The AAA Contest Board was the

motorsports Motorsport or motor sport are sporting events, competitions and related activities that primarily involve the use of automobiles, motorcycles, motorboats and powered aircraft An aircraft engine, often referred to as an aero engine, is the po ...

arm of the

American Automobile Association American Automobile Association (AAA) is a federation of motor clubs throughout North America. AAA is a privately held not-for-profit national member association and service organization with over 60 million members in the United States and Cana ...

. The contest board sanctioned automobile races from 1904 until 1955, establishing

American Championship car racing American open-wheel car racing, generally and commonly known as Indy car racing, is a category of professional automobile racing in the United States. As of 2025 IndyCar Series, 2025, the top-level American open-wheel racing championship is sa ...

. Modern-day

Indy car IndyCar, LLC (stylized as INDYCAR), is an auto racing sanctioning body for American open-wheel car racing headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The organization sanctions two racing series: the premier IndyCar Series with the Indianapolis 5 ...

racing traces its roots directly to these AAA events. All of the races at the

Indianapolis Motor Speedway The Indianapolis Motor Speedway is a motor racing circuit located in Speedway, Indiana, United States, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. It is the home of the Indianapolis 500 and the Brickyard 400, and and formerly the home of the U ...

during that time period were sanctioned by AAA, including the Indianapolis 500. AAA sanctioned the 1905 National Motor Car Championship, the first national championship for major auto racing. It resumed the National Championship in 1916, and again from 1920 to 1955. It also sanctioned the

Vanderbilt Cup The Vanderbilt Cup was the first major trophy in American auto racing. History An international event, it was founded by William Kissam Vanderbilt II in 1904 and first held on October 8 on a course set out in Nassau County, New York, Nass ...

.White, Gordon
The AAA Contest Board
, Retrieved 2010-10-22 The AAA Contest Board dissolved and decided to focus strictly on helping the automobiling public as a result of the 1955 Le Mans disaster.

History

AAA was established in

Chicago, Illinois Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...

on March 4, 1902. By June the same year, AAA also established the Racing Board. A. R. Pardington was appointed chairman and the board sanctioned its first race, the 1904 Vanderbilt Cup held on

Long Island, New York Long Island is a densely populated continental island in southeastern New York (state), New York state, extending into the Atlantic Ocean. It constitutes a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land are ...

. It is unclear as to why William K. Vanderbilt had AAA sanction his race as opposed to the Automobile Club of America (ACA), the predominant sanctioning body for U.S. racing at the time. With the success of the racing board's experience sanctioning automobile events in 1904, the board announced a national track championship for 1905. The National Motor Car Championship was the first time in American auto racing history that a points system was used to officially decide an annual champion. From 1906 through 1915 the racing board, inexplicably, recognized no official championship seasons. It did, however, continue to sanction numerous individual events, the Vanderbilt Cup and events at the

. In 1908, the ACA created the American Grand Prize, another Grand Prix style race in the United States, along with the then established Vanderbilt Cup. This race started a feud between the ACA and AAA. Later in 1908 it was decided that AAA would sanction all big time racing nationally and the ACA would sanction all international events held on American soil. On December 2, 1908, AAA dissolved the Racing Board and created the Contest Board soon after. Though the rationale for this decision has been lost with time, the move was most likely done to allow AAA to oversee all automobile events and not just racing contests. The Manufacturers Contest Association (MCA) urged AAA to organize racing so American manufacturers could race mostly stock configuration cars, relevant to the needs of the general public, and ban the pure race cars being imported from Europe. The stock car style rules continued until 1916, when the Contest Board relaxed the rules allowing purpose built machines back into competition ahead of its next officially recognized championship season in 1916. Although AAA did not declare national champions from 1906 through 1915, the American automobile journal ''Motor Age'' published who they regarded the most outstanding American driver during the years of 1909–1915. These picks have become de facto national champions of the day. During the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, AAA suspended the national championship and limited the number of sanctioned races as a whole. This period also saw the demise of the Vanderbilt Cup and the American Grand Prize, and the ACA folded during the war. American manufacturers saw the absence of European racers, and the relaxed rules due to no national level sanctioning, as a chance for the U.S. to catch up to the European racers who had dominated racing internationally up until that point. After the War, the Contest Board picked up the pieces and regularly held national championships from 1920 until the U.S. entered the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...

in 1941. After World War I, the race car specifications for the national championship were mostly aligned with what the Indianapolis Motor Speedway wanted to run during its

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classic, and this still holds mostly true today. AAA, again, restarted the championship with the close of the war for the 1946 season and continued uninterrupted through 1955. After that season, AAA completely pulled out of auto racing, citing the Le Mans disaster and the death of Bill Vukovich at

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as contributing factors. The

and other Midwestern promoters formed a "Temporary Emergency Committee," later known as the

United States Auto Club The United States Auto Club (USAC) is one of the sanctioning bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC sanctioned the List of USAC Championship Car seasons, United States National Championship, and from 1956 to 1997 the ...

(USAC), to replace the AAA. At the international level, the

Automobile Competition Committee for the United States The Automobile Competition Committee for the United States (ACCUS) is an umbrella organization of auto racing Sport governing body, sanctioning bodies in the United States. It is the official liaison of U.S. sanctioning bodies to the Fédération ...

