Private university, private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States. Founded in 1842 by members of the Congregation of Holy Cross, a Cathol ...
and was an associate member of the
Center of Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) at the
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) is a comprehensive cancer treatment and research center in Boston, Massachusetts. Dana-Farber is the founding member of the Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard's Comprehensive Cancer Center designated ...
,
Harvard University
Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
.
In 1999 Barabási discovered the concept of
scale-free networks and proposed the
Barabási–Albert model
The Barabási–Albert (BA) model is an algorithm for generating random scale-free network, scale-free complex network, networks using a preferential attachment mechanism. Several natural and human-made systems, including the Internet, the Worl ...
, which explains the widespread emergence of such networks in natural, technological and social systems, including the
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW or simply the Web) is an information system that enables Content (media), content sharing over the Internet through user-friendly ways meant to appeal to users beyond Information technology, IT specialists and hobbyis ...
and online communities. Barabási is the founding president of the Network Science Society, which sponsors the flagship
NetSci Conference established in 2006.
Birth and education
Barabási was born on March 30, 1967 to an
ethnic Hungarian family in
Cârța,
Harghita County
Harghita County (, and , ) is a county () in the center of Romania, in eastern Transylvania, with the county seat at Miercurea Ciuc.
Demographics 2002 census
In 2002, Harghita County had a population of 326,222 and a population density of ...
, Romania. His father, László Barabási, was a historian, museum director and writer, while his mother, Katalin Keresztes, taught literature, and later became director of a children's theater.
He attended
a high school specializing in science and mathematics; where he won a local
physics olympiad in the 9th and 12th grade. Between 1986 and 1989, he studied
physics
Physics is the scientific study of matter, its Elementary particle, fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge whi ...
and engineering at the
University of Bucharest
The University of Bucharest (UB) () is a public university, public research university in Bucharest, Romania. It was founded in its current form on by a decree of Prince Alexandru Ioan Cuza to convert the former Princely Academy of Bucharest, P ...
; during which time he began researching
chaos theory
Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of Scientific method, scientific study and branch of mathematics. It focuses on underlying patterns and Deterministic system, deterministic Scientific law, laws of dynamical systems that are highly sens ...
and published three papers.
In 1989, Barabási emigrated to Hungary, together with his father. He received a master's degree in 1991 at
Eötvös Loránd University
Eötvös Loránd University (, ELTE, also known as ''University of Budapest'') is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest. Founded in 1635, ELTE is one of the largest and most prestigious public higher education institutions in ...
in
Budapest
Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...
, under the supervision of
Tamás Vicsek
Tamás Vicsek (, born 10 May 1948, Budapest) is a Hungarian scientist with research interests in numerical studies of dense liquids, percolation theory, Monte Carlo simulation of cluster models, aggregation phenomena, fractal growth, pattern fo ...
. Barabási then enrolled in the Physics program at
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a Private university, private research university in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. BU was founded in 1839 by a group of Boston Methodism, Methodists with its original campus in Newbury (town), Vermont, Newbur ...
, where he earned his PhD in 1994. His doctoral thesis, conducted under the direction of
H. Eugene Stanley, was published by Cambridge University Press under the title ''Fractal Concepts in Surface Growth''.
Academic career
After a one-year postdoc at the
IBM
International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and present in over 175 countries. It is ...
Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Barabási joined the faculty at the
University of Notre Dame
The University of Notre Dame du Lac (known simply as Notre Dame; ; ND) is a Private university, private Catholic research university in Notre Dame, Indiana, United States. Founded in 1842 by members of the Congregation of Holy Cross, a Cathol ...
in 1995. In 2000, at the age of 32, he was named the Emil T. Hofman Professor of Physics, becoming the youngest endowed professor. In 2004 he founded the Center for Complex Network Research.
In 2005–6 he was a visiting professor at Harvard University. In fall 2007, Barabási left Notre Dame to become a Distinguished University Professor and director of the Center for Network Science at Northeastern University. Concurrently, he took up an appointment in the Department of Medicine at Harvard Medical School.
As of 2008, Barabási holds Hungarian, Romanian and U.S. citizenship.
