Action for Children's Television (ACT) was an American
grassroots
A grassroots movement is one that uses the people in a given district, region or community as the basis for a political or continent movement. Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from volunteers at the local level to imp ...
,
nonprofit
A nonprofit organization (NPO), also known as a nonbusiness entity, nonprofit institution, not-for-profit organization, or simply a nonprofit, is a non-governmental (private) legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public, or so ...
child advocacy group dedicated to improving the quality of
children's television.
- Specifically, ACT's main goals were to encourage diversification in children's television offerings, to discourage overcommercialization of children's programming, and to eliminate
deceptive advertising aimed at young viewers.
The ACT was founded by
Peggy Charren, Lillian Ambrosino, Evelyn Kaye Sarson and Judy Chalfen in
Newton, Massachusetts
Newton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located roughly west of Downtown Boston, and comprises a patchwork of thirteen villages. The city borders Boston to the northeast and southeast (via the neighborhoods of ...
, in 1968. It had up to 20,000 volunteer members, eight staff members, and an operational budget of $225,000 by the mid-1980s, but declined financially and to four staff members before disbanding in 1992.
[Loree Gerdes Bykerk & Ardith Maney, ''U.S. Consumer Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles'' (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995), 2–3.] About 70% of funds came from the group's membership, while the rest came from foundation grants (e.g.
Markle Foundation) and fees from lectures and book sales.
History
The 1960s
ACT's initial focus was the
Boston
Boston is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. The city serves as the cultural and Financial centre, financial center of New England, a region of the Northeas ...
edition of the syndicated ''
Romper Room,'' a children's show which promoted toys tied into or branded with the program to its viewers.
In the late 1960s, ACT also targeted Saturday-morning cartoons that featured superheroes and violence, including ''
The Herculoids,'' ''
Space Ghost,'' ''
Birdman and the Galaxy Trio,'' ''
Journey to the Center of the Earth,'' ''
The Lone Ranger,'' ''
Super President'' and ''
Fantastic Four.'' The group influenced, through pressure it exerted upon the
U.S. Congress and the
Federal Communications Commission
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government that regulates communications by radio, television, wire, internet, wi-fi, satellite, and cable across the United States. The FCC maintains j ...
, the networks to remove those shows from the air by the start of the 1969-70 television season, and the programs were replaced by the likes of ''
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?,'' ''
H.R. Pufnstuf,'' ''
Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines
''Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines'' (or simply ''Dastardly and Muttley'' in the UK and Ireland) is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera, Hanna-Barbera Productions, and a spin-off of ''Wacky Races (1968 ...
,'' and other light comedy-fantasy programs.
The 1970s
In 1970, ACT first petitioned the FCC to ban
advertising
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a Product (business), product or Service (economics), service. Advertising aims to present a product or service in terms of utility, advantages, and qualities of int ...
from children's programming. In 1971, then-President of ACT, Evelyn Kaye Sarson, presented the head of the FCC with a petition, wrapped as a Christmas present, asking for an end to advertising on all programs for children. When this tactic failed, in subsequent years, it sought a more limited prohibition, namely eliminating commercials for specific categories of products. In 1971, ACT challenged the promotion of
vitamins, usually fruit-flavored ones that resembled candy, to children. "One-third of the commercials were for vitamin pills, even though the bottles said, 'Keep out of reach of children' because an overdose could put them in a coma," said Charren. Responding to ACT's campaign, vitamin-makers voluntarily withdrew their advertising. In addition to petitioning for the FCC to ban advertising, ACT requested the FCC to publish a public notice of their guidelines for children's television. The guidelines included: "1. That there be a minimum of 14 hours programming for children of different ages each week, as a public service; 2. That there be no commercials on children’s programs; 3. That hosts on children’s shows do not sell."
On October 16 and 17, 1970, ACT co-sponsored the First National Symposium on Children and Television. The Symposium's theme was "Facts for Action," which invited guests to discuss the content of television for children at the time.
Fred Rogers, a popular children's show host on
public television
Public broadcasting (or public service broadcasting) is radio, television, and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service with a commitment to avoiding political and commercial influence. Public broadcasters receive f ...
, gave the keynote speeches, "The Ecology of Childhood," which examined the effects of television on children, and "Course of Action," which discussed legal and political ideas that could be used to create change in the children's television industry.
