Events

January–March

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

– The

First War of Villmergen The First War of Villmergen Encarta-encyclopedie Winkler Prins (1993–2002) s.v. "Zwitserland. §5.2 Reformatie". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum. was a Swiss religious war which lasted from 5 January until 7 March 1656, at the time of the ...

, a civil war in the Confederation of Switzerland pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic

cantons A canton is a type of administrative division of a country. In general, cantons are relatively small in terms of area and population when compared with other administrative divisions such as counties, departments, or provinces. Internationally, t ...

against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

– The Treaty of Königsberg is signed, establishing an alliance between

Charles X Gustav of Sweden Charles X Gustav, also Carl Gustav ( sv, Karl X Gustav; 8 November 1622 – 13 February 1660), was King of Sweden from 1654 until his death. He was the son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Kleeburg and Catherine of Sweden. Afte ...

and

Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William (german: Friedrich Wilhelm; 16 February 1620 – 29 April 1688) was Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, thus ruler of Brandenburg-Prussia, from 1640 until his death in 1688. A member of the House of Hohenzollern, he is ...

. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...

– The first Jewish doctor in the

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of Kingdom of Great Britain, British Colony, colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Fo ...

of America,

Jacob Lumbrozo Jacob Lumbrozo (born in Lisbon in an unknown year – died between September 24, 1665 and May 31, 1666) was a Portuguese-born physician, farmer, and trader resident in the British colony of Maryland in the middle of the 17th century. He is the fi ...

, arrives in

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean to ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

– Reinforced by soldiers dispatched by the

Viceroy of Peru The viceroys of Peru ruled the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1544 to 1824 in the name of the monarch of Spain. The territories under ''de jure'' rule by the viceroys included in the 16th and 17th century almost all of South America except eastern Brazi ...

Spanish Chilean Spanish Chileans refer more often to Chileans of post-independence Spanish immigrant descent, as they have retained a Spanish cultural identity. People of pre-independence Spanish descent are usually not considered Spanish Chileans even though t ...

troops defeat the indigenous

Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who sha ...

warriors in a battle at

San Fabián de Conuco San Fabián de Conuco is a fort four kilometers south of the town of Rafael, Chile. It was first established by governor Alonso de Sotomayor in 1584 to secure control of the Coelemu region between the Itata River and Concepcion. It was destroyed ...

in what is now central Chile, turning the tide in the Spanish colonists favor in the Mapuche uprising after more than a year. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. * 1268 &ndas ...

(February 8 O.S.) – Swedish Empire troops led by King Carl X Gustav defeat troops of the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...

commanded by General

Stefan Czarniecki Stefan Czarniecki (Polish: of the Łodzia coat of arms, 1599 – 16 February 1665) was a Polish nobleman, general and military commander. In his career, he rose from a petty nobleman to a magnate holding one of the highest offices in the Commo ...

in the first major engagement of the

Swedish Deluge The Deluge ( pl, potop szwedzki, lt, švedų tvanas) was a series of mid-17th-century military campaigns in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In a wider sense it applies to the period between the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the Truce ...

, meeting in the

Battle of Golab A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

. *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...

–

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to

Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three Ki ...

, the

Lord Protector Lord Protector (plural: ''Lords Protector'') was a title that has been used in British constitutional law for the head of state. It was also a particular title for the British heads of state in respect to the established church. It was sometimes ...

and chief executive of the

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from the ...

, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the

Humble Petition and Advice The Humble Petition and Advice was the second and last codified constitution of England after the Instrument of Government. On 23 February 1657, during a sitting of the Second Protectorate Parliament, Sir Christopher Packe (politician), Christop ...

. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

– A rebellion of Turkish soldiers, leading to the "

Çınar incident Çınar incident (''Platanus Incident'') is the name of a 17th-century rebellion in the Ottoman Empire. It is also sometimes known as "The Event of the Vakvak" (''Vakʿa-ı Vakvakiye''), named after a mythical tree on which human beings grew, as ...

