The 1939 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair) was an
international exposition
A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a perio ...
at
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park (often referred to as Flushing Meadows Park or simply Flushing Meadows or Corona Park) is a public park in the northern part of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S. It is bounded by Interstate 678 (New York), ...
in
Queens
Queens is the largest by area of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. Located near the western end of Long Island, it is bordered by the ...
, New York City, New York, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activities, performances, films, art, and food presented by 62 nations, 35
U.S. states
In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its so ...
and territories, and 1,400 organizations and companies. Slightly more than 45 million people attended over two seasons. It was based on "the world of tomorrow", with an opening slogan of "Dawn of a New Day". The fairground consisted of seven color-coded zones, as well as two standalone focal exhibits. The fairground had about
375 buildings.
Plans for the 1939 World's Fair were first announced in September 1935, and the New York World's Fair Corporation (WFC) began constructing the fairground in June 1936. The fair opened on April 30, 1939, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the
first inauguration of George Washington
The first inauguration of George Washington as the first president of the United States was held on Thursday, April 30, 1789, on the balcony of Federal Hall in New York City. The inauguration was held nearly two months after the beginning of the ...
.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
began four months into the 1939 World's Fair, forcing some exhibits to close. The fair attracted over 45 million visitors and ultimately recouped only 32% of its original cost. After the fair ended on October 27, 1940, most pavilions were demolished or removed, though some buildings were relocated or retained for the
1964 New York World's Fair
The 1964 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair) was an world's fair, international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activ ...
.
The fair hosted many activities and cultural events. Participating governments, businesses, and organizations were celebrated on specific theme days. Musical performances took place in conjunction with the fair, and sculptures and artworks were displayed throughout the fairground and within pavilions. The fairground also displayed
consumer product
A final good or consumer good is a final product ready for sale that is used by the consumer to satisfy current wants or needs, unlike an intermediate good, which is used to produce other goods. A microwave oven or a bicycle is a final good.
Whe ...
s, including electronic devices, and there were dozens of restaurants and concession stands. The exposition spurred increased spending in New York City and indirectly influenced Queens' further development. Artifacts from the fair still exist, and the event has also been dramatized in media.
Development
New York City had hosted the United States' first world's fair, the
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations
An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibit ...
, in 1853–1854. The city did not host another world's fair for 85 years.
The site of the 1939 World's Fair,
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park (often referred to as Flushing Meadows Park or simply Flushing Meadows or Corona Park) is a public park in the northern part of Queens in New York City, New York, U.S. It is bounded by Interstate 678 (New York), ...
in
Queens
Queens is the largest by area of the Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs of New York City, coextensive with Queens County, in the U.S. state of New York (state), New York. Located near the western end of Long Island, it is bordered by the ...
, was originally a natural wetland straddling the
Flushing River before becoming an ash dump in the early 20th century. New York City Parks Commissioner
Robert Moses
Robert Moses (December 18, 1888 – July 29, 1981) was an American urban planner and public official who worked in the New York metropolitan area during the early to mid-20th century. Moses is regarded as one of the most powerful and influentia ...
first conceived the idea of developing a large park in Flushing Meadows in the 1920s. Although the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows contained residential developments, the meadow itself remained undeveloped and isolated.
Meanwhile, the 1933
Century of Progress
A Century of Progress International Exposition, also known as the Chicago World's Fair, was a world's fair held in the city of Chicago, Illinois, United States, from 1933 to 1934. The fair, registered under the Bureau International des Exposit ...
exposition in
Chicago
Chicago is the List of municipalities in Illinois, most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States. With a population of 2,746,388, as of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, it is the List of Unite ...
had boosted that city's economy, prompting businesspeople in New York City to consider a similar fair.
Planning

''
The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...
'' writes that the civil engineer
Joseph Shadgen came up with the idea for the World's Fair in 1934, while talking with his daughter. By early 1935, a group led by the municipal reformer
George McAneny was considering an international exposition in New York City in 1939.
Though the date coincided with the 150th anniversary of
George Washington's first inauguration,
Moses said the date was "an excuse and not the reason" for the fair.
That September, the group announced plans to spend $40 million to host an exhibition at the Flushing Meadows site. The Flushing Meadows site had been selected because of its large size and central location, and because the city already owned nearby.
The
New York City Board of Estimate
The New York City Board of Estimate was a governmental body in New York City responsible for numerous areas of municipal policy and decisions, including the city budget, land-use, contracts, franchises, and water rates. Under the amendments eff ...
approved the use of Flushing Meadows as a fairground on September 23, and Moses directed municipal draftsmen to survey the site.
Mayor
Fiorello La Guardia
Fiorello Henry La Guardia (born Fiorello Raffaele Enrico La Guardia; December 11, 1882September 20, 1947) was an American attorney and politician who represented New York in the U.S. House of Representatives and served as the 99th mayor of New Yo ...
pledged financial support for the fair that October, and the New York World's Fair Corporation (WFC) was formed to oversee the exposition on October 22, 1936. The WFC elected McAneny as its president,
and two contractors were hired that December to conduct preliminary surveys. State lawmaker
Herbert Brownell Jr. introduced legislation in January 1936, which allowed the WFC to lease Flushing Meadows from the city government. By then, the fair was estimated to cost $45 million. To oversee the fair's development, McAneny organized a committee, which initially advocated for a single massive building.
The project remained stalled during early 1936,
[; ; ] but the New York State Legislature ultimately voted in April to allow the city to lease out Flushing Meadows.
Grover Whalen
Grover Aloysius Whalen (1886–1962) was a prominent politician, businessman, and public relations guru in New York City during the 1930s and 1940s.
Early years
Whalen was born on July 2, 1886, in New York City, the son of an Irish immigrant fat ...
replaced McAneny as the WFC's chairman in April 1936
and was later elected as the agency's full-time president.
J. Franklin Bell
James Franklin Bell (January 9, 1856 – January 8, 1919) was an officer in the United States Army who served as Chief of Staff of the United States Army from 1906 to 1910.
Bell was a Major general (United States), major general in the Regular ...
drew preliminary plans for the fair, and the WFC appointed seven men to devise a plan for the fairground.
[; ] At the end of the month, the city government announced plans to sell $7 million in bonds, and the state pledged $4.125 million for the project. In addition, the WFC issued $26,862,800 in bonds.
[; ] The
New York City Board of Estimate
The New York City Board of Estimate was a governmental body in New York City responsible for numerous areas of municipal policy and decisions, including the city budget, land-use, contracts, franchises, and water rates. Under the amendments eff ...
appropriated $308,020 to begin landscaping the site that May, and city officials acquired another through
eminent domain
Eminent domain, also known as land acquisition, compulsory purchase, resumption, resumption/compulsory acquisition, or expropriation, is the compulsory acquisition of private property for public use. It does not include the power to take and t ...
. The WFC dedicated the fairground site on June 4, 1936, shortly before the city finalized its lease of Flushing Meadows to the WFC.
Construction
Work on the World's Fair site began on June 16, 1936, and a groundbreaking ceremony for the fairground took place on June 29. The WFC established seven departments and thirteen committees to coordinate the fair's development.
The fair was planned to employ 35,000 people.
The construction of the fairground involved leveling the ash mounds, excavating Meadow and Willow lakes, and diverting much of the Flushing River into underground
culverts. The dirt from the lake sites was used as additional topsoil for the park.
Workers also transported soil from
Westchester County, New York
Westchester County is a County (United States), county located in the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of New York (state), New York, bordering the Long Island Sound and the Byram River to its east and the Hudson River on its west. The c ...
, to the fairground. Four hundred fifty workers were employed on three eight-hour shifts. The rebuilt landscape was to be retained after the fair. The city, state, and federal governments also worked on 48 infrastructure-improvement projects, such as highway and landscaping projects, for the fair.