(ACCUS) replaced the AAA Contest Board as the national sporting authority representative to the FIA. During the last half of the Racing Boards existence they sanctioned many forms of racing such as midgets, sprint cars,

sports cars A sports car is a type of automobile that is designed with an emphasis on dynamic performance, such as handling, acceleration, top speed, the thrill of driving, and racing capability. Sports cars originated in Europe in the early 1910s and ar ...

and

stock cars Stock car racing is a form of Auto racing, automobile racing run on oval track racing, oval tracks and road courses. It originally used Production vehicle, production-model cars, hence the name "stock car", but is now run using cars specifical ...

as well as top level championship car racing.

National Championship results

Contemporary publication selections

Each year from 1909 to 1915 and again from 1917 to 1919, the American automobile journal ''Motor Age'' selected a "driver of the year". Likewise, other contemporary publications such as '' The Horseless Age'', MoToR, ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'', and ''

Los Angeles Times The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of new ...

'' published similar selections. These were similar in concept to newspaper decisions. While these selections are strictly unofficial, they are customarily regarded as the '' de facto'' champions for the respective seasons. No such selections were made for 1916, since an official points system was in place that year to determine the champion.

Controversy

Between the years of 1902 and 1919, although AAA sanctioned many races, an official national championship of drivers was only declared and awarded in 1905 and 1916. On two separate occasions, Contest Board record keepers changed the results of certain seasons, and used extraneous points tables and methods to calculate retrospective national champions for years in which one had not been declared. These ill-advised records made their way into official publications, books, magazines, and media guides, and largely due to the scarcity of records, were accepted as fact for decades by an unsuspecting public. It was not until further research was undertaken during the 1970s and 1980s that the truth behind the history was brought back to light. These actions collectively have made it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction regarding the first two decades of AAA sanctioned national championship racing.

Retrospectively awarded champions

Sometime during the years 1926 through 1929, Arthur Means, the Assistant Secretary of the AAA Contest Board, with the approval of Secretary Val Haresnape, retrospectively calculated championship results for major AAA-sanctioned races contested in 1909–1915 and 1917–1920. Means used points tables from the mid-1920s to create his hypothetical calculations. By reworking the 1920 docket, adding five events that were originally run as non-points or "exhibition" races, the pair effectively stripped

Gaston Chevrolet Gaston Louis Chevrolet (October 4, 1892 – November 25, 1920) was an American racing driver and automobile manufacturer. He was the winner of both the Indianapolis 500 and the American National Championship in 1920. Early life Chevrolet ...

of his 1920 championship; instead declaring

Tommy Milton Thomas Willard Milton (November 14, 1893 – July 10, 1962) was an American racing driver best known as the first two-time winner of the Indianapolis 500. In spite of having only one functional eye, Milton came to be known as one of the finest ra ...

the new champion. However, by no later than 1929, they restored the 1920 championship back to Chevrolet. Their work, meant to be for "comparative reasons" only, was soon accepted as fact. In addition, various arithmetic inconsistencies created further confusion and glaring anomalies. In 1951, Russ Catlin a sportswriter and publicist for the AAA Contest Board, made substantial revisions to the recorded history of early AAA racing. Using his own devised system of awarding championship points, and building upon the erroneous work previously generated by Means and Haresnape, Catlin fabricated, distorted, and/or negated AAA Contest Board records for 1902–1920. Catlin first published his list in the 1952 Indianapolis 500 program, and also published what he believed to be a history of AAA racing, intended to celebrate its upcoming 50th anniversary. Catlin retroactively created seven new champions (1902–1908), and revised others. He named Victor Hémery the champion for 1905, the winner of that year's

; it is possible he was unaware that an official 1905 champion (

Barney Oldfield Berna Eli "Barney" Oldfield (January 29, 1878 – October 4, 1946) was a pioneer American racing driver. His name was "synonymous with speed in the first two decades of the 20th century". He was the winner of the inaugural List of American ope ...

) had actually been declared. He also named George Robertson the champion for 1909, differing from Means and Haresnape, who had settled on Bert Dingley. Furthermore, Catlin rerevised the 1920 champion to

once more, even after Means and Haresnape had backtracked that decision and given it back to

IndyCar IndyCar, LLC (stylized as INDYCAR), is an auto racing sanctioning body for American open-wheel car racing headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. The organization sanctions two racing series: the premier IndyCar Series with the Indianapolis ...

currently recognizes Russ Catlin's list from 1909 to 1919, but with Gaston Chevrolet as champion for 1920. All retrospectively awarded championships named by Means & Haresnape and Catlin are unequivocally considered unofficial by professional historians and statisticians. Furthermore, most consider them revisionist history, and discredit the entire effort made by both parties as illegitimate, unnecessary, fictional, and not consistent with contemporary accounts. The actions of Means, Haresnape, and Catlin made it difficult to distinguish fact from fiction regarding AAA sanctioned national racing, and handbooks and official statistical supplements continue to intermix the revisionist accounts with official and historical record. A gradual increase in the number of trained auto racing historians, aided by digital technology enabling better collaboration and access to historical records, has resulted in progress made towards correcting historical inaccuracies. Bolstered by assistance and advice from professional historians, official

statisticians during the leadership tenure of Randy Bernard undertook significant corrections to the series' Official Historical Record Book published annually between 2011 and 2013. In more recent years historians have encountered resistance and disinterest on the part of IndyCar Series leadership, and as of 2024, the granite base of the Astor Challenge Cup awarded to American National Champions continues to ignore the 1905 Championship won by Barney Oldfield and unjustly list Tommy Milton instead of Gaston Chevrolet as the 1920 Champion. : Harsnape and Means originally awarded the 1920 championship to Milton, but subsequently reverted to Chevrolet.

References