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''Acanthothecis'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of lichen
A lichen ( , ) is a hybrid colony (biology), colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among hypha, filaments of multiple fungus species, along with yeasts and bacteria embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualism (biology), m ...
-forming fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
in the family Graphidaceae
The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropic ...
. The genus was circumscribed In geometry, a circumscribed circle for a set of points is a circle passing through each of them. Such a circle is said to ''circumscribe'' the points or a polygon formed from them; such a polygon is said to be ''inscribed'' in the circle.
* Circum ...
by Frederick Edward Clements
Frederic Edward Clements (September 16, 1874 – July 26, 1945) was an American plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of both plant ecology and vegetation Ecological succession, succession.
Biography
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, he studied botan ...
in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crusts on tree bark and are characterized by elongated, pencil-like slits containing spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
s, with distinctive tiny spines on internal filaments that help distinguish them from similar genera. The genus includes about 50 species found primarily in tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...
and subtropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones immediately to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Ge ...
forests worldwide, where they grow on living tree bark and serve as indicators
Indicator may refer to:
Biology
* Environmental indicator of environmental health (pressures, conditions and responses)
* Ecological indicator of ecosystem health (ecological processes)
* Health indicator, which is used to describe the health ...
of relatively undisturbed woodland
A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with woody plants (trees and shrubs), or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the '' plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunli ...
environments.
Description
''Acanthothecis'' forms a pale grey-brown to olive-green crust (thallus
Thallus (: thalli), from Latinized Greek (), meaning "a green shoot" or "twig", is the vegetative tissue of some organisms in diverse groups such as algae, fungi, some liverworts, lichens, and the Myxogastria. A thallus usually names the entir ...
) that may lack a skin () or bear a thin one, and often contains scattered crystals that give a slightly texture. Its fruit bodies
The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cyc ...
are —elongated, pencil-like slits—ranging from immersed to sitting on the surface; their lips are usually well developed and can be smooth or faintly striate. The rim that encircles each lirella () is generally colourless rather than the charcoal-black seen in many relatives, and it houses minute filaments ( and paraphyses
Paraphyses are erect sterile filament-like support structures occurring among the reproductive apparatuses of fungi, ferns, bryophytes and some thallophytes. The singular form of the word is paraphysis.
In certain fungi, they are part of the f ...
) whose tips are armed with tiny spines—an unusual diagnostic trait in the family. Inside, the hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
(spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual reproduction, sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for biological dispersal, dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores fo ...
-bearing layer) does not stain
A stain is a discoloration that can be clearly distinguished from the surface, material, or medium it is found upon. They are caused by the chemical or physical interaction of two dissimilar materials. Accidental staining may make materials app ...
blue in iodine tests (non-amyloid
Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology of typically 7–13 nm in diameter, a β-sheet secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. In the human ...
) and is usually clear, while the asci are of the '' Graphis''-type and release two to eight hyaline
A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from , and .
Histopathology
Hyaline cartilage is named after its glassy appearance on fresh gross pathology. On light microscopy of H&E stained slides, the extracellula ...
ascospores that are —divided by thin inner walls that give each compartment a lens-shaped outline—and typically show no iodine reaction (I–).
Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites, also called ''specialised metabolites'', ''secondary products'', or ''natural products'', are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, archaea, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved ...
s vary between species and may include norstictic, stictic, protocetraric acid
Protocetraric acid is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is a secondary metabolite produced by a variety of lichens and is classified as a depsidone.
History
In 1845 Knop and Schnedermann isolated crystalline cetraric acid fro ...
or psoromic acid
Psoromic acid is a β-orcinol depsidone with the molecular formula C18H14O8. Psoromic acid inhibits herpes simplex viruses type 1 and type 2. Furthermore, it inhibits the RabGGTase. Psoromic acid occurs in antarctic lichens
A lichen ( , ) ...
s, the yellow pigment lichexanthone
Lichexanthone is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as xanthones. Lichexanthone was first isolated and identified by Japanese chemists from a species of foliose lichen, leafy lichen in the 1940s. The compound is known ...
, or the anthraquinone isohypocrellin.
Morphologically the genus clusters into three informal groups. '' A. obscura'' has a dark brown excipulum and an (grainy) hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in oth ...
; the '' A. hololeucoides'' group features a grey to pale yellowish thallus with mainly smooth lirellae; and the '' A. subclavulifera'' group shows an olive thallus with conspicuously striate lips. The combination of spinulose filaments, predominantly non- rim, and I– spores separates ''Acanthothecis'' from superficially similar genera such as '' Anomalographis'', ''Anomomorpha
''Anomomorpha'' is a genus of lichens in the family Graphidaceae. The genus, described in 1891, has a pantropical distribution. These lichens form pale grey to dull olive crusts on tree bark that often develop low wart-like bumps covered with ...