To promote the fair, the WFC established advisory committees with members from every U.S. state. Several baseball teams wore patches promoting the fair during the
1938 Major League Baseball season
The 1938 major league baseball season began on April 18, 1938. The regular season ended on October 2, with the Chicago Cubs and New York Yankees as the regular season champions of the National League and American League, respectively. The postse ...
, while the businessman
Howard Hughes
Howard Robard Hughes Jr. (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976) was an American Aerospace engineering, aerospace engineer, business magnate, film producer, and investor. He was The World's Billionaires, one of the richest and most influential peo ...
named an airplane after the fair and flew it around the world in 1938.
Helen Huntington Hull led a women's committee that helped promote and develop the fair.
New York license plates from 1938 were supposed to have slogans advertising the fair, but a city judge deemed the slogans unconstitutional. New York license plates from 1939 and 1940 also advertised the fair. Local retailers also sold more than $40 million worth of merchandise with World's Fair motifs, and the U.S. government issued stamps depicting the fair's
Trylon and Perisphere. World leaders delivered "greetings to the fair" as part of the "Salute of the Nations" radio program, and the WFC also broadcast 15-minute-long "invitations to the fair", featuring musical entertainments and a speech by Gibson. In addition, the WFC distributed a promotional film, ''Let's Go to the Fair.''
1936 and 1937
The WFC's board of design reviewed several proposed master plans for the site, and the corporation had relocated the last occupants of the fairground site by August 1936. The WFC launched a design competition for several pavilions that September and selected several winning designs two months later. The WFC announced details of the fair's master plan that October, which called for a $125 million exposition themed to "the world of tomorrow".
[; ; ] Later that month, the WFC signed construction contracts for the fairground's first building. At that point, only a small number of fairground buildings had been approved.
In November 1936, France became the first nation to announce its participation, and the city government began selling bonds for the fair. The
International Convention Bureau endorsed the 1939 World's Fair, allowing the bureau's 21 member countries to host exhibits there. Lehman also invited the governors of other U.S. states. By the beginning of 1937, eleven hundred concessionaires had applied for concessions at the fair, and nine buildings were under construction. The WFC unveiled a model of the fairground at its
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story, Art Deco-style supertall skyscraper in the Midtown South neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, United States. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its n ...
headquarters that March. Workers had finished grading and filling the World's Fair site by April, and they began planting trees. That month,
AT&T
AT&T Inc., an abbreviation for its predecessor's former name, the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, is an American multinational telecommunications holding company headquartered at Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, Texas. It is the w ...
became the first company to lease a pavilion at the fair,
and work officially began on the first building, the administration structure. In addition, the WFC began auctioning off the fairground's concession spaces, and workers also began planting trees in early 1937.
Whalen announced plans in June 1937 for a amusement zone at the south end of the fairground, and work on the first non-commercial pavilion, the Temple of Peace, began in July. By then, 89 buildings were under construction,
and 86% of the fairground sites had been leased.
Utah became the first U.S. state to lease space in the fair's Hall of States that September, while Missouri was the first state to lease space for a standalone building. Whalen also traveled to Europe to invite European countries to the fair. Various fairground buildings were being developed, as well as the
Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's icons.
That December, the
Ford Motor Company
Ford Motor Company (commonly known as Ford) is an American multinational corporation, multinational automobile manufacturer headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, United States. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. T ...
became the first automobile manufacturer to lease space at the fair; by then, the WFC had received commitments from 60 nations.
1938 and 1939
The WFC awarded the first fair concession in January 1938.
[; ] At that point, Whalen was making plans for the fair's opening ceremony. Whalen wanted to have 100 buildings under construction by the end of April, and the WFC planned to spend $10 million upgrading the utilities.
Work on the Perisphere, the fair's theme building, began in early April, along with work on the first foreign-government structure. The same month, the WFC leased out the last vacant sites in the fair's Government Zone. The city hosted a parade with one million spectators on April 30, 1938, exactly a year before the planned opening, and the WFC hosted a fireworks show the next week. That May, the WFC began allowing visitors to inspect the fairground on weekends for a fee. The structures were all supposed to be completed by the end of March 1939, giving one month for exhibitors to fit their pavilions out.
The WFC awarded contracts to 30 amusement-ride operators in June 1938, following months of disputes over the concessions. The WFC continued to issue concessions for eateries and amusement rides. By late 1938, workers were painting murals on buildings, and the subway stations serving the fairground were being completed. That October, the Heinz Dome became the first commercial exhibit to be completed, and 80% of the fairground's of exhibit space had been leased.
Leasing lagged in the amusement zone; by that December, only two-thirds of the ride concessions had been leased.
Whalen announced in January 1939 that the fairground was more than 90% complete,
though work on one-third of the amusement concessions had not started.
[; ] The fair had attracted 1,300 industrial exhibitors and 70 concessionaires.
In addition, 62 nations and 35 U.S. states or territories had leased space at the fair.
That March, Whalen announced plans to spend $1 million on shows and miniature villages in the Amusement Area.
The lights on the fairground were first turned on three weeks before the fair's scheduled opening. In conjunction with the fair, La Guardia issued a
proclamation
A proclamation (Lat. ''proclamare'', to make public by announcement) is an official declaration issued by a person of authority to make certain announcements known. Proclamations are currently used within the governing framework of some nations ...
declaring April 1939 as "Dress Up and Paint Up Month" in New York City. Sixteen thousand workers were putting final touches on the site by mid-April, and foreign nations were delivering $100 million worth of exhibits to the fair. Thousands of additional workers were employed toward the end of April.
Operation
The fairground ultimately cost , and Whalen anticipated that 60 million people would visit.
Five major
newsreel
A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news, news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a Movie theater, cinema, newsreels were a source of cu ...
companies were hired to provide newsreel coverage, and the
Crosley Corporation and
WNYC
WNYC is an audio service brand, under the control of New York Public Radio, a non-profit organization. Radio and other audio programming is primarily provided by a pair of nonprofit, noncommercial, public radio stations: WNYC (AM) and WNYC- ...
both had radio broadcasting studios there.
The WFC hired Exposition Publications to print a guidebook, souvenir book, and daily programs, and it promoted 17 other books and news stories about the fair. The
Bureau International des Expositions
The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE; English: International Exhibitions Bureau) is an intergovernmental organization created to supervise international exhibitions (also known as expos, global expos or world expos) falling under the ...
(BIE) retroactively recognized the 1939 World's Fair as an official World Expo, even though the BIE's rules permitted official Expos to run for only one year.
Whalen agreed to hire only
union laborers to install exhibits on the fairground; in exchange, several trade unions agreed to buy the WFC's bonds.
Free emergency services were provided on site by dozens of doctors and nurses, and there were six first-aid stations, a mobile X-ray machine, and five ambulances. The fairground was covered by a temporary
New York City Police Department
The City of New York Police Department, also referred to as New York City Police Department (NYPD), is the primary law enforcement agency within New York City. Established on May 23, 1845, the NYPD is the largest, and one of the oldest, munic ...
(NYPD) precinct and a temporary
New York City Fire Department
The New York City Fire Department, officially the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY) is the full-service fire department of New York City, serving all Boroughs of New York City, five boroughs. The FDNY is responsible for providing Fi ...
(FDNY) battalion. In addition, the Queens County Court was temporarily expanded to hear criminal cases relating to the fair.
1939 season
Preparations and opening
For the 1939 season, the WFC charged 75 cents per adult and 25 cents per child; the agency also sold season tickets, multi-visit tickets, and souvenir ticket books. Manhattan's borough president,
Stanley M. Isaacs, had wanted the WFC to give students free admission, but Moses opposed the proposal. Whalen began selling discounted advance tickets in February 1939,
[; ] which were sold by 1,000 retailers in the New York metropolitan area. Journalists could visit the fairground free of charge, but no other free tickets were distributed.