", takes place after a palace guard for Ottoman Sultan

Mehmet IV Mehmed IV ( ota, محمد رابع, Meḥmed-i rābi; tr, IV. Mehmed; 2 January 1642 – 6 January 1693) also known as Mehmed the Hunter ( tr, Avcı Mehmed) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687. He came to the throne at the a ...

turns away a representative group who had come for payment for their services during the war in Crete. The rebellion ends with the mass killing 30 men identified by the rebels as being responsible for the non-payment. *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 &nd ...

–

Fyodor Baykov Fyodor Isakovich Baykov (russian: Фёдор Исакович Байков, c. 1612 – c. 1663) was the first Russian envoy to China (1658). For background see History of Sino-Russian relations. Like many later Russian ambassadors to China ( Nic ...

, the Russian Empire's first envoy to China, is admitted to the

Forbidden City The Forbidden City () is a Chinese palace, palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, at the center of the Imperial City, Beijing, Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples includ ...

within

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...

, after being sent by

Tsar Alexis Aleksey Mikhaylovich ( rus, Алексе́й Миха́йлович, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ; – ) was the Tsar of Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676. While finding success in foreign affairs, his reign saw several wars ...

to negotiate a trade agreement with the Emperor Shunzi. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

– The "

", named for the Turkish word for the

sycamore tree Sycamore is a name which has been applied to several types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms. The name derives from the ancient Greek ' (''sūkomoros'') meaning "fig-mulberry". Species of trees known as sycamore: * ''Acer pseudoplata ...

takes place after Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV declines the request of soldiers to have 30 named government officials put to death. When Mehmet agrees only to dismiss the people from office, the rebels seek out the men on the list and publicly hang most of them from the cinar trees. *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...

–

Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha was an Ottoman statesman of Albanian origin. He was Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire for 4 hours on March 5, 1656. He is sometimes excluded from the lists of Ottoman Grand Viziers. He was promoted from the in-attorney t ...

is appointed as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after persuading Mehmet IV to rescind the February 28 selection of

Gazi Hüseyin Pasha Gazi Hüseyin Pasha ("Hüseyin Pasha the Warrior"; died 1659), also known as Deli Hüseyin Pasha ("the Mad") or Sarı Hüseyin Pasha ("the Blonde") or Baltaoğlu Hüseyin Pasha ("of the Axe"), was an Ottoman military officer and statesman. He ...

. Zurnazen Mustafa's rule lasts only four hours and he is sent into exile the same day. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...

– The

in the Confederation of

Switzerland ). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...

ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...

– Almost a month after their defeat by Sweden at the battle of Golab, Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by

defeat King Karl X Gustav's Swedish Army at the

Battle of Jaroslaw A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of ...

– Roman Catholic

Pope Alexander VII Pope Alexander VII ( it, Alessandro VII; 13 February 159922 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death in May 1667. He began his career as a vice- papal legate, an ...

issues a decree ending the

Chinese Rites controversy The Chinese Rites controversy () was a dispute among Roman Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries. The debate discussed whether Chinese ritual practices of honoring fa ...

between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.

April–June

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...

–

John II Casimir Vasa John II Casimir ( pl, Jan II Kazimierz Waza; lt, Jonas Kazimieras Vaza; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672) was King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1648 until his abdication in 1668 as well as titular King of Sweden from 1648 ...

King of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16t ...

, crowns the

Black Madonna of Częstochowa The Black Madonna of Częstochowa ( pl, Czarna Madonna / Matka Boska Częstochowska; la, Imago thaumaturga Beatae Virginis Mariae Immaculatae Conceptae, in Claro Monte, lit=Miraculous Image of the Immaculate Conception, the Blessed Virgin Mary ...

as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of

Lwów Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...

, after the miraculous saving of the

Jasna Góra Monastery The Jasna Góra Monastery ( pl, Jasna Góra , ''Luminous Mount'', hu, Fényes Hegy, lat, Clarus Mons) in Częstochowa, Poland, is a shrine dedicated to the Virgin Mary and one of the country's places of pilgrimage. The image of the Black Mad ...

during the

Deluge A deluge is a large downpour of rain, often a flood. The Deluge refers to the flood narrative in the Biblical book of Genesis. Deluge may also refer to: History *Deluge (history), the Swedish and Russian invasion of the Polish-Lithuanian Comm ...