Research and achievements
Barabási's contributions to
network science
Network science is an academic field which studies complex networks such as telecommunication networks, computer networks, biological networks, Cognitive network, cognitive and semantic networks, and social networks, considering distinct eleme ...
and
network medicine
Network medicine is the application of network science towards identifying, preventing, and treating diseases. This field focuses on using network topology and network dynamics towards identifying diseases and developing medical drugs. Biological ...
have fundamentally changed the study of
complex system
A complex system is a system composed of many components that may interact with one another. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication sy ...
s.
Scale-Free Networks
Barabási's work challenged the prevailing notion that complex networks could be adequately modeled as random networks. He is particularly renowned for his 1999 discovery of ''
scale-free network
A scale-free network is a network whose degree distribution follows a power law, at least asymptotically. That is, the fraction ''P''(''k'') of nodes in the network having ''k'' connections to other nodes goes for large values of ''k'' as
:
P( ...
s.'' In 1999 he created a map of the World Wide Web and found that its degree distribution does not follow the Poisson distribution expected for random networks, but instead it is best approximated by a power law. Collaborating with his student,
Réka Albert, he introduced the
Barabási–Albert model
The Barabási–Albert (BA) model is an algorithm for generating random scale-free network, scale-free complex network, networks using a preferential attachment mechanism. Several natural and human-made systems, including the Internet, the Worl ...
, which proposed that growth and
preferential attachment
A preferential attachment process is any of a class of processes in which some quantity, typically some form of wealth or credit, is distributed among a number of individuals or objects according to how much they already have, so that those who ...
are jointly responsible for the emergence of the scale-free property in real-world networks. The following year, Barabási demonstrated that the power law degree distribution is not limited to the World Wide Web, but also appear in
metabolic networks and
protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and t ...
networks, demonstrating the universality of the scale-free property. In 2009
''Science'' celebrated the ten-year anniversary of Barabási’s groundbreaking discovery by dedicating a special issue to Complex Systems and Networks, recognizing his paper as one of the most cited in the journal's history.
Network Robustness and Resilience
In a 2001 paper with
Réka Albert and
Hawoong Jeong, Barabási demonstrated that networks exhibit robustness to random failures but are highly vulnerable to targeted attacks, a characteristic known as the
Achilles' heel
An Achilles' heel (or Achilles heel) is a weakness despite overall strength, which can lead to downfall. While the mythological origin refers to a physical vulnerability, idiomatic references to other attributes or qualities that can lead to do ...
property. Specifically, networks can easily withstand the random failure of a large number of nodes, highlighting their significant robustness. However, they are prone to rapid collapse when the most connected hubs are deliberately removed. The breakdown threshold of a network was analytically linked to the second moment of the
degree distribution
In the study of graphs and networks, the degree of a node in a network is the number of connections it has to other nodes and the degree distribution is the probability distribution of these degrees over the whole network.
Definition
The degr ...
, whose convergence to zero for large networks explain why heterogenous networks can survive the failure of a large fraction of their nodes. In 2016, Barabási extended these concepts to network resilience, demonstrating that the network structure determines a system's capacity for resilience. While robustness refers to the system's ability to carry out its basic functions despite the loss of some nodes and links, resilience involved the system's ability to adapt to internal and external disturbances by modifying its mode of operation without losing functionality. Therefore, resilience is a dynamical property that requires a fundamental shift in the system's core activities.
Network Medicine
Barabási is recognized as one of the founders of
network medicine
Network medicine is the application of network science towards identifying, preventing, and treating diseases. This field focuses on using network topology and network dynamics towards identifying diseases and developing medical drugs. Biological ...
, a term he introduced in his 2007 article entitled "Network Medicine – From Obesity to the "Diseasome"", published in
The New England Journal of Medicine
''The New England Journal of Medicine'' (''NEJM'') is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. Founded in 1812, the journal is among the most prestigious peer-reviewed medical journals. Its 2023 impact factor w ...
. His work established the concept of diseasome, or disease network, which illustrates how diseases are interconnected through shared genetic factors, highlighting their common genetic roots. He subsequently pioneered the use of large patient data, linking the roots of disease comorbidity to molecular networks. A key concept of network medicine is Barabási's discovery that genes associated with the same disease are located in the same network neighborhood, which led to the concept of disease module, which is currently employed to facilitate
drug discovery
In the fields of medicine, biotechnology, and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered.
Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or ...
,
drug design
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the invention, inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The drug is most commonly an organic compound, organi ...
, and the development of
biomarker
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition. Biomarkers are often measured and evaluated using blood, urine, or soft tissues to examine normal biological processes, ...
s. He elaborated on these concepts in his a 2012
TEDMED
TEDMED is an annual conference focusing on health and medicine, with a year-round web-based community. TEDMED is an independent event operating under license from the nonprofit TED conference.
Background
, TEDMED staff operates from Stamfor ...
talk, emphasizing their significance in medical research and treatment strategies.
His contributions have been instrumental in establishing the Channing Division of Network Medicine at
Harvard Medical School
Harvard Medical School (HMS) is the medical school of Harvard University and is located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, Longwood Medical Area in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1782, HMS is the third oldest medical school in the Un ...
and the Network Medicine Institute, representing 33 universities and institutions around the world committed to advancing the field. Barabási's work in network medicine has led to multiple experimentally falsifiable predictions, helping identify experimentally validated novel pathways in asthma, the prediction of new mechanism of action for compounds such as rosmarinic acid, and the repurposing of existing drugs for new therapeutic functions (
drug repurposing).
The practical applications of network medicine have made significant impacts in clinical settings. For example, his research aids physicians in determining whether rheumatoid arthritis patients will respond to anti-TNF therapy. During COVID Barabási led a major collaboration involving researchers from
Harvard University
Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyma ...
,
Boston University
Boston University (BU) is a Private university, private research university in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. BU was founded in 1839 by a group of Boston Methodism, Methodists with its original campus in Newbury (town), Vermont, Newbur ...
and The Broad Institute, to predict and experimentally test the efficacy for COVID patients of 6,000 approved drugs.
Dark Matter of Nutrition and Food Complexity
Barabási’s work on nutritional dark matter and food composition, in collaboration with Giulia Menichetti, has fundamentally reshaped our understanding of diet as a complex system and its implication for health. In his 2019 study, he revealed that conventional nutritional databases track only a minuscule fraction of the over 26,000 biochemicals present in food, coining the term “nutritional dark matter,” work that inspired th
Periodic Table of Food Initiativeby the
Rockefeller Foundation
The Rockefeller Foundation is an American private foundation and philanthropic medical research and arts funding organization based at 420 Fifth Avenue, New York City. The foundation was created by Standard Oil magnate John D. Rockefeller (" ...
and th
American Heart Association In 2021, he extended network medicine approaches to elucidate the health implications of
polyphenol
Polyphenols () are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as ...
s, demonstrating how intricate molecular networks connect dietary compounds to health outcomes. His research on food processing led to the development of the first AI tool to predict the degree of food processing for any food, and showed that over 73% of the US food supply is ultra-processed and correlating processing levels with adverse health markers. Barabási's efforts culminated in the 2025 release of GroceryDB and th
TrueFood database that is used by millions on a daily basis, as it reveals the processing levels of foods in US supermarkets.
Human Dynamics
Barabási in 2005 discovered the fat tailed nature of the interevent times in human activity patterns. The pattern indicated that human activity is bursty - short periods of intensive activity are followed by long periods that lack detectable activity. Bursty patterns have been subsequently discovered in a wide range of processes, from web browsing to email communications and gene expression patterns. He proposed the Barabási model
of
human dynamics, to explain the phenomena, demonstrating that a queuing model can explain the bursty nature of human activity, a topic is covered by his book ''Bursts: The Hidden Pattern Behind Everything We Do''.
Human Mobility
Barabási laid foundational work in understanding individual human mobility patterns through a series of influential papers. In his 2008 Nature publication, Barabási utilized anonymized mobile phone data to analyze human mobility, discovering that human movement exhibits a high degree of regularity in time and space, with individuals showing consistent travel distances and a tendency to return to frequently visited locations. In a subsequent 2010 Science paper, he explored the predictability of human dynamics by analyzing mobile phone user trajectories. Contrary to expectations, he found a 93% predictability of in human movements across all users. He introduced two principles governing human trajectories, leading to the development of the widely used model for individual mobility. Using this modeling framework, a decade before the COVID-19 pandemic, Barabási predicted the spreading patterns of a virus transmitted through direct contact.