The WFC had to print additional souvenir books due to high demand. Though there was an
upcharge fee for some of the exhibits and attractions, three-fourths of the original attractions did not charge any extra fees.
On April 30, 1939, exactly 150 years after Washington's first inauguration, the fair formally opened with a speech by President Roosevelt.
[; ] The fair received 600,000 visitors on its first day, far short of the one million visitors that the WFC had predicted.
Many major attractions in the Amusement Area were incomplete,
and only 80% of the structures were ready. The fair accommodated one million visitors in its first four days. By mid-May, the fair was 90% finished, but many of the amusement attractions were still incomplete. The WFC's operations department oversaw the remaining work.
May to October
In early May, the WFC began selling 10-cent children's tickets once a week, which helped increase children's attendance significantly.
At La Guardia's behest, the
New York City Board of Education
The Panel for Educational Policy of the Department of Education of the City School District of the City of New York, abbreviated as the Panel for Educational Policy and also known as the New York City Board of Education, is the governing body of ...
operated guided tours in which school classes could visit the fair for free. The WFC opened more restaurants late that May.
Several exhibitors alleged that labor unions had charged exorbitant prices for labor at the fair,
and, due to concerns over sexually explicit content, several of the fair's shows were raided. That June, the WFC established a committee to oversee the amusement area, and amusement concessionaires agreed to offer discounted ride tickets once a week. The WFC also sold discounted 50-cent tickets to organizations and businesses.
Lower-than-expected attendance prompted Whalen to fire hundreds of employees in July 1939, and there were also proposals to reduce performers' salaries. The same month, the WFC began selling discounted "combination tickets" with snacks and admission to multiple attractions, as well as "bargain books", with food vouchers and admission tickets. At the request of amusement-ride operators, the WFC also considered reducing admission prices. At the beginning of August, admission was reduced during weekends,
and the WFC started selling discounted tickets at night.
With daily attendance averaging 129,000—less than half the original estimate of 270,000—the WFC was unsure if the fair would run for another season. By mid-August, the WFC was asking bondholders to lend more money, and the bondholders agreed to forgo their right to collect a portion of the fair's admission revenue. A writer for ''Variety'' magazine said local residents tended to avoid the fair's restaurants and that the amusement area deterred visitors with more refined tastes.
In September 1939, the WFC began inviting foreign exhibitors to return for the second season, and it notified the city government of its intention to extend its lease. The
Carrier Corporation
Carrier Global Corporation is an American multinational heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), refrigeration, and fire and security equipment corporation based in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. Carrier was founded in 1915 as an indep ...
was the first industrial exhibitor to renew its lease. While numerous foreign exhibitors curtailed their operations,
[; ] Whalen traveled to Europe, asking exhibitors to return for the following season.
In the final weeks of the 1939 season, visitors increasingly came from outside the New York City area.
The final week was celebrated with a
Mardi Gras–themed festival. When the first season ended on October 31, 1939, the WFC had recorded 25,817,265 paying guests.
Attendance had exceeded 100,000 on 114 days,
and the fair employed up to 25,000 people during that season.
At the end of the first season, the WFC owed bondholders $23.5 million, and it had $1.13 million on hand. In addition, the fair had handled 8.52 million phone calls and 3.3 million pieces of mail.
Around 150 fairgoers had been arrested during the first season, only one of whom was charged with a felony.
Off-season
After the 1939 season ended, many exhibits were removed for safekeeping and the fairground's utilities were turned off.
Most of the fair's 2,800 employees were reassigned to other positions,
though the WFC hired a
skeleton crew and allocated $3.3 million to maintain the fairground during the off-season.
The FDNY and NYPD watched over the fairground, and many exhibitors also hired their own security guards.
Because of lower-than-expected attendance,
the WFC agreed to reduce adult admission prices to 50 cents.
The WFC agreed to redesign the Amusement Area to emphasize the rides there. The corporation also tried to attract visitors within an overnight drive from New York City, rather than guests from further afield.
At the requests of several U.S. state exhibitors, the WFC halved rent rates for U.S. state pavilions during the second season. Despite the uncertainty caused by the ongoing war, many European countries expressed interest in returning. In January 1940, Finland became the first country to agree to reopen its pavilion, while West Virginia was the first U.S. state to lease additional space. More than thirty nations had agreed to return by the end of the next month, though 11 nations
and nine U.S. states withdrew. Most commercial exhibitors agreed to reopen their exhibits.
Almost all major exhibitors with their own pavilions renewed their leases for the 1940 season, while most of the exhibitors who had withdrawn were more likely to be renting space from the WFC.
The fair was rebranded as the ''World's Fair 1940 in New York'' for its second season.
The WFC decided to focus more heavily on amusement attractions,
and it added theaters and free shows.
The Amusement Area was reduced in size and rebranded as the "
Great White Way", a reference to
Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre,Although ''theater'' is generally the spelling for this common noun in the United States (see American and British English spelling differences#-re, -er, American and British English spelling differences), many of the List of ...
.
The transportation zone was renovated for more than $2 million. Several exhibits were added or expanded,
and some pavilions were repaired. Low-cost eateries were also added.
The fair's construction superintendent estimated that the upgrades would cost $8 million. The WFC began selling one million souvenir ticket books on April 11, 1940, and the next week, it began selling discounted tickets to students across the U.S. By the end of April, all of the attractions in the Amusement Area had been leased, and half a million advance tickets had been sold or ordered.
1940 season
Originally, the second season was supposed to open on May 25, 1940, but following requests from organizations, the WFC agreed to open the fair two weeks earlier. The fair's police force was downsized due to low crime rates, and the overall number of staff was reduced to 5,500. According to Gibson, at least 40 million visitors needed to attend during 1940 for the WFC to break even.
In contrast to the more formal atmosphere that had characterized the first season, the second season had a more informal, "folksy" atmosphere.
Additionally, the international area included exhibits from 43 countries, plus the
Pan-American Union and
League of Nations
The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...
.
Adults paid 50 cents, while children paid 25 cents;
children's admission was reduced to 10 cents on "Children's Days".
To entice people to attend the fair, several local business groups and hotels randomly gave 170 automobiles to visitors. The World's Fair reopened on May 11 and recorded 191,196 visitors on that day. Early in the 1940 season, the WFC sold off most of its outstanding debt from the previous season.
By the end of June, revenue was lagging projections, so the WFC dismissed 500 employees.
[; ] Due to an increase in federal tax rates, amusement concessionaires increased ticket prices. The fair's restaurateurs elected to pay the extra taxes rather than raise food prices. On July 4, 1940, two NYPD officers investigating a time bomb at the British Pavilion died when the bomb detonated. Later the same month, the WFC began surveying the fair's buildings, with plans to demolish them. In large part due to inclement weather, some concessionaires considered closing their attractions that August. Attendance lagged by nearly 3 million compared with the previous season.
Bondholders agreed to waive $14.5 million of the WFC's debt. The WFC also began selling off materials and memorabilia from the fair. Daily attendance increased gradually, reaching 10 million visitors by the end of August; by then, Gibson said the fair had made over $2.5 million. The WFC had drawn up detailed plans for clearing the site by the beginning of October, and the corporation's executive leadership oversaw the site-clearing process.
To promote the fair, hundreds of American newspapers printed discounted tickets; the promotion attracted nearly 350,000 visitors on a single day. The city government also provided free tickets to adults who were receiving welfare payments through the
Home Relief program. By the middle of that month, the fair's second season had recorded a $4.15 million net profit. In the fair's last week, the WFC hosted extravagant shows such as fireworks displays. The fair had 537,952 visitors on its final day, October 27, 1940.