, an event which changed the course of the

Second Northern War The Second Northern War (1655–60), (also First or Little Northern War) was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia (Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), 1656–58), Brande ...

. The King swears a vow, the Lwów Oath, pledging to protect Poland's people from being conquered again. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 *1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Jo ...

– The

Treaty of Brussels The Treaty of Brussels, also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (alliance), Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, when it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the foundin ...

is signed, creating an alliance between

Philip IV of Spain Philip IV ( es, Felipe, pt, Filipe; 8 April 160517 September 1665), also called the Planet King (Spanish: ''Rey Planeta''), was King of Spain from 1621 to his death and (as Philip III) King of Portugal from 1621 to 1640. Philip is remembered f ...

and the exiled Royalists of the

British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, ...

, led by Charles II. *

April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...

– The

Dutch East India Company The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...

ship ''

Vergulde Draeck The ''Vergulde Draeck'' (), also spelled ''Vergulde Draak'' and ''Vergulde Draek'', was a , ship constructed in 1653 by the Dutch East India Company ( nl, Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, commonly abbreviated to VOC). The wrecking of the ''V ...

'', with 193 crew aboard and a valuable cargo of is wrecked off

Ledge Point, Western Australia Ledge Point is a small coastal township 105 km north of Perth, Western Australia. It was established to service the local fishing and crayfishing industries. The town's name originates from the nearby coastal feature of the same name, a se ...

, with the loss of 118 members. Another 75 make it to shore, with limited provisions. The ship had been bound from the

Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope ( af, Kaap die Goeie Hoop ) ;''Kaap'' in isolation: pt, Cabo da Boa Esperança is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. A common misconception is that the Cape of Good Hope is t ...

Batavia Batavia may refer to: Historical places * Batavia (region), a land inhabited by the Batavian people during the Roman Empire, today part of the Netherlands * Batavia, Dutch East Indies, present-day Jakarta, the former capital of the Dutch East In ...

in the

Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies ( nl, Nederlands(ch)-Indië; ), was a Dutch colony consisting of what is now Indonesia. It was formed from the nationalised trading posts of the Dutch East India Company, which ...

(now Jakarta in Indonesia). *

May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I imm ...

– Nine days after the wreck of the ''Vergulde Draeck'', a steersman and six crew members are dispatched to Batavia to get help. The other 68 survivors remain at Ledge Point and await rescue but are not seen again. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...

– The Dutch capture the city of

Colombo Colombo ( ; si, කොළඹ, translit=Koḷam̆ba, ; ta, கொழும்பு, translit=Koḻumpu, ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo me ...

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

, marking the start of Netherlands colonial rule of

Dutch Ceylon Dutch Ceylon ( Sinhala: Tamil: ) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company. Although the Dutch managed to capture most of the coastal areas in Sri Lanka, they were never able to control the Kandyan ...

. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 *1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...

– In elections by the nobility of Venice for the Leader of the Venetian Republic,

Francesco Cornaro Francesco Cornaro may refer to: * Francesco Cornaro (1478–1543), Italian cardinal * Francesco Cornaro (1547–1598), Italian cardinal * Francesco Cornaro (Doge) (1585–1656), Doge of Venice See also * House of Cornaro The House of Cornaro ...

defeats Bertuccio Valier. Cornaro dies less than three weeks later, on June 5. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

– Bertuccio Valier is elected as the new Doge of the Venetian Republic in Venice. *

June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...

– After a 41-day voyage, the seven-member team dispatched from the ''Vergulde Draeck'' reaches Batavia and alerts Dutch East India Company officials that the ship was wrecked on April 28. Two rescue ships, the ''Goede Hoop'' and the ''Witte Valck'' are sent to rescue the men marooned in Western Australia. By the time the ''Goede Hoop'' arrives, the crew find no sign of the wreckage of the ''Vergulde Draeck''. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

– Poland's capital,

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

, is recaptured by Poland's

11 months after the capital had fallen on July 25, 1655 to Sweden. *

June 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded. * 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England. * 1499 – Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coas ...

