Events

Below, the events of

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

have the "WWI" prefix.

January

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial

Ottoman Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire () was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. It was founded in 1299 and dissolved in 1922. Army The Military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the years ...

garrison on the

Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ; ; ; ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Afri ...

is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's Desert Column. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

– Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition: Seven survivors of the Ross Sea party are rescued after being stranded for several months. *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: Muhammad and his ...

– Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day

Lyndhurst, New Jersey Lyndhurst is a Township (New Jersey), township in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2020 United States census, the township's population was 22,519, an increase of 1,965 (+9.6%) from the 2010 Uni ...

), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI. *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings. * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the R ...

– The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million (equivalent to $ million in ). *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

– WWI: United States President

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...

calls for "peace without victory" in Germany. *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

– WWI: British armed merchantman is sunk by mines off Lough Swilly (Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

– The sea defences at the English village of

Hallsands Hallsands is a village and beach in south Devon, England, in a precarious position between cliffs and the sea, between Beesands to the north and Start Point, Devon, Start Point to the south. History The early history of Hallsands is unknown, bu ...

are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable. *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 98, 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accessi ...

– The United States ends its search for

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa ( , , ; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced ...

. *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

– Pershing's troops in

Mexico Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundar ...

begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach

Columbus, New Mexico Columbus is an incorporated village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, about north of the Mexican border. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of a 1916 attack by Mexican general Francisco "Pancho" Villa that ...

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * *2 BC – Caesar Augustus is granted the title ''pater patriae'' by the Roman Senate. *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *756 – Chinese New Year; An Lushan proclaims himself E ...

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

– WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign:

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

announces its

U-boat U-boats are Submarine#Military, naval submarines operated by Germany, including during the World War I, First and Second World Wars. The term is an Anglicization#Loanwords, anglicized form of the German word , a shortening of (), though the G ...

s will resume unrestricted submarine warfare, rescinding the ' ''Sussex'' Pledge'. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

– WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– Deportivo Toluca F.C. is founded as an Association football club in Mexico. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I and Pope Pope John XII, John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1258 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: Hulegu Kh ...

– WWI: ** Mata Hari is arrested in Paris for spying. ** Raid on Nekhl: Units of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force completely reoccupy the

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

ian Sinai Peninsula. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

– British troopship is accidentally rammed and sunk off the

Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight (Help:IPA/English, /waɪt/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''WYTE'') is an island off the south coast of England which, together with its surrounding uninhabited islets and Skerry, skerries, is also a ceremonial county. T ...

, killing 646, mainly members of the South African Native Labour Corps. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

– WWI: Walter Hines Page, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocleti ...

** WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public. ** Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

– The enactment of the Jones Act grants

Puerto Ricans Puerto Ricans (), most commonly known as Puerto Rico#Etymology, Boricuas, but also occasionally referred to as '':es:Anexo:Gentilicios de Puerto Rico#Lista general, Borinqueños'', '':es:Anexo:Gentilicios de Puerto Rico#Lista general, Borincan ...

United States citizenship. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as ...

Montana Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...

becomes the first woman member of the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...

. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

– "

Livery Stable Blues "Livery Stable Blues" is a jazz composition copyrighted by Ray Lopez (''né'' Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1979) and Alcide Nunez in 1917. It was recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on February 26, 1917, and, with the A-side and B-side, ...

", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...

, by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in the United States, becomes the first

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its roots are in blues, ragtime, European harmony, African rhythmic rituals, spirituals, h ...

recording commercially released. On

August 17 Events Pre-1600 * 310 – Pope Eusebius dies, possibly from a hunger strike, shortly after being banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicilia (Roman province), Sicily. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzanti ...

the band records "

Tiger Rag "Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...

". *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem '' Shahnameh''. * 1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between ...

(N.S.) ** (

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...

, O.S.) – The

February Revolution The February Revolution (), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution or February Coup was the first of Russian Revolution, two revolutions which took place in Russia ...

begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in

Petrograd Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea. The city had a population of 5,601, ...

start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city. ** WWI: Norwegian tramp (the ship that rammed and sank in

1914 This year saw the beginning of what became known as the First World War, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip ...

) is torpedoed and sunk by SM ''U-62'' in the Atlantic with the loss of 3 crew members. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

– The Province of

Batangas Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( ), is a first class province of the Philippines located in the southwestern part of Luzon in the Calabarzon region. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 2,908,494 people, making ...

is formally founded, as one of the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

' first

encomienda The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish Labour (human activity), labour system that rewarded Conquistador, conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. In theory, the conquerors provided the labourers with benefits, including mil ...

s. *

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. * 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 13 ...

–

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution () was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its ...

Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920), known as Venustiano Carranza, was a Mexican land owner and politician who served as President of Mexico from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the Mexican Re ...

is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives ''

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' (; ; ) describes practices that are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. The phrase is often used in contrast with '' de facto'' ('from fa ...

'' recognition of his government. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

– The Russian

Duma A duma () is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were formed across Russia ...

declares a

Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revoluti ...

. It is dissolved 4 months later. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

– WWI: The

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

terminates diplomatic relations with Germany. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

(N.S.) (

, O.S.) – Emperor

Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II (Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov; 186817 July 1918) or Nikolai II was the last reigning Emperor of Russia, Congress Poland, King of Congress Poland, and Grand Duke of Finland from 1 November 1894 until Abdication of Nicholas II, hi ...

abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

, after 196 years. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

(N.S.) (

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

, O.S.) –

Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas II. He was designated Emperor of Russia after his brother Nicholas II of Russia ...

refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince Georgy Lvov. *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

– The

Georgian Orthodox Church The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, tr), commonl ...

restores the

autocephaly Autocephaly (; ) is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches. The status has been compared with t ...

, abolished by Imperial Russia in

1811 Events January–March * January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. * January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón ...

. *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 624 – First Eid al-Fitr celebration. * 1021 – The death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret ...

– WWI:

First Battle of Gaza The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from th ...

– British Egyptian Expeditionary Force troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders. *

March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Avar–Byzantine wars: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic army is decimated by the plague. * 1282 ...

– Hjalmar Hammarskjöld steps down as

Prime Minister of Sweden The prime minister of Sweden (, "minister of state") is the head of government of the Sweden, Kingdom of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subject to th ...

; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician Carl Swartz. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...

– The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the

US Virgin Islands The United States Virgin Islands, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and a Territories of the United States, territory of the United States. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Isl ...

, after paying $25 million to Denmark.

April

* April – '' Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki'', the first

anime is a Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, , in Japan and in Ja ...

, is released in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St ...

– WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature, legislative branch of the federal government of the United States. It is a Bicameralism, bicameral legislature, including a Lower house, lower body, the United States House of Representatives, ...

for a

declaration of war A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state announces existing or impending war activity against another. The declaration is a performative speech act (or the public signing of a document) by an authorized party of a national gov ...

on Germany. *

April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. * ...

– WWI: The United States declares war on Germany. *

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. * 1139 – ...

(N.S.) (

, O.S.) – In

, 40,000 ethnic

Estonians Estonians or Estonian people () are a Finnic ethnic group native to the Baltic Sea region in Northern Europe, primarily their nation state of Estonia. Estonians primarily speak the Estonian language, a language closely related to other Finni ...

demand

national autonomy National may refer to: Common uses * Nation or country ** Nationality – a ''national'' is a person who is subject to a nation, regardless of whether the person has full rights as a citizen Places in the United States * National, Maryland, ce ...

within

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

. *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, ...

–

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...

– WWI: Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough. *

– 12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the

Battle of Vimy Ridge The Battle of Vimy Ridge was part of the Battle of Arras, in the Pas-de-Calais department of France, during the First World War. The main combatants were the four divisions of the Canadian Corps in the First Army, against three divisions of ...

. *

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

– Eddystone explosion: an explosion at an ammunition plant near

Chester, Pennsylvania Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the Philadelphia metropolitan area (also known as the Delaware Valley) on the western bank of the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware. ...

, kills 139, mostly female workers. *

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. *1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...

– WWI:

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

severs diplomatic relations with Germany. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

(N.S.) (

O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within

, from the

Governorate of Estonia The Governorate of Estonia, also known as the Esthonia (Estland) Governorate, was a province (''guberniya'') and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire. It was located in the northern Estonia with some islands in the West Estoni ...

and the northern part of the

Governorate of Livonia The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a province (''guberniya'') and one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, Baltic Governorate-General until 1876. Governorate of Livonia bordered Governorate of E ...

. *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido – the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Roman emperor Otho commits suicide. * ...

** (N.S.) (

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...

, O.S.) –

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov ( 187021 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist. He was the first head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 until Death and state funeral of ...

arrives at the

Finland Station St Petersburg–Finlyandsky (), also known as Finland Station () , is a railway station in St. Petersburg, Russia, handling transport to westerly destinations including Helsinki and Vyborg. The station is most famous for having been the lo ...

after a German-sponsored voyage in a

sealed train A sealed train is one that travels internationally under customs and/or immigration seal, without its contents legally recognized as entering or leaving the nations traversed between the beginning and end of the journey or subject to any otherwis ...

from his exile in Switzerland through Germany and Scandinavia. ** WWI: The Nivelle Offensive commences. *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. * 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

** (N.S.) (

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 &nd ...

