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3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious and cultural significance in many societies.

Evolution of the Arabic digit

The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and Chinese numerals) that are still in use. That was also the original representation of 3 in the Brahmic (Indian) numerical notation, its earliest forms aligned vertically. However, during the Gupta Empire the sign was modified by the addition of a curve on each line. The Nāgarī script rotated the lines clockwise, so they appeared horizontally, and ended each line with a short downward stroke on the right. In cursive script, the three strokes were eventually connected to form a glyph resembling a with an additional stroke at the bottom: ३.

The Indian digits spread to the Caliphate in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the Maghreb and Al-Andalus, when a distinct variant ("Western Arabic") of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern ("Eastern") Arabic digit "٣".

In most modern Western typefaces, the digit 3, like the other decimal digits, has the height of a capital letter, and sits on the baseline. In typefaces with text figures, on the other hand, the glyph usually has the height of a lowercase letter "x" and a descender: "". In some French text-figure typefaces, though, it has an ascender instead of a descender.

A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter Ʒ (ezh). This form, sometimes called a banker's 3, can stop a forger from turning the 3 into an 8. It is found on UPC-A barcodes and standard 52-card decks.

Mathematics

Divisibility rule

A natural number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits in base 10 is also divisible by 3. This known as the divisibility rule of 3. Because of this, the reverse of any number that is divisible by three (or indeed, any permutation of its digits) is also divisible by three. This divisibility rule works in any positional numeral system whose base divided by three leaves a remainder of one (bases 4, 7, 10, etc.).

Properties

3 is the second smallest prime number and the first odd prime number. 3 is a twin prime with 5, and a cousin prime with 7.

A triangle is made of three sides. It is the smallest non-self-intersecting polygon and the only polygon not to have proper diagonals. When doing quick estimates, 3 is a rough approximation of , 3.1415..., and a very rough approximation of ''e'', 2.71828...

3 is the first Mersenne prime. 3 is also the first of five known Fermat primes. It is the second Fibonacci prime (and the second Lucas prime), the second Sophie Germain prime, and the second factorial prime.

3 is the second and only prime triangular number, and Gauss proved that every integer is the sum of at most 3 triangular numbers.

Three is the only prime which is one less than a perfect square. Any other number which is $n^2$ − 1 for some integer $n$ is not prime, since it is ($n$ − 1)($n$ + 1). This is true for 3 as well (with $n$ = 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If $n$ is greater than 2, both $n$ − 1 and $n$ + 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime.

Numeral systems

There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of "One, Two, Three" and thereafter "Many" to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as "Many". This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization's explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people.

List of basic calculations

Engineering

*The triangle, a polygon with three edges and three vertices, is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.

Pseudoscience

*Three is the symbolic representation for Mu, Augustus Le Plongeon's and James Churchward's lost continent.

Religion and beliefs

Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including the Hindu Trimurti and Tridevi, the Triglav (), the chief god of the Slavs, the three Jewels of Buddhism, the three Pure Ones of Taoism, the Christian Trinity, the greek goddess hecate and the Triple Goddess of Wicca.

According to Pythagoras and the Pythagorean school, the number 3, which they called ''triad'', is the only number to equal the sum of all the terms below it, and the only number whose sum with those below equals the product of them and itself.

As a lucky or unlucky number

Three (, formal writing: , pinyin ''sān'', Cantonese: ''saam''¹) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds like the word "alive" ( pinyin ''shēng'', Cantonese: ''saang''¹), compared to four (, pinyin: ''sì'', Cantonese: ''sei''¹), which sounds like the word "death" ( pinyin ''sǐ'', Cantonese: ''sei''²).

The phrase " Third time's the charm" refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. However, some superstitions say the opposite, stating that luck, especially bad luck, is often said to "come in threes".

One such superstition, called " Three on a Match", says that it is unlucky to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.

See also

*Cube (algebra) – (3 superscript)
* Thrice
* Third
* Triad
* Trio
* Rule of three
* ɜ, also known as Reversed epsilon

References

*Wells, D. '' The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers'' London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46–48

External links

Tricyclopedic Book of Threes
by Michael Eck

by John A. McNulty
*
The Number 3The Positive Integer 3

{{DEFAULTSORT:3 (Number)
Integers