[; ] The day afterward, passersby were allowed to tour the grounds for $2. In total, the fair had recorded 19,115,713 million visitors during 1940,
and attendance had exceeded 100,000 on only 59 days.
The fair had attracted just over 45 million visitors across both seasons.
The 1940 season also recorded little crime, with 96 arrests; the July 4 bombing had been the only violent crime.
File:1939-40 World's Fair, New York ticket (front).jpg, This 1940 general admission ticket also included visits to "5 concessions" (listed on backside)
File:Back of 1940 New York Worlds Fair Ticket.jpg, Ticket backside
File:US 853.jpg, Trylon and Perisphere on 1939 US stamp
Fairground

The fairground was divided into seven geographic or thematic zones, five of which had "focal exhibits", and there were two focal exhibits housed in their own buildings.
The plan called for wide tree-lined pathways converging on the
Trylon and Perisphere, the fair's symbol and primary theme center.
The Trylon and Perisphere were the only structures on the fairground that were painted completely white;
the buildings in the surrounding zones were
color-coded
A color code is a system for encoding and representing non-color information with colors to facilitate communication. This information tends to be categorical (representing unordered/qualitative categories) though may also be sequential (repr ...
.
The fairground had of sidewalks and of roads, in addition to dozens of miles of sewers, water mains, gas mains, and electrical ducts.
About 850 phone booths were scattered across the fairground. There were 11 entrances to the grounds during the 1939 season,
and 13 entrances during the 1940 season.
Landscape features
From the start, Moses wanted to convert the site into a park after the fair, and the fairground's landscape architect,
Gilmore David Clarke, had designed the fairground with this expectation in mind.
The central portion of the old ash dumps became the main fairground, while the southern section of the dumps became the Amusement Area.
The fairground used up to of
topsoil
Topsoil is the upper layer of soil. It has the highest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms and is where most of the Earth's biological soil activity occurs.
Description
Topsoil is composed of mineral particles and organic mat ...
, as well as salty, acidic soil dredged from the bottoms of the lagoons.
The fairground included of lawns and a wide range of
topiary
Topiary is the horticultural practice of training perennial plants by clipping the foliage and twigs of trees, shrubs and subshrubs to develop and maintain clearly defined shapes, whether geometric or fanciful. The term also refers to plants w ...
and
deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed Leaf, leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
trees. Around 10,000 trees were transplanted to the fairground,
of which more than 97 percent survived the 1939 season. There were no
evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has Leaf, foliage that remains green and functional throughout the year. This contrasts with deciduous plants, which lose their foliage completely during the winter or dry season. Consisting of many diffe ...
trees because it was not open during the winter, and the site also did not have rare plants.
The fairground contained one million plants, one million bulbs, 250,000 shrubs, and 10,000 trees.
The site had 7,000 American
camassia
''Camassia'' is a genus of plants in the asparagus family native to North America. Common names include camas, quamash, Indian hyacinth, camash, and wild hyacinth.
It grows in the wild in great numbers in moist meadows. They are perennial pl ...
s, 48,000
scilla
''Scilla'' () is a genus of about 30 to 80 species of bulb-forming perennial plant, perennial herbaceous plants in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae. Sometimes called the squills in English, they are native to woodlands, subalpine ...
s, and 50,000
narcissi, and there were several formal gardens as well, with roses, yew, and other plants. In addition, the Netherlands donated one million tulip bulbs;
as part of an agreement with the Dutch government, the tulips were destroyed and replaced with summertime plantings the month after the 1939 season opened. ''The Washington Post'' estimated that the WFC spent some on plants at the fair.
There were also around 50 landscaped gardens. Some of these fountains included water features such as fountains, pools, and brooks. For the 1940 season,
annuals and trees were added instead of the tulips, and a woodland garden was added.
Despite the fair's futuristic theme, the fairground's layout—with streets radiating from the theme center—was heavily inspired by
classical architecture
Classical architecture typically refers to architecture consciously derived from the principles of Ancient Greek architecture, Greek and Ancient Roman architecture, Roman architecture of classical antiquity, or more specifically, from ''De archit ...
.
Some streets were named after notable Manhattan thoroughfares or American historical figures, while others were named based on their function. A central
esplanade
An esplanade or promenade is a long, open, level area, usually next to a river or large body of water, where people may walk. The historical definition of ''esplanade'' was a large, open, level area outside fortress or city walls to provide cle ...
called Constitution Mall was planned as part of the fairground,
running between the Grand Central Parkway to the west and Lawrence Street to the east. A curving road named Rainbow Avenue connected the color-coded zones.
At the eastern end of the mall was the Central Mall Lagoon, an elliptical lake with fountains.
In the southern half of the fairground, the
Flushing River was dredged to create Meadow and Willow lakes.
Several of the fair's fountains had illuminated water jets with gas burners. Nightly light shows, with music, took place at the Lagoon of Nations as well.
Pavilions and attractions
Pavilions and attractions generally fell into one of three categories: exhibits sponsored by either the WFC or private companies, government exhibits, and amusement attractions.
The WFC subleased the land to exhibitors, charging different rates based on the sites' proximity to major paths.
There were 1,500 exhibitors on the fair's opening day, representing about 40 industries.
The fair had about 375 buildings, of which 100 were developed by the WFC. The commission reserved about for its own structures.
The buildings included design features such as domes, spirals, buttresses, porticos, rotundas, tall pylons, and corkscrew-shaped ramps.
Many buildings' steel frames were bolted together so they could be easily disassembled.
Most of the attractions were in the central exhibit area, covering .
Because the fairground was built atop swampy land, many of the largest buildings were placed on steel-and-concrete decks,
pilings
A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the building site. A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from th ...
, or
caissons.
The pavilions were mostly illuminated by artificial light fixtures,
including
fluorescent lighting
A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light. An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor, to produce ultraviolet and make a phosphor ...
tubes, mercury lamps, and fluorescent pylons. The fairground also had a marina, as well as hundreds of fountains, toilets, and benches.
Zones
The
Trylon and Perisphere theme center, designed by
Wallace Harrison
Wallace Kirkman Harrison (September 28, 1895 – December 2, 1981) was an American architect. Harrison started his professional career with the firm of Corbett, Harrison & MacMurray, participating in the construction of Rockefeller Center. He is ...
and
Max Abramovitz, consisted of a tower and a sphere.
North of the theme center was the Communications and Business Systems Zone. The Community Interest Zone, immediately to the east, showcased several trades or industries that were popular among the public at the time. The Government Zone occupied the east end of the fair; it contained a centrally located Court of Peace, a Lagoon of Nations, and a smaller Court of States.
Southwest of the Government Zone was the Food Zone, composed of 13 buildings related to that industry.
The Production and Distribution Zone was dedicated to showcasing industries that specialized in manufacturing and distribution. The Transportation Zone was located west of the Theme Center, across the Grand Central Parkway, connected to the rest of the fairground by two crossings.
The Transportation Zone included large exhibits for the motor-vehicle aviation, railroad, and maritime industries. The Amusement Area was located south of the World's Fair Boulevard, on a horseshoe-shaped site surrounding Meadow Lake,
and it was divided into more than a dozen themed zones.
The Amusement Area contained numerous bars, restaurants, miniature villages, musical programs, dance floors, rides, and arcade attractions.
Standalone exhibits and structures
Two focal exhibits were not located within any zone. The first was the Medical and Public Health Building on Constitution Mall and the Avenue of Patriots (immediately northeast of the Theme Center), which contained several halls dedicated to health. The other was the Science and Education Building, just north of the Medical and Public Health Building. The administration building was at the western end of the fairground,
[; ] and there was also a
Manufacturers Trust bank branch.