, O.S.) –

April Theses The April Theses (, transliteration: ') were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his April 1917 return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany and Finland. The theses were mostly aimed at ...

are published. They become very influential in the following

July Days The July Days () were a period of unrest in Petrograd, Russia, between . It was characterised by spontaneous armed demonstrations by soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged against the Russian Provisional Government. The demonstrat ...

and

Bolshevik Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was led by Vladimir L ...

. ** WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the

Second Battle of Gaza The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17–19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Gaza was defended b ...

. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General Archibald Murray, and the beginning of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. ** ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British Newspaper#Daily, daily Newspaper#National, national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its modern name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its si ...

'' and the ''

Daily Mail The ''Daily Mail'' is a British daily Middle-market newspaper, middle-market Tabloid journalism, tabloid conservative newspaper founded in 1896 and published in London. , it has the List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation, h ...

'' (London newspapers both owned by Lord Northcliffe) print

atrocity propaganda Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations. This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, interv ...

of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

– WWI: Army transport fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German

in the

English Channel The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busi ...

seven miles southeast of

Beachy Head Beachy Head is a Chalk Group, chalk headland in East Sussex, England. It is situated close to Eastbourne, East Sussex, Eastbourne, immediately east of the Seven Sisters, Sussex, Seven Sisters. Beachy Head is located within the administrative ar ...

. * April 26 – WWI: The Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.

May

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

– WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies begin. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. * 1386 – England and Portugal formall ...

– WWI: The Nivelle Offensive is abandoned. *

May 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1344 – A Latin Christian fleet defeats a Turkish fleet in the battle of Pallene during the Smyrniote crusades. *1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, v ...

– Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII (; born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death on 9 October 1958. He is the most recent p ...

, is consecrated

Archbishop In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...

Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (; ; born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, ; 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922) was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I a ...

. *

–

October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...

(at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of

Marian apparition A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance of Mary, the mother of Jesus. While sometimes described as a type of vision, apparitions are generally regarded as external manifestations, whereas visions are more often understood as ...

s near

Fátima, Portugal Fátima () is a city in the concelho, municipality of Ourém and Santarém District, district of Santarém in the Oeste e Vale do Tejo Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous Freguesia, civil ...

, which become known as

Our Lady of Fátima Our Lady of Fátima (, ; formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cova da Iria in Fátima, Portu ...

. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurpe ...

–

Robert Nivelle Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in the ...

is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the

French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (, , ), is the principal Army, land warfare force of France, and the largest component of the French Armed Forces; it is responsible to the Government of France, alongside the French Navy, Fren ...

, by

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain (; 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as Marshal Pétain (, ), was a French marshal who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the Collaboration with Nazi Ger ...

. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47 ...

– WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the

, giving the

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university *President (government title) President may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Film and television *'' Præsident ...

the power of

conscription Conscription, also known as the draft in the United States and Israel, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it conti ...

. *

May 21 Events Pre-1600 * 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as '' Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy. * 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlab ...

– Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the Great Atlanta fire of 1917 in the United States. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. ...

**The Commissioned Officer Corps of the

United States Coast and Geodetic Survey The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey ( USC&GS; known as the Survey of the Coast from 1807 to 1836, and as the United States Coast Survey from 1836 until 1878) was the first scientific agency of the Federal government of the United State ...

is established. ** Ell Persons is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. * 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. *1533 – The marriage of King Henry ...

** A month of civil violence in

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested. ** WWI: During the Stalemate in Southern Palestine, the Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway by the British Desert Column takes place: large sections of the railway line linking

Beersheba Beersheba ( / ; ), officially Be'er-Sheva, is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the centre of the fourth-most populous metropolitan area in Israel, the eighth-most p ...

to the main Ottoman desert base are destroyed. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire ta ...

– A

tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with the surface of Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, although the ...

strikes

Mattoon, Illinois Mattoon ( ) is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 16,870 as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Lake Land College and has close ties with its neighbor, Charleston, Illinois, Charleston. Both are principal cit ...

, causing devastation and killing 101 people. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &nda ...

** WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at Missy-aux-Bois. **

promulgates the 1917 ''Code of Canon Law''.

June

June 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. * 1298 – Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. * 1495 – A monk, John Cor, rec ...

– 1917 French Army mutinies: A French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them. * June 4 – The first

Pulitzer Prize The Pulitzer Prizes () are 23 annual awards given by Columbia University in New York City for achievements in the United States in "journalism, arts and letters". They were established in 1917 by the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made his fo ...

s are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography, (for ''

Julia Ward Howe Julia Ward Howe ( ; May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was an American author and poet, known for writing the "Battle Hymn of the