In 1973, responding to concerns raised by ACT, the
National Association of Broadcasters
The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) is a Industry trade group, trade association and lobbying, lobby group representing the interests of commercial and non-commercial over-the-air radio and television broadcasting, broadcasters in th ...
adopted a revised code limiting commercial time in children's programming to twelve minutes per hour. Additionally, the hosts of children's television programs were prohibited from appearing in commercials aimed at children. This latter measure led to the near-disappearance of locally produced children's shows on American stations by the mid-1970s, as longtime advertisers on those programs saw no point in continuing if hosts beloved by a young audience could not pitch the companies' products themselves, instead of the station using pre-recorded commercials, which they felt would be more likely ignored by viewers. However, that part of the code had little or no effect upon networks, as few of their shows had formal masters of ceremonies.
In 1977, ACT, together with the
Center for Science in the Public Interest, petitioned the
Federal Trade Commission
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government whose principal mission is the enforcement of civil (non-criminal) United States antitrust law, antitrust law and the promotion of consumer protection. It ...
(FTC) to ban television advertising targeted at children too young to understand the concept of
selling, as well as advertising for high-
sugar
Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. Simple sugars, also called monosaccharides, include glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the Chemical formula#Molecular formula, molecul ...
foods (e.g., breakfast cereals, candy) pitched to older children.
The 1980s and the 1990s
In 1981, then-President
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party a ...
appointed
Mark S. Fowler, a
conservative
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civiliza ...
Republican, as chairman of the FCC. As Fowler, a longtime proponent of deregulation, along with Republican colleagues on the commission, had determined that children's television should be dictated by marketplace considerations without regard to any effect on children's health or welfare, the next several years saw the cancellation of many long-standing and Emmy-winning shows such as ''
Captain Kangaroo,'' ''
Schoolhouse Rock,'' ''
Kids Are People Too!,'' ''
Animals, Animals, Animals,'' and the ''
CBS Children's Film Festival,'' all of which ACT had vigorously fought to keep on the air. To ACT, this was an abrupt reversal of some 12 years of progress. That era also saw the debut of many toy-inspired programs, which ACT contended were nothing more than program-length commercials: ''
G. I. Joe,'' ''
My Little Pony,'' ''
The Transformers,'' ''
M.A.S.K.,'' ''
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe,'' and the controversial ''
Captain Power and the Soldiers of the Future.''
Throughout the 1980s, ACT criticized television programs that featured popular toys such as ''
G. I. Joe'' and ''
He-Man,'' maintaining that they "blur(red) the distinction between program content and
commercial speech," and successfully barred one program, ''
Garbage Pail Kids,'' from the air. It also opposed the proposed introduction of ''
Channel One News,'' a television news show designed for children featuring advertiser-based programming, into public schools, an effort which met with only limited success, due to lucrative inducements the company made to financially-strapped school boards of that time.
ACT brought many cases before the courts, including ''
Action for Children's Television v. FCC'', 821 F.2d 741 (D.C. Cir. 1987) often cited in
media law.
ACT's efforts culminated in the passage of the
Children's Television Act of 1990, establishing formal guidelines for children's programming, including rules governing advertising, content and quantity.
-
- This represented a rare instance at the time of the FCC departing from its ideologically driven program of reversing broadcasting regulations imposed in the 1960s and 1970s.
Co-founder Peggy Charren commented in 1995, after the organization's dissolution, "Too often, we try to protect children by doing in free speech."
See also
*
Regulations on children's television programming in the United States
Notes
References
* C. Alperowicz & R. Krock. ''Rocking the Boat: Celebrating 15 Years of Action for Children's Television''. Newtonville, Mass.: Action for Children's Television, 1983.
* Loree Gerdes Bykerk & Ardith Maney. ''U.S. Consumer Interest Groups: Institutional Profiles''. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1995, pp. 2–5.
* Barry G. Cole & Mal Oettinger. ''Reluctant Regulators: The FCC and the Broadcast Audience''. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978.
* Roger Dean Duncan. “Rhetoric of the Kidvid Movement: Ideology, Strategies, and Tactics”, ''Central States Speech Journal'' 27, no. 2 (Summer 1976): 129–135.
* Laurie A. Trotta. “Children's Advocacy Groups: A History and Analysis”, ch. 35 of ''Handbook of Children and the Media'', 2nd edn. Eds. Dorothy G. Singer & Jerome L. Singer. LA-NY-London: SAGE, 2012, pp. 697–713.
External links
ACT article in the ''Gale Encyclopedia of Childhood and Adolescence''
{{authority control
Television organizations in the United States
Political advocacy groups in the United States
Freedom of expression organizations
Organizations established in 1968
Organizations disestablished in 1992
Children's television in the United States
1968 establishments in Massachusetts
1992 disestablishments in Massachusetts