Transportation

Several public transit lines were built or upgraded to serve the fair. The
Independent Subway System
The Independent Subway System (IND; formerly the ISS) was a rapid transit rail system in New York City that is now part of the New York City Subway. It was first constructed as the IND Eighth Avenue Line, Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan in 1932. ...
's (IND)
World's Fair Line, specially built for the exposition, was dismantled after the fair ended. The
Willets Point station on the
Flushing Line was rebuilt to handle fair traffic on the
Interborough Rapid Transit (IRT) and
Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit (BMT) systems.
A special fleet of 50
World's Fair Lo-V subway cars were built, and the existing
Q-type Queens subway cars were rebuilt to provide additional service on the Flushing Line. A
Long Island Rail Road
The Long Island Rail Road , or LIRR, is a Rail transport, railroad in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of New York (state), New York, stretching from Manhattan to the eastern tip of Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk County on Long Islan ...
station (now
Mets–Willets Point) was built next to the Flushing Line station.
In addition,
Queens-Nassau Transit Lines bought 55 buses to serve passengers heading to the fairground, and a
water taxi
A water taxi or a water bus is a boat used to provide public transport, public or private transport, usually, but not always, in an Urban area, urban environment. Service may be scheduled with multiple stops, operating in a simil ...
service traveled to the fair from
City Island, Bronx
City Island is a neighborhood in the northeastern Bronx in New York City, located on an island of the same name approximately long by wide. City Island is located at the extreme western end of Long Island Sound, south of Pelham Bay Park, and ...
.
There were also several modes of transit traveling around the fairground itself.
General Motors manufactured 100 buses specifically for the fair; Exposition Greyhound Lines operated the buses, which connected with each of the fairground's entrances
and operated along seven routes. There were also tractor trains that traveled along the fairground's paths, as well as tour buses that gave one-hour-long tours of the fair. In addition, visitors could rent one of 500 rolling chairs, each of which had space for one or two people.
Boats also traveled around Fountain Lake (now Meadow Lake), stopping at seven piers.
For a fee, visitors could ride a 40-passenger motorboat across Meadow Lake to the Florida pavilion.
Several highways and roads were widened or extended in advance of the World's Fair. Markers were placed throughout the city to direct motorists to the fairground, and several highways were outfitted with amber lights. Maps also touted the fairground's proximity to five airports and seaplane bases.
During the fair, the
Civil Aeronautics Authority
The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) was an List of federal agencies in the United States, agency of the federal government of the United States, formed in 1940 from a split of the Civil Aeronautics Authority and abolished in 1985, that regulated A ...
temporarily banned most planes from flying over the fairground, except for planes taking off or arriving at the nearby airports.
Culture
Themes and icons
The fair was themed to "the world of tomorrow".
The colors blue and orange, the official colors of New York City, were chosen as the official colors of the fair. The fair's official seal depicted the
Statue of Liberty
The Statue of Liberty (''Liberty Enlightening the World''; ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor, within New York City. The copper-clad statue, a gift to the United States from the people of French Thir ...
with her torch, which was available in multiple color schemes. The fair's official flag was originally a
triband with a blue bar flanked by orange bars; there was a white seal in the center of the blue bar.
Another theme of the fair was the emerging new
middle class
The middle class refers to a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy, often defined by occupation, income, education, or social status. The term has historically been associated with modernity, capitalism and political debate. C ...
. The
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
The Westinghouse Electric Corporation was an American manufacturing company founded in 1886 by George Westinghouse and headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was originally named "Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company" and was ...
produced the film ''
The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair
''The Middleton Family at the New York World's Fair'' is a 1939 American film directed by Robert R. Snody produced by Westinghouse Electric (1886), Westinghouse for their exhibit at the 1939 New York World's Fair.
In 2012, the film was added to ...
'', which depicted a fictional Midwestern family, the Middletons, taking in the fair. The Perisphere's Democracity exhibition envisioned middle-class "Pleasantvilles" arranged around a central hub.
Arts
Music
The WFC established a music advisory committee for the fair in 1937, which was led by the conductor
Allen Wardwell. The music advisory committee proposed hosting a festival at the fairground and other places in New York City. About 500 groups signed up to perform at the fair,
and music festivals also took place at
Carnegie Hall
Carnegie Hall ( ) is a concert venue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is at 881 Seventh Avenue (Manhattan), Seventh Avenue, occupying the east side of Seventh Avenue between 56th Street (Manhattan), 56th and 57th Street (Manhattan), 57t ...
and the
Metropolitan Opera House in Manhattan. ''New York Times'' music critic
Olin Downes
Edwin Olin Downes, better known as Olin Downes (January 27, 1886 – August 22, 1955), was an American music critic, known as "Sibelius's Apostle" for his championship of the music of Jean Sibelius. As critic of ''The New York Times'', he ex ...
was the fair's music director; he selected
Hugh Ross to organize recitals and concerts at the Temple of Religion.
Eugene La Barre led the World's Fair band, which was composed of 56 musicians, and the WFC held a competition to select three songs for the band to perform. Unlike in the 1939 season, the fair had no organized music program during 1940. Instead, the fair's orchestra played songs on request during 1940; on an average day, they received more than 1,200 requests and played over 200 songs.
Several theme songs were written for the fair, none of which caught on.
William Grant Still recorded the song "Rising Tide", a three-minute tune that was played continuously during the 1939 season. "Dawn of a New Day", one of
George Gershwin
George Gershwin (; born Jacob Gershwine; September 26, 1898 – July 11, 1937) was an American composer and pianist whose compositions spanned jazz, popular music, popular and classical music. Among his best-known works are the songs "Swan ...
's final songs, was also recorded for the fair.
La Barre's "For Peace and Freedom" was selected as the 1940 season's theme song.
Films and stage shows
The fair hosted eight musical shows during the 1939 season and seven musicals during 1940. For instance,
Billy Rose
Billy Rose (born William Samuel Rosenberg; September 6, 1899 – February 10, 1966) was an American impresario, theatrical showman, lyricist and columnist. For years both before and after World War II, Billy Rose was a major force in entertainm ...
staged his
Aquacade musical, and the fair had a musical pageant called the American Jubilee. Exhibitors screened 612 films during the first season.
The fair had 34 auditoriums during the 1939 season, which were operated by the governments of 19 nations, industrial exhibitors, and city-government agencies.
During the 1940 season, the fairground had 30 cinemas with an estimated 6,200 seats.
The fair showcased not only
feature film
A feature film or feature-length film (often abbreviated to feature), also called a theatrical film, is a film (Film, motion picture, "movie" or simply “picture”) with a running time long enough to be considered the principal or sole present ...
s but also non-theatrical motion pictures, including both
silent film
A silent film is a film without synchronized recorded sound (or more generally, no audible dialogue). Though silent films convey narrative and emotion visually, various plot elements (such as a setting or era) or key lines of dialogue may, w ...
s and
sound film
A sound film is a Film, motion picture with synchronization, synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known public exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900, bu ...
s. These motion pictures were all shot on
16 mm
16 mm film is a historically popular and economical Film gauge, gauge of Photographic film, film. 16 mm refers to the width of the film (about inch); other common film gauges include 8 mm film, 8 mm and 35mm movie film, 35 mm. It ...
and
35 mm film.
Visual art and sculpture

From the outset, the fairground was planned to include decorations, particularly large murals, sculptures, and
relief
Relief is a sculpture, sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''wikt:relief, relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give ...
s. Initially, however, there were no plans to exhibit contemporary art at the fair.
After observers criticized the fair's lack of formal art galleries, Whalen agreed to include a community art center,
[; ] and the WFC also held art competitions for muralists and sculptors.