– The Navy of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 ...

and of Malta in the Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship. *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...

– The

Treaty of Marienburg __NOTOC__ The treaty of Marienburg, concluded on 29 June 1656, was a Brandenburg-Prussian – Swedish alliance during the Second Northern War.Frost (2000), p. 173 In January 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden had made Frederick William I, Elector ...

is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the

. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.

July–September

July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...

– In an attempt to find survivors of the ''

'', a search party is sent ashore by the rescue ship ''Goede Hoop; eleven men from two search parties while in the forests around the wreckage site. No trace of the ''Verguled Draeck'' will be found for more than three centuries, until its wreckage is discovered by skin divers on April 13, 1963. *

July 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. * 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...

– A Writ of Excommunication is issued against

Baruch Spinoza Baruch (de) Spinoza (born Bento de Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent ''Benedictus de Spinoza'', anglicized to ''Benedict de Spinoza''; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, b ...

. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islan ...

– After a battle of three days, Swedish and Brandenburger troops led by King

, defeat the forces of the

, near

and recapture the recently liberated capital. *

August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as th ...

– In the

Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom (; th, อยุธยา, , IAST: or , ) was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. The Ayutthaya Kingdom is conside ...

, comprising most of the territory now occupied by

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...

, King

Prasat Thong Prasat ThongThe Royal Institute. List of monarchs Ayutthaya''. ( th, ปราสาททอง, ; c. 1600–1656; 1629–1656) was the first king of the Prasat Thong dynasty, the fourth dynasty of the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom. Accounts vary ...

dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow. *

August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...

– King Sanpet's uncle, Prince Si Suthammaracha, stages a coup d'etat and becomes the new King of Ayutthaya, now Thailand. Suthammaracha appoints another nephew, Prince Narai, as his chief minister and former King Sanpet is executed two days later on August 11. Suthammaracha's reign lasts less than three months. * August 14 – In one of the first battles of the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658), Russo-Swedish War, Russian troops Storm of Kokenhusen, capture the Swedish-controlled city of Kokenhusen in Swedish Livonia (Latvia).

, ruler of the Russian Empire and the leader of the Russian troops in battle, renames Kokenhausen "Tsarevich-Dmitriev" in honor of his late first-born son. Russia holds the city for more than 30 years before it is ceded back to Sweden. Kokenhusen is now the Latvian town of Koknese. * August 27 – The Treaty of Butre is signed in West Africa by representatives of the Dutch West India Company and of the Ahanta people, Ahanta Kingdom and allows the Netherlands to have a protectorate over the Dutch Gold Coast. The area is now part of the Republic of Ghana. * September 15 – Köprülü Mehmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier of the

October–December

* October 26 – King Si Suthammaracha of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) is overthrown in a coup d'etat by his nephew and former ally, Prince Narai, 11 weeks after having staged a coup to seize the throne. Narai is crowned as Narai, King Ramathibodi III. * November 3 – The Truce of Vilna is signed between, Russia and the

. In addition to agreeing to a temporary ceasefire in their Russo-Polish War (1654–1667), ongoing war, Tsar Alexis of Russia agrees to help defend the commonwealth against Deluge (history), Sweden's invasion in return for Tsar Alexis being named heir to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania by King

. * November 4 – Ali Adil Shah II becomes the new Adil Shahi dynasty, Sultan of Bijapur (located in what is now India's Karnataka state) upon the death of his father, Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur, Mohammed Adil Shah. * November 6 – At the age of 13, Afonso VI of Portugal, Prince Afonso, Duke of Braganza becomes the new King of Portugal upon the death of his father, John IV of Portugal, King João IV. Because of his age and a mental disability King Afonso VI's authority is exercised instead my his mother, Luisa de Guzmán, Queen Luisa, as Regent of Portugal, Regent. * November 20 – The Treaty of Labiau is signed, between

and

. * December 1 – Treaty of Vienna (1656), A treaty of alliance is signed between the Holy Roman Empire and the

