1964 Bolivian coup d'état in
Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in central South America. The country features diverse geography, including vast Amazonian plains, tropical lowlands, mountains, the Gran Chaco Province, w ...
was a coup under the leadership of
Vice-president René Barrientos and
Bolivian Army commander-in-chief
Alfredo Ovando Candía against the President
Víctor Paz Estenssoro, leader of the
Bolivian National Revolution of 1952, who recently had been re-elected for his third term in office.
There are those who label the November 4th coup as a counterrevolution. Both Barrientos and Ovando called their coup process a "Restorative Revolution", alleging a continuation of the 1952 Revolution. The fall of the MNR would begin an 18-year period of
military regimes in Bolivia (1964–1982).
The coup was condemned by the U.S. government.
Prelude
Between 1960 and 1964, the
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
increased its aid to Bolivia under the
Alliance for Progress by 600%, giving US$205 million in economic aid and US$23 million in various loans. The first 35
Peace Corps
The Peace Corps is an Independent agency of the U.S. government, independent agency and program of the United States government that trains and deploys volunteers to communities in partner countries around the world. It was established in Marc ...
volunteers arrived in early 1962. The increase in world tin prices also helped to stabilize Bolivia's economy, which had been near collapse during the first revolutionary presidency of
Víctor Paz Estenssoro. Between 1961 and 1965 the Bolivian GNP rose by average 5.7% annually.
As successive presidential terms were allowed by the constitutional amendments of 1961, Paz Estenssoro decided to run for the third term. The leftist vice-president
Juan Lechin (1960–64), who himself wanted to run for president in 1964, was forced to resign as vice-president and then sent as ambassador to Italy by Estenssoro. On December 5, 1963, left wing supporters of Lechin resigned from the government. By this time Lechin split from the MNR and formed
Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left.
When Paz Estenssoro jailed several militant labour activists, miners in
Catavi mines responded by seizing a group of hostages, including four US citizens. The crisis was resolved after Lechin's mediation. This event marked a break in alliance between the Paz Estenssoro's MNR and miners, which had begun in 1942.
The Bolivian army, which had been rebuilt and increased in size during recent years, provided an alternative power base to Paz Estenssoro. After some hesitation, air force General
René Barrientos was picked by Paz Estenssoro as his running mate for the May
1964 elections, and the army became more involved in the politics.
During the next six months internal unrest steadily increased, as miners went on strike and rioted. Various politicians, including Lechin, asked Barrientos to intervene. In late October, Paz Estenssoro asked the army to quell a miner uprising near
Oruro. After armed clashes between the army and miners on October 28, Barrientos and Ovando decided to strike and launched their coup on November 3.
Coup
The coup began early on November 3, when troops of the Ingavi regiment rebelled in La Paz. By the evening all the major military units had backed the coup and on in the afternoon of November 4 Paz Estenssoro with his family was exiled to
Lima
Lima ( ; ), founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (, Spanish for "City of Biblical Magi, Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rive ...
, as Barrientos and Ovando established their junta. Some sporadic clashes between worker's militia and army were reported, but they soon subsided. It was Ovando who publicly announced formation of the junta but by the evening of the 4th the more popular and constitutionally acceptable vice-president Barrientos emerged as the leader.
After the coup
As Paz Estenssoro with his US supported economic policies had alienated radical miners, and with his third term other MNR politicians, former MNR leaders Lechin and Guevara supported the coup, with Guevara becoming the
foreign minister
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral r ...
in 1967.
One week after the coup Barrientos demanded that miner and worker militias surrender the weapons that they had had since the Revolution of April 9, 1952. Prolonged conflicts with miners followed. In order to reduces the losses of
state-owned mines, miner's salaries were reduced by 50%.
César Lora, leader of the miners from
Siglo XX mine, was killed on July 29, 1965. By the end of 1965 a united leftist opposition People's Democratic Council was formed.
The officially released data shows that covert USA expenditures in Bolivia between fiscal year 1963 and fiscal year 1965 were as follows: fiscal year 1963— $337,063; fiscal year 1964—$545,342; and fiscal year 1965—$287,978. Most of it went to support the center and right wings of the ruling MNR party.
Already after the coup, CIA allegedly contributed US$600,000 to Barrientos election campaign in 1966 and
Gulf Oil
Gulf Oil was a major global oil company in operation from 1901 to 1985. The eighth-largest American manufacturing company in 1941 and the ninth largest in 1979, Gulf Oil was one of the Seven Sisters (oil companies), Seven Sisters oil companies. ...
Corp. donated additional US$460,000 between 1966 and 1969.
Co-presidency
Barrientos lacked sufficient authority to have himself quickly elected president, so on May 7, 1965, he announced indefinite postponement of September elections and concentrated on eliminating his leftist opponents. He sent troops to take over state owned mines of
COMIBOL and deported his former supporter
Juan Lechin. The armed clashes with miners created an open split between Barrientos and Ovando, who withdrew troops from some of the occupied mines. On May 26, 1965, Ovando was installed as co-president and commander in chief of armed forces along with Barrientos in an effort to prevent split in the ruling junta and armed forces between leftist and rightist elements.
During 1966 Barrientos received covert financial aid from the US, which was caused by the fact that public office holders had to resign from their office 180 days before the elections. Barrientos followed this rule and this left him without means to pursue an election campaign. During this time Ovando was the president of Bolivia.
Elections were held in
July 1966, and Barrientos, as the presidential candidate of the
Front of the Bolivian Revolution, won with 67% of vote and was officially inaugurated on August 6, 1966.
References
{{Americas coup d'état
1964 in Bolivia
1960s coups d'état and coup attempts
November 1964 in South America
Conflicts in 1964
Military coups in Bolivia