Eight hundred contemporary American artworks of the
48 states were exhibited at the fair during 1939, and a rotating display of American art was showcased in 1940. At the Masterpieces of Art building, there were hundreds of rare paintings. During the 1940 season, even more paintings were shown. The WFC bought some of the fair's artwork and distributed it across the U.S. after the fair. In addition, foreign governments sponsored exhibits of sculptures and visual art in their respective pavilions. IBM's pavilion hosted contemporary art from 79 countries, the most popular of which was the Filipino artist
Fernando Amorsolo
Fernando Amorsolo y Cueto (May 30, 1892 – April 24, 1972) was a portraitist and painter of rural Philippine landscapes. Nicknamed the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Art," he was the first-ever to be recognized as a National Artist of the Philip ...
's painting ''Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers''.
Whalen, who was determined that the fair should "not represent the work of any one person or school", employed 181 visual artists, designers, and architects. Many of the buildings' facades were decorated with murals, commissioned by both the WFC and individual exhibitors
in about 100 colors. There were about 105 murals at the fair,
which measured as large as . The murals were executed in a variety of materials, such as metal strips, mosaic tiles, and paint. The WFC's board of design approved murals based on how well they harmonized with the surrounding buildings.
Union members painted the actual murals. ''The New York Times'' called it "the largest program of exterior mural painting ever undertaken",
while the ''New York Herald Tribune'' said that "never before has mural decoration been attempted on so large or lively a scale".
Works Progress Administration
The Works Progress Administration (WPA; from 1935 to 1939, then known as the Work Projects Administration from 1939 to 1943) was an American New Deal agency that employed millions of jobseekers (mostly men who were not formally educated) to car ...
artists painted murals for the fair as well.
Ernest Peixotto oversaw the development of the murals and the fair's color-coding system.
The fair also included 174 sculptures.
The largest statue at the fair was
James Earle Fraser's sculpture of George Washington,
which stood in the middle of the fair's Constitution Mall. The ''Times'' credited
Lee Lawrie—who oversaw the installation of the fair's artwork—with describing the sculptures as "an essential part of the fair".
Three of the sculptures were intended to be preserved after the fair:
Robert Foster's ''Textile'',
Lawrence Tenney Stevens's ''The Tree of Life'', and
Waylande Gregory's ''Fountain of the Atom''.
Various temporary sculptures, many of which were made of plaster, were placed on buildings.
Consumer products
The fair focused significantly on
consumer product
A final good or consumer good is a final product ready for sale that is used by the consumer to satisfy current wants or needs, unlike an intermediate good, which is used to produce other goods. A microwave oven or a bicycle is a final good.
Whe ...
s that happened to include scientific innovations, rather than presenting scientific innovations in their own right. Products shown at the fair included RCA televisions, a
Crosley vehicle from 1940, and a
Novachord
The Novachord is the world's first commercial polyphonic synthesizer, polyphonic synthesizer. Incorporating many circuit and control elements found in modern synthesizers, and using subtractive synthesis to generate tones, it was designed by Joh ...
organ manufactured by
The Hammond Organ Company.
There were also exhibits of
nylon
Nylon is a family of synthetic polymers characterised by amide linkages, typically connecting aliphatic or Polyamide#Classification, semi-aromatic groups.
Nylons are generally brownish in color and can possess a soft texture, with some varieti ...
,
cellophane
Cellophane is a thin, transparent sheet made of regenerated cellulose. Its low permeability to air, oils, greases, bacteria, and liquid water makes it useful for food packaging. Cellophane is highly permeable to water vapour, but may be coate ...
, and
Lucite.
Other objects included
Vermeer
Johannes Vermeer ( , ; see below; also known as Jan Vermeer; October 1632 – 15 December 1675) was a Dutch painter who specialized in domestic interior scenes of middle-class life. He is considered one of the greatest painters of the Dutch ...
's painting ''
The Milkmaid'', a
pencil sharpener,
the
White Manna diner,
General Motors
General Motors Company (GM) is an American Multinational corporation, multinational Automotive industry, automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The company is most known for owning and manufacturing f ...
' model city
Futurama
''Futurama'' is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company and later revived by Comedy Central, and then Hulu. The series follows Philip J. Fry, who is cryogenically preserved for 1 ...
,
and the
Nimatron computer game. In addition, older objects were displayed at the fair, such as a model of the world's first bicycle.
Electronics were showcased at the fair. The
IBM
International Business Machines Corporation (using the trademark IBM), nicknamed Big Blue, is an American Multinational corporation, multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, and present in over 175 countries. It is ...
exhibit displayed the Radiotype writing machine, and
RCA
RCA Corporation was a major American electronics company, which was founded in 1919 as the Radio Corporation of America. It was initially a patent pool, patent trust owned by General Electric (GE), Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Westinghou ...
displayed various types of machinery in a "television laboratory".
RCA and
NBC
The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. It is one of NBCUniversal's ...
agreed to host television demonstrations at the World's Fair. These TVs displayed several programs, including the first televised
Major League Baseball
Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball league composed of 30 teams, divided equally between the National League (baseball), National League (NL) and the American League (AL), with 29 in the United States and 1 in Canada. MLB i ...
game; a program from
WRGB
WRGB (channel 6) is a television station licensed to Schenectady, New York, United States, serving the Capital District as an affiliate of CBS. It is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group alongside CW affiliate WCWN (channel 45). The two station ...
-TV in
Schenectady, New York
Schenectady ( ) is a City (New York), city in Schenectady County, New York, United States, of which it is the county seat. As of the United States Census 2020, 2020 census, the city's population of 67,047 made it the state's ninth-most populo ...
; and performances of the play ''
When We Are Married''.
Westinghouse's exhibit featured
Elektro the Moto-Man, a robot that talked, differentiated colors, and smoked cigarettes.
Bell Labs
Nokia Bell Labs, commonly referred to as ''Bell Labs'', is an American industrial research and development company owned by Finnish technology company Nokia. With headquarters located in Murray Hill, New Jersey, Murray Hill, New Jersey, the compa ...
'
Voder, a keyboard-operated
speech synthesizer
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or Computer hardware, hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system conv ...
, was demonstrated at the fair.
Other futuristic exhibits included
General Electric
General Electric Company (GE) was an American Multinational corporation, multinational Conglomerate (company), conglomerate founded in 1892, incorporated in the New York (state), state of New York and headquartered in Boston.
Over the year ...
's home of tomorrow, as well as the 15 homes in the Tomorrow Town exhibit.
Food
The fair had at least 40 restaurants with a combined 23,000 seats, in addition to 261 refreshment stands, during the 1939 season.
Cuisine from 24 participating countries was served at the fair.
These included
caviar
Caviar or caviare is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae. Caviar is considered a delicacy and is eaten as a garnish or spread. Traditionally, the term caviar refers only to roe from wild sturgeon in the Caspi ...
in the Romanian and Polish pavilions;
borscht
Borscht () is a sour soup, made with meat stock, vegetables and seasonings, common in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. In English, the word ''borscht'' is most often associated with the soup's variant of Ukrainian origin, made with red b ...
,
blini
Blini (plural ''blinis'' or ''blini'', rarely ''bliny''; pl., Ukrainian: млинці pl., ''mlyntsi''), singular: blin, are an Eastern European crêpe made from various kinds of flour of buckwheat, wheat, etc. They may be served with smeta ...
, and
pelmeni
Pelmeni (, '' pel’meni'', ; pelmen, , '' pel’men’'', ) are dumplings of Russian cuisine that consist of a filling wrapped in thin, unleavened dough. They are considered to be a national dish.
Pelmeni became a staple of Russian cuisine dur ...
from the Soviet pavilion;
soufflé
A soufflé () is a baked egg dish originating in France in the early 18th century. Combined with various other ingredients, it can be served as a savoury main dish or sweetened as a dessert. The word ''soufflé'' is the past participle of the Fr ...
s from the French pavilion;
smorgasbords from the Swedish pavilion; and
kebab
Kebab ( , ), kebap, kabob (alternative North American spelling), kebob, or kabab (Kashmiri spelling) is a variety of roasted meat dishes that originated in the Middle East.