'', ''Fissurina
''Fissurina'' is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has about 160 species, most of which are found in tropical regions.
Taxonomy
The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by the French botanist Antoine Lau ...
'', '' Gymnographopsis'' and ''Hemithecium
''Hemithecium'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Vittore Benedetto Antonio Trevisan de Saint-Léon in 1853.
Species
, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of ...
'', all of which lack one or more of these features.
Ecology
''Acanthothecis'' occurs across the humid to seasonally drytropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead. This is because of Earth's ax ...
and subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones immediately to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately ...
worldwide. They are predominantly corticolous
This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi. Terms in common with other fields, if repeated here, generally focus on their mycology-specific meaning. Related terms can be found ...
, growing on the bark of living trees in primary or only lightly disturbed evergreen forests, where they tolerate both shaded and moderately exposed microhabitat
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species. A species' habitat can be seen as the physical manifestation of its ...
s. Because the genus favours intact forest canopies, several species are considered indicators
Indicator may refer to:
Biology
* Environmental indicator of environmental health (pressures, conditions and responses)
* Ecological indicator of ecosystem health (ecological processes)
* Health indicator, which is used to describe the health ...
of relatively undisturbed woodland
A woodland () is, in the broad sense, land covered with woody plants (trees and shrubs), or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the '' plurale tantum'' woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunli ...
and may decline with intensive logging
Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport. It may include skidder, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or trunk (botany), logs onto logging truck, trucks
,
Species
, Species Fungorum
''Index Fungorum'' is an international project to index all formal names (Binomial nomenclature, scientific names) in the fungus Kingdom (biology), kingdom. As of 2015, the project is based at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, one of three partn ...
(in the Catalogue of Life
The Catalogue of Life (CoL) is an online database that provides an index of known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001 as a partnership between the global Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxono ...
) accepts 56 species of ''Acanthothecis''.
*''Acanthothecis abaphoides
''Acanthothecis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crusts on tree bark and are characterized by e ...
''
*'' Acanthothecis adjuncta''
*'' Acanthothecis africana''
*'' Acanthothecis aggregata'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis alba'' – Mexico
*'' Acanthothecis aquilonia'' – Australia
*'' Acanthothecis archeri'' – India
*''Acanthothecis asprocarpa
''Acanthothecis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscription (taxonomy), circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crustose lichen, cr ...
''
*'' Acanthothecis aurantiaca''
*'' Acanthothecis aurantiacodiscus''
*'' Acanthothecis bicellularis'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis bicellulata'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis borealis'' – Australia
*'' Acanthothecis celata'' – India
*'' Acanthothecis coccinea'' – India
*'' Acanthothecis collateralis'' – India
*'' Acanthothecis dialeuca''
*'' Acanthothecis dialeucoides'' – Thailand
*'' Acanthothecis farinosa'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis floridana'' – United States
*'' Acanthothecis floridensis'' – United States
*'' Acanthothecis fontana'' – United States
*'' Acanthothecis gracilis''
*'' Acanthothecis gyridia''
*'' Acanthothecis kalbii''
*'' Acanthothecis latispora'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis leucopepla''
*'' Acanthothecis leucoxanthoides'' – United States
*'' Acanthothecis maritima'' – Panama
*'' Acanthothecis megalospora'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis mosquitensis''
*'' Acanthothecis multiseptata'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis nivalis'' – India
*'' Acanthothecis norstictica'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis oryzoides'' – Brazil
*''Acanthothecis pachygraphoides
''Acanthothecis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crusts on tree bark and are characterized by e ...
''
*'' Acanthothecis paucispora'' – United States
*'' Acanthothecis peplophora''
*''Acanthothecis poitaeoides
''Acanthothecis'' is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Frederick Edward Clements in 1909. These lichens form pale grey-brown to olive-green crusts on tree bark and are characterized by e ...
''
*'' Acanthothecis pruinocarpa''
*'' Acanthothecis rimosa'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis rosea''
*'' Acanthothecis roseola'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis salazinica'' – Panama
*'' Acanthothecis sarcographoides'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis saxicola'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis socotrana''
*'' Acanthothecis subabaphoides'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis subaggregans''
*'' Acanthothecis subclavulifera''
*'' Acanthothecis subconsocians'' – India
*'' Acanthothecis subfarinosa'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis submuriformis'' – Brazil
*'' Acanthothecis tetraphora''
*'' Acanthothecis verrucosa'' – Vietnam
*'' Acanthothecis virgulicola'' – Tasmania
Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...
*'' Acanthothecis yokdonensis'' – Vietnam
Former species;
''A. salazinica'' = ''Acanthothecis yokdonensis''
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q4672057 Lichen genera Graphidales genera Taxa named by Frederic Clements Taxa described in 1909