''Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia'' is one of the most famous of the early works of

Clifford Geertz Clifford James Geertz (; August 23, 1926 – October 30, 2006) was an American anthropologist who is remembered mostly for his strong support for and influence on the practice of symbolic anthropology and who was considered "for three decades&n ...

. Its principal thesis is that many centuries of intensifying wet-rice cultivation in Indonesia had produced greater social complexity without significant technological or political change, a process Geertz terms—" involution". The term, also known as Neijuan, has drawn significant attention in China since its introduction in China's social sciences research, making it one of the most popular buzzwords in China.

Content

Written for a particular US-funded project on the local developments and following the modernisation theory of Walt Whitman Rostow, Geertz examines in this book the agricultural system in

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, ...

. The two dominant forms of agriculture are swidden and sawah. Swidden is also known as slash and burn and sawah involves irrigated rice paddies. The geographical location of these different types is important. Sawah is the dominant form in both

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

and

Bali Bali (English:; Balinese language, Balinese: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia and the westernmost of the Lesser Sunda Islands. East of Java and west of Lombok, the province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller o ...

where nearly three-quarters of Indonesia's population live, and swidden more common in the less central regions. Having looked at the agricultural system, the book turns to an examination of the system's historical development. Of particular note is Geertz's discussion of what he famously describes as the process of "agricultural involution". This is his description of the process in Java where both the external economic demands of the Dutch rulers and the internal pressures due to population growth led to intensification rather than change. What this amounted to was increasing the labour intensity in the paddies, increasing output per area but not per head. In his book, Geertz credits the term to Alexander Goldenweiser:

Critics

This was politically the most controversial text of Geertz as the Modjokuto Project (1953-1959) was a CIA-funded program for CENIS at MIT. However, in an interview with David Price he asserted that he was not involved with the political side of the project. Late in his career, Geertz reflected that the book had become an "orphan," widely read and criticized without reference to his larger body of work.

In popular culture

The term involution was introduced to social sciences research about China in the 1985 book ''The peasant economy and social change in North China'' by Philip C. C. Huang at UCLA, in which he uses it to explain why family farming, rather than industrial agriculture, dominates the agriculture in North China. The term is again used in Prasenjit Duara's 1988 book ''Culture, Power, and the State: Rural North China, 1900-1942'', where Duara describes an involution of the state in the forms of its rural government. Since then, the term involution has drawn great attention in China. Since then, the term has been gradually extended to be used to describe a variety of aspects of the highly competitive Chinese society. In 2020, it has become one of the most popular buzzwords on Weibo, where it is used to describe the feeling of exhaustion in an overly competitive society.

References

* ''Agricultural Involution: The Processes of Ecological Change in Indonesia''. By Clifford Geertz. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California:

University of California Press The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing. It was founded in 1893 to publish scholarly and scientific works by faculty ...

, 1963.Smail, John R. W. (1965) Review of Agricultural Involution: The Process of Ecological Change in Indonesia. By Clifford Geertz.

, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1963. , Journal of Southeast Asian History (1965), 6: 158-161 ;Notes {{Reflist 1963 non-fiction books 1963 in the environment Agricultural Involution: the process of ecological change in Indonesia Agricultural Involution: the process of ecological change in Indonesia Books about Indonesia University of California Press books