Kebabs consist of cut up ground meat, sometimes with vegetables an ...
s and honey desserts from the Albanian pavilion.
A ''New York Times'' article from 1964 characterized
bicarbonate of soda as the 1939 fair's most popular soda.
The WFC also awarded
quick-service food concessions to companies such as
Childs Restaurants,
Longchamps, and the Brass Rail.
The concessions included 80 hot-dog stands,
in addition to 59 soda stalls, 38 root beer stands, and 25 popcorn stands.
The city government also appointed 36 inspectors to enforce
food safety
Food safety (or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, food processing, preparation, and food storage, storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne illness. The occurrence of two or more cases of a simi ...
at the fair. During the fair's first season, there were complaints that the food was too expensive;
one ''New York Times'' report found that restaurants were charging as much as for ''
à la carte'' meals.
For the 1940 season, there were 70 restaurants and between 150 and 235 concession stands.
The WFC introduced regulations during the second season, restricting restaurateurs from drastically increasing food prices.
Throughout both seasons, the fair sold an estimated 16.2 million hot dogs, 8.3 million burgers, 5.1 million doughnuts, and 2.7 million cups of beer.
Other events
Participating countries, U.S. states and territories, New York counties, businesses, and organizations were given special theme days at the fair, during which celebrations were held. A different button was issued for each theme day. During the fair, there were fireworks displays on the lagoon, as well as colorful searchlights illuminating Meadow Lake.
The fair coincided with the
1st World Science Fiction Convention
The 1st World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) was held on 2–4 July 1939 in the Caravan Hall in New York City, New York, in conjunction with the New York World's Fair, which was themed as "The World of Tomorrow". It was later retroactive ...
, which took place at the Caravan Hall in Manhattan on July 2–4, 1939. In addition, on July 3, 1940, the fair hosted "Superman Day",
which included an athletic contest and an appearance by an actor portraying
Superman
Superman is a superhero created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster, which first appeared in the comic book ''Action Comics'' Action Comics 1, #1, published in the United States on April 18, 1938.The copyright date of ''Action Comics ...
.
Sporting events throughout the New York City area were also planned in conjunction with the World's Fair, and the WFC sponsored a sports camp for boys during both seasons.
Aftermath
Site and structures

Demolition began the day after the fair ended.
[; ] Almost all structures had to be removed within 120 days of the fair's closure,
and the vast majority of structures were dismantled or moved shortly after the fair's final day.
[; ] Valuable exhibits, artwork, and historic artifacts were relocated.
Within a month of the fair's closure, many of the structures had been demolished and workers were restoring the landscape. Cables and other materials were removed and sold for scrap,
and there were proposals to melt down the buildings' structural steel into scrap metal for the U.S.
war effort
War effort is a coordinated mobilization of society's resources—both industrial and civilian—towards the support of a military force, particular during a state of war. Depending on the militarization of the culture, the relative si ...
. During the fair's demolition, five men were killed when one of the buildings' ceilings collapsed.
[; ]
Despite a citywide moratorium on new construction, La Guardia provided funding to convert the fairground into parkland, although only $750,000 was provided for this purpose.
Work on the park began in December 1940, and Flushing Meadows Park opened the next year. The site hosted the
1964 New York World's Fair
The 1964 New York World's Fair (also known as the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair) was an world's fair, international exposition at Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, New York City, United States. The fair included exhibitions, activ ...
before it again became a park in 1967. The NYPD's Flushing Meadows precinct was disbanded in 1952, but the Queens traffic division (which had been established to manage traffic during the fair) continued until 1972.
Seven structures were preserved as part of the park.
By the 1960s, only two of the fair's original structures remained, the
New York City Pavilion and the
Billy Rose's Aquacade amphitheater, though the Aquacade was torn down in the 1990s. The fair's esplanade, five bridges, and the
World's Fair Marina were preserved as well, but the fountains were demolished.
Many amusement rides were sold to
Luna Park at
Coney Island
Coney Island is a neighborhood and entertainment area in the southwestern section of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The neighborhood is bounded by Brighton Beach to its east, Lower New York Bay to the south and west, and Gravesend to ...
; the
Parachute Jump was sold and relocated to
Steeplechase Park, also in Coney Island. Other buildings that were relocated included a structure from the fair's Town of Tomorrow exhibit, as well as the
Belgian Building. Some of the buildings' glass bricks were salvaged and used elsewhere. Furniture, equipment, and decorations were sold off.
Foreign exhibits and staff

Initially, the U.S. government had not imposed
customs duties
A tariff or import tax is a duty (tax), duty imposed by a national Government, government, customs territory, or supranational union on imports of goods and is paid by the importer. Exceptionally, an export tax may be levied on exports of goods ...
on foreign exhibits because it anticipated that the exhibits would be repatriated after the fair. Customs duties were imposed on exhibits that remained in the U.S. after the fair.
Afterward, the exhibits could be sent back to their home country, retained in the U.S., destroyed, or sold.
However, many nations could not send their exhibits back home due to World War II,
and President Roosevelt had temporarily frozen the assets of seven foreign exhibitors whose countries had been invaded.
[; ] Many European pavilions' staff were also unable to return home due to the war; ''The New York Times'' estimated that 350 foreign staffers could not easily return home, while the ''New York Herald Tribune'' put the number of affected employees at 400.
In response, U.S. representative
John J. Delaney introduced legislation in October 1940 to allow these workers to remain in the U.S.
Several countries in
German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe, or Nazi-occupied Europe, refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly military occupation, militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet states, by the (armed forces) and the governmen ...
donated or lent their World's Fair exhibits to institutions across the United States.
Most of the Polish pavilion's items were sold by the
Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile (), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Poland of September 1939, and the subsequent Occupation ...
to the
Polish Museum of America, except for the
monument of the Polish–Lithuanian King Jagiełło. which was reinstalled in
Central Park
Central Park is an urban park between the Upper West Side and Upper East Side neighborhoods of Manhattan in New York City, and the first landscaped park in the United States. It is the List of parks in New York City, sixth-largest park in the ...
. The British pavilion's copy of the Magna Carta remained in the U.S.,
and a panel from that pavilion depicting George Washington's lineage was sent to the
Library of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...
. In addition, some French artwork displayed at the fair was lent to the
Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...
in Manhattan, and other artwork from that pavilion was displayed at the
Riverside Museum. Three French restaurants from the fair—La Caravelle,
Le Pavillon, and
La Côte Basque—reopened in Manhattan. Objects from the Swedish, Turkish, and Canadian pavilions were also retained in New York City.
The WFC also had to dispose of
Axis
An axis (: axes) may refer to:
Mathematics
*A specific line (often a directed line) that plays an important role in some contexts. In particular:
** Coordinate axis of a coordinate system
*** ''x''-axis, ''y''-axis, ''z''-axis, common names ...
countries' exhibits. The U.S. government seized the
Italian State Railways
Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane S.p.A. (; ; previously only Ferrovie dello Stato, hence the initialism FS) is Italy's national state-owned railway holding company that manages transport, infrastructure, real estate services and other services in ...
' train display and melted it down for scrap, while it sold off binoculars from the Czechoslovak pavilion and wine from the Rumania pavilion to pay
customs duties
A tariff or import tax is a duty (tax), duty imposed by a national Government, government, customs territory, or supranational union on imports of goods and is paid by the importer. Exceptionally, an export tax may be levied on exports of goods ...
.