. * December 6 – The Treaty of Radnot is signed between Sweden, the Electorate of Brandenburg, Transylvania (now Romania), and two rebels groups within Poland on how to divide the

in the event of a victory in the

. * December 16 – English Quaker James Nayler is convicted of blasphemy but spared the death penalty. * December 17 – Frederick III of Denmark, King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway decrees that loan repayments and payments of interest to lenders will be made on two specific days, May 29 and June 11, each one nicknamed the ''Fandens fødselsdag'' or "Devil's Birthday", * December 25 – The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens, so accurate that it only loses 10 seconds per day. Huygens will mention the date in a letter to Ismail Boulliau a year later.

Undated

* The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. * The only English fifty shilling coin is minted. * Konoike Zen'amon (son of Konoike Shinroku) founds a baking and money-changing business in Osaka, Japan. * Adams' Grammar School at Newport, Shropshire, Kingdom of England, England is founded by William Adams (haberdasher), William Adams. * Physician Samuel Stockhausen of the metal mining town of Goslar, Lower Saxony publishes his ''Libellus de lithargyrii fumo noxio morbifico, ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgò dicto die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch'' ("Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners' Asthma"), a pioneering study of occupational disease.

Births

* January 1 – William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (d. 1723) * January 2 – Paolo Panelli (painter), Paolo Panelli, Italian painter (d. 1759) * January 14 – Duchess Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg (d. 1686) * January 15 – John Ashburnham, 1st Baron Ashburnham, English politician (d. 1710) * January 29 – Samuel Andrew, American Congregational clergyman, educator (d. 1738) * February 2 – Charles Churchill (British Army general) (d. 1714) * February 9 – Rose Venerini, Italian saint, educational pioneer (d. 1728) * February 10 – Ferdinand de Marsin, Marshal of France (d. 1706) * February 16 – Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, English politician (d. 1694) * March 1 – Maria Angela Caterina d'Este, Italian princess (d. 1722) * March 2 – Jan Frans van Douven, Dutch painter (d. 1727) * March 11 – Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1715) * March 13 – Hachisuka Tsunamichi, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Tokushima Domain (d. 1678) * March 26 – Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Dutch mathematician and physicist (d. 1725) * March 30 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (d. 1746) * March 31 – Giovanni Battista Bussi (1656–1726), Giovanni Batista Bussi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1726) * March 31 – Juan Andrés de Ustariz, Royal Governor of Cuba (d. 1718) * April 17 – William Molyneux, Irish politician, philosopher and writer (d. 1698) * April 9 – Francesco Trevisani, Italian painter (d. 1746) * April 10 – René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, lord-founder of Rimouski in eastern Quebec, Canada (d. 1718) * April 12 – Benoît de Maillet, French diplomat and natural historian (d. 1738) * April 23 – Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Governor of the Electorate of Saxony (d. 1716) * May 2 – Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1724) * May 4 – John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg (d. 1704) * May 8 – Sir John Mainwaring, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1702) * May 23 – Rebecca Rawson, Massachusetts heroine of the 1849 book ''Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal'' (d. 1692) * May 28 – Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1721) * May 31 – Marin Marais, French composer and viol player (d. 1728) * June 5 – Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, French botanist (d. 1708) * June 17 – Paul Thymich, German poet (d. 1694) * July 1 – Polykarp Leyser III, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1725) * July 4 – John Leake, English Royal Navy admiral (d. 1720) * July 5 – John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton, Scottish politician (d. 1708) * July 7 – Guru Har Krishan, 8th Guru of Sikhism (d. 1664) * July 15 – Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, Italian artist (d. 1740) * July 15 – Gerard Langbaine, English dramatic biographer and critic (d. 1692) * July 16 – George Ashby (MP), British politician (d. 1728) *