Network Control
Barabási has made significant contributions to the understanding of
network controllability and
observability
Observability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs.
In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals.
The concept of observa ...
, addressing the fundamental question of how large networks regulate and manage their own behavior. He was the first to apply the tools of
control theory
Control theory is a field of control engineering and applied mathematics that deals with the control system, control of dynamical systems in engineered processes and machines. The objective is to develop a model or algorithm governing the applic ...
to network science, bridging disciplines that had traditionally been studied separately. He proposed a method to identify the nodes through which one can control a complex network, by mapping the control problem, widely studied in physics and engineering since
Maxwell
Maxwell may refer to:
People
* Maxwell (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters with the name
** James Clerk Maxwell, mathematician and physicist
* Justice Maxwell (disambiguation)
* Maxwell baronets, in the Baronetage of N ...
, into
graph matching, merging statistical mechanics and control theory.
Barabási utilized network control principles to predict the functions of individual neurons within the
Caenorhabditis elegans
''Caenorhabditis elegans'' () is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a Hybrid word, blend of the Greek ''caeno-'' (recent), ''r ...
connectome
A connectome () is a comprehensive map of neural connections in the brain, and may be thought of as its " wiring diagram". These maps are available in varying levels of detail. A functional connectome shows connections between various brain ...
. This application provided direct experimental confirmation of network control theories by successfully identifying new neurons involved in the organism's locomotion, and experimentally confirming the validity of the predictions. His work demonstrated the practical utility of network control methods in biological systems, highlighting their potential for uncovering previously unknown functional components within complex networks.
Awards
Barabási was the recipient of the 2024 Gothenburg Lise Meitner Award; he has also been the recipient of the 2023
Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize, the top prize of the
American Physical Society
The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units. Its mission is the advancement and diffusion of ...
, "for pioneering work on the statistical physics of networks that transformed the study of complex systems, and for lasting contributions in communicating the significance of this rapidly developing field to a broad range of audiences." In 2021 he received the
EPS Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Prize, awarded by the
European Physical Society for "his pioneering contributions to the development of complex network science, in particular for his seminal work on scale-free networks, the preferential attachment model, error and attack tolerance in complex networks, controllability of complex networks, the physics of social ties, communities, and human mobility patterns, genetic, metabolic, and biochemical networks, as well as applications in network biology and network medicine."
Barabási has been elected to the
US National Academy of Sciences (2024),
Austrian Academy of Sciences
The Austrian Academy of Sciences (; ÖAW) is a legal entity under the special protection of the Republic of Austria. According to the statutes of the Academy its mission is to promote the sciences and humanities in every respect and in every fi ...
(2024),
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences ( , MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primar ...
(2004),
Academia Europaea
The Academia Europaea is a pan-European Academy of humanities, letters, law, and sciences.
The Academia was founded in 1988 as a functioning Europe-wide Academy that encompasses all fields of scholarly inquiry. It acts as co-ordinator of Europe ...
(2007),
European Academy of Sciences and Art
The European Academy of Sciences and Arts (EASA, ) is a transnational and interdisciplinary network, connecting about 2,000 recommended scientists and artists worldwide, including 38 Nobel Prize Laureates of the Nobel Peace Prize, laureates. Th ...
(2018),
Romanian Academy of Sciences (2018) and the Massachusetts Academy of Sciences (2013). He was elected
Fellow of the American Physical Society
The American Physical Society honors members with the designation ''Fellow'' for having made significant accomplishments to the field of physics.
The following lists are divided chronologically by the year of designation.
* List of fellows of the ...
(2003), of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is a United States–based international nonprofit with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsib ...
(2011), of th
Network Science Society(2021). He was awarded a Doctor Honoris Causa by
Obuda University (2023) in Hungary, the
Technical University of Madrid
The Technical University of Madrid or sometimes called Polytechnic University of Madrid (, UPM) is a public university, located in Madrid, Spain. It was founded in 1971 as the result of merging different Technical Schools of Engineering and Arc ...
(2011),
Utrecht University
Utrecht University (UU; , formerly ''Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht'') is a public university, public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands. Established , it is one of the oldest universities in the Netherlands. In 2023, it had an enrollment of ...
(2018) and
West University of Timișoara (2020).
He received the
Bolyai Prize from the
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
The Hungarian Academy of Sciences ( , MTA) is Hungary’s foremost and most prestigious learned society. Its headquarters are located along the banks of the Danube in Budapest, between Széchenyi rakpart and Akadémia utca. The Academy's primar ...
(2019), th
Senior Scientific Awardof th
Complex Systems Society (2017) for "setting the basis of what is now modern Network Science", the
Lagrange Prize (2011)
C&C Prize (2008) Japan "for stimulating innovative research on networks and discovering that the scale-free property is a common feature of various real-world complex networks" and the Cozzarelli Prize,
National Academies of Sciences
National may refer to:
Common uses
* Nation or country
** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen
Places in the United States
* National, Maryland, ce ...
(USA),
John von Neumann
John von Neumann ( ; ; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian and American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist and engineer. Von Neumann had perhaps the widest coverage of any mathematician of his time, in ...
Medal (2006) awarded by the John von Neumann Computer Society from Hungary, for outstanding achievements in computer-related science and technology and the FEBS Anniversary Prize for Systems Biology (2005).
In 2021, Barabási was ranked 2nd in the world in a ranking of the world's best engineering and technology scientists, based on their
h-index
The ''h''-index is an author-level metric that measures both the productivity and citation impact of the publications, initially used for an individual scientist or scholar. The ''h''-index correlates with success indicators such as winning t ...
.
Selected publications
* Barabási, Albert-László, ''The Formula: The Universal Laws of Success'', November 6, 2018; (hardcover)
*
* Barabási, Albert-László, ''Bursts: The Hidden Pattern Behind Everything We Do'', April 29, 2010; (hardcover)
* Barabási, Albert-László, ''
Linked: The New Science of Networks'', 2002. (pbk)
* Barabási, Albert-László and Réka Albert, "Emergence of scaling in random networks", ''Science'', 286:509–512, October 15, 1999
* Barabási, Albert-László and Zoltán Oltvai, "Network Biology", ''
Nature Reviews Genetics'' 5, 101–113 (2004)
* Barabási, Albert-László,
Mark Newman and
Duncan J. Watts, ''The Structure and Dynamics of Networks'', 2006;
* Barabási, Albert-László, Natali Gulbahce, and Joseph Loscalzo, "Network Medicine", ''
Nature Reviews Genetics'' 12, 56–68 (2011)
*
*Y.-Y. Liu, J.-J. Slotine, A.-L. Barabási, "Controllability of complex networks", ''Nature'' 473, 167–173 (2011)
*Y.-Y. Liu, J.-J. Slotine, A.-L. Barabási, "Observability of complex systems", ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 110, 1–6 (2013)
*
Baruch Barzel and A.-L. Barabási, "Universality in Network Dynamics", ''Nature Physics'' 9, 673–681 (2013)
*
Baruch Barzel and A.-L. Barabási, "Network link prediction by global silencing of indirect correlations", ''Nature Biotechnology'' 31, 720–725 (2013)
*B. Barzel Y.-Y. Liu and A.-L. Barabási, "Constructing minimal models for complex system dynamics", ''Nature Communications'' 6, 7186 (2015).
*J. Gao, B. Barzel, A.-L, Barabási, "Universal resilience patterns in complex networks". ''Nature'' 530(7590):307-12 (2016).
References
External links
Albert-László Barabási professional websiteResearch PublicationsProfile Center for Complex Network Research
Northeastern University website
Profile, Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB) website
Profile University of Notre Dame website
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Barabasi, Albert-Laszlo
1967 births
Living people
American people of Hungarian-Romanian descent
21st-century American physicists
21st-century Hungarian physicists
Romanian physicists
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Complex systems scientists
Northeastern University faculty
University of Notre Dame faculty
Boston University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences alumni
University of Bucharest alumni
Romanian people of Hungarian descent
People from Harghita County
Members of Academia Europaea
Probability theorists
Harvard Medical School faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Network scientists
Statistical physicists
Hungarian physicists