There were several unsuccessful attempts to give away the Italian pavilion's
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Giovanni Maria Marconi, 1st Marquess of Marconi ( ; ; 25 April 1874 – 20 July 1937) was an Italian electrical engineer, inventor, and politician known for his creation of a practical radio wave-based Wireless telegraphy, wireless tel ...
monument, and the Hungarian pavilion's statue of
Saint Istvan was not given away until 1956.
Profitability and dissolution of WFC
When the fair closed, the WFC initially predicted that the fair would recoup 38.4% of its cost, later revised to 39.2%. The WFC ultimately recovered only 32% of its original expenditure. Despite the fair's overall unprofitability, the Amusement Area recorded a net profit. In total, the WFC earned $3.9 million during the 1939 season and $3.4 million during the 1940 season. The WFC paid bondholders $2.08 million in early 1941 and made their final payments to bondholders in June 1942.
For several years, the WFC retained a small staff to close out its financial accounts. The corporation was not formally dissolved until August 1944; at the time of its dissolution, the WFC owed shareholders $19 million.
Impact
Reception
''The Washington Post'' wrote in 1936, as the fair was still being developed, that the fair would give New York City a permanent public park, while "visitors will get an eyeful beyond their fondest imagination and the hotel-keepers will get a pocketful" of money.
''The New York Times'' said that the event would "still be a great fair", even if half the buildings were never built.
Another newspaper wrote that the fair, along with the Golden Gate Exposition, would be "two stunning examples of science in action". Just before the fair opened, ''The Scotsman'' wrote that, despite the ongoing
Nazi conquest of Europe, workers at the 1939 fair "still
elievedthe world of to-day has possibilities of progress".
Upon the fair's opening, a ''Washington Post'' writer praised the fairground's futuristic architecture and landscaping, even while stating that "there is also architecture on which the classicist can rest his peepers". ''The New York Times'' reported that European countries regarded the fair as an opportunity to display "its particular political views before the American public under the guise of good-will and commercial display". In an August 1939
Gallup poll
Gallup, Inc. is an American multinational analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. Gallup provides analytics and man ...
of the fair's visitors, 84% of respondents said they wanted to return, while only 3% disliked the fair.
When the fair closed, the ''Baltimore Sun'' wrote in 1940 that "the World's Fair was devoted to the arts of peace, and this is time of war". A decade after the fair, one writer for the ''New York Herald Tribune'' said the expo had "become for many of us a symbol of the past", in large part because of the war that followed. In 1964, one ''New York Times'' writer said the 1939 fair had been envisioned in an era "that had in its calendar no World War II, no Hiroshima, no Korea, no fires in Africa and Asia".
The design critic
Paul Goldberger, writing in 1980, described the fair as significant for its products and architecture,
while a ''Newsday'' critic wrote that the fair had provided hope at a time when everyone was fearful of the war.
Robert A. M. Stern wrote in his 1987 book ''New York 1930'' that "the fair was seen as little more than a transitory good-time place".
Economic and regional influence
To limit excessive real-estate development around the fairground, city officials requested in early 1936 that the neighborhoods around Flushing Meadows be rezoned as residential areas. The city approved restrictions in 1937, preventing the construction of high-rise buildings around the site and regulating businesses from operating within of the fairground. One ''New York Times'' writer wrote in 1938 that, although residential development in Queens was increasing, this was due to the presence of new transport links, rather than because of the fair. After the fair began, commercial activity around
Flushing, Queens
Flushing is a neighborhood in the north-central portion of the New York City Borough (New York City), borough of Queens. The neighborhood is the fourth-largest central business district in New York City. Downtown Flushing is a major commercial ...
, also increased, and real-estate prices there increased several times over.
Grover Whalen predicted that the fair would attract 50 million visitors, who would spend $1 billion in total. Numerous retailers on
Fifth Avenue
Fifth Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the borough (New York City), borough of Manhattan in New York City. The avenue runs south from 143rd Street (Manhattan), West 143rd Street in Harlem to Washington Square Park in Greenwich Village. The se ...
in Manhattan renovated their buildings for the fair, and room rates at local hotels were also increased. By May 1939, real-estate figures predicted that the fair would earn between $1 billion and $1.5 billion for the city's economy.
The state legislature predicted that the fair would spur business throughout New York state, and Whalen predicted that the fair would increase total spending across the U.S. by $10 billion. During the fair, the New York state government sought to attract visitors to other parts of the state, such as the
Finger Lakes
The Finger Lakes are a group of eleven long, narrow, roughly north–south lakes located directly south of Lake Ontario in an area called the ''Finger Lakes region'' in New York (state), New York, in the United States. This region straddles th ...
,
Adirondack Mountains
The Adirondack Mountains ( ) are a massif of mountains in Northeastern New York which form a circular dome approximately wide and covering about . The region contains more than 100 peaks, including Mount Marcy, which is the highest point in Ne ...
, and
Catskill Mountains
The Catskill Mountains, also known as the Catskills, are a physiographic province and subrange of the larger Appalachian Mountains, located in southeastern New York. As a cultural and geographic region, the Catskills are generally defined a ...
.
During the 1939 season, New York City saw both increased vehicular traffic and public-transit use, even though the city actually had fewer commuters (continuing a decade-long trend). Vehicular traffic in Manhattan south of 61st Street increased during the fair, as did hotel-room bookings in the city. The exposition also spurred increased spending in New York City and was indirectly connected with Queens' further development.
Although most tourists to New York City in 1939 came specifically for the fair, the rest of the city also saw increased tourism in 1940.
Media and archives
After the fair, documents and films from the event were sent to the
New York Public Library
The New York Public Library (NYPL) is a public library system in New York City. With nearly 53 million items and 92 locations, the New York Public Library is the second-largest public library in the United States behind the Library of Congress a ...
. The
National Building Museum
The National Building Museum is a museum of architecture, design, engineering, construction, and urban planning in Northwest Washington, D.C., U.S. It was created by an act of Congress in 1980, and is a private non-profit institution. Located at ...
in
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States. The city is on the Potomac River, across from Virginia, and shares land borders with ...
, described the 1939 fair in its 2010–2011 exhibition ''Designing Tomorrow: America's World's Fairs of the 1930s'', while the
Queens Museum hosted a retrospective exhibit about the fair in 1980.
Private collectors have amassed a large amount of memorabilia from the fair. These ephemera include print media such as guidebooks, posters, and programs, in addition to everyday objects such as pens, ashtrays, maps, and puzzles.
The 1939 New York World's Fair has been dramatized in books such as
David Gelernter
David Hillel Gelernter (born March 5, 1955) is an American computer scientist, artist, and writer. He is a professor of computer science at Yale University.
Gelernter is known for contributions to parallel computation in the 1980s, and for book ...
's 1995 novel ''1939: The Lost World of the Fair''. There have also been several nonfiction books about the fair, including Barbara Cohen, Steven Heller, and Seymour Chwast's 1989 book ''Trylon and Perisphere''
and James Mauro's 2010 book ''Twilight at the World of Tomorrow''. In addition, objects and footage from the event are shown in the 1984 documentary
''The World of Tomorrow''.
[; ]
See also
*
Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations
An exhibition, in the most general sense, is an organized presentation and display of a selection of items. In practice, exhibitions usually occur within a cultural or educational setting such as a museum, art gallery, park, library, exhibit ...
– 1853 World's Fair in Bryant Park, New York City
*
List of world expositions
A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition, is a large global exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specific site for a perio ...
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
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Further reading
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External links
New York World's 1939–1940 records, 1935–1945Manuscripts and Archives, New York Public Library.
WNYC Broadcasts from the 1939–1940 New York World's Fair
{{Authority control
New York World's Fair
1939 festivals
Flushing Meadows–Corona Park
New York (state) historical anniversaries
Robert Moses projects
New York World's Fair
New York World's Fair