– Joachim Bouvet, French Jesuit active in China (d. 1730) * July 20 – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect (d. 1723) * August 6 – Claude de Forbin, French naval commander (d. 1733) * August 12 – Claude de Visdelou, French missionary (d. 1737) * August 16 – Christian Knaut, German physician (d. 1716) * August 18 – Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian painter (d. 1743) * September 6 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1723) * September 7 – Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth, Irish politician (d. 1725) * September 9 – Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, German organist and composer (d. 1746) * September 9 – Thomas Hewet, English landowner and architect (d. 1726) * September 11 – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Swedish queen (d. 1693) * September 14 – Thomas Baker (antiquarian), Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (d. 1740) * September 26 – William des Bouverie, British aristocrat and merchant (d. 1717) * October 2 – Hendrik Carré, Dutch painter (d. 1721) * October 20 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (d. 1746) * November 3 – Georg Reutter, German composer and organist (d. 1738) * November 8 – Edmond Halley, English scientist (d. 1742) * November 18 – Jacques de Tourreil, French lawyer (d. 1714) * November 20 – Eleonore Charlotte of Württemberg-Montbéliard, Duchess (d. 1743) * November 23 – Jacob de Heusch, Dutch painter (d. 1701) * December 2 – Joshua Oldfield, English Presbyterian divine (d. 1729) * December 11 – Johann Michael Rottmayr, Austrian painter (d. 1730) * ''date unknown'' ** Patrick Abercromby, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. c. 1716) ** Maria Oriana Galli-Bibiena, Italian Painting, painter (d. 1749) ** Kateri Tekakwitha, Native American beatified in the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1680)

Deaths

* January 3 – Mathieu Molé, French statesman (b. 1584) * January 18 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (b. 1577) * January 22 – Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (b. 1596) * February 13 – Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, English politician (b. 1609) * February 25 – Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, Duke of Joyeuse (b. 1585) * March 21 – James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland (b. 1581) * March 19 – Georg Calixtus, German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (b. 1586) * April 7 – Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1592) * April 10 – Gerard Pietersz Hulft, Dutch general (b. 1621) * April 24 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (b. 1561) * April 27 ** Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (b. 1596) ** Gerard van Honthorst, Dutch painter (b. 1592) * May 1 – Carlo Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1580) *

– Dirck Hals, Dutch painter (b. 1591) * May 19 – George Louis, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (b. 1618) * June 5 –

, Doge of Venice (b. 1585) * June 9 – Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (b. 1572) * June 12 – Charles Worsley, English soldier and politician (b. 1622) *

– Maximilian van der Sandt, Dutch theologian (b. 1578) * July 2 – François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-born French commander (b. 1611) * July 12 – Giovanni Giacomo Barbelli, Italian painter (b. 1604) *

– Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas, soldier, poet and writer (b. 1596) * August 11 – Ottavio Piccolomini, Austrian-Italian field marshal (b. 1599) * August 17 – Marie Anne d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1652) * August 24 – Aegidius Gelenius, German heraldist (b. 1595) * September 8 – Joseph Hall (bishop), Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (b. 1574) * September 22 – Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1630–1656) (b. 1599) * October – Stephen Bachiler, English clergyman (b. c. 1561) * October 3 – Myles Standish, Mayflower colonist (b. c. 1584) * October 8 – John George I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1585) * October 12 ** Juan Alonso y Ocón, Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (b. 1597) ** Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna (b. 1597) * October 30 – Ferruccio Baffa Trasci, Italian bishop (b. 1590) * November 6 ** King John IV of Portugal (b. 1603) ** Jean-Baptiste Morin (mathematician), Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician (b. 1583) * November 12 ** Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1595) ** Hendrick van Anthonissen, Dutch painter (b. 1605) * December 2 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian field marshal (b. 1600) * December 20 – David Beck, Dutch portrait painter (b. 1621) * December 21 – Thomas Trevor (1586–1656), Thomas Trevor, English politician and judge (b. 1586) * December 27 – Andrew White (Jesuit), Andrew White, Apostle of Maryland (b. 1579) * December 28 – Laurent de La Hyre, French Baroque painter (b. 1606) * ''Date unknown'' ** Andrea Calcese, Italian Baroque era comic actor (b. 1595) ** Meleki Hatun, influential Ottoman lady-in-waiting

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1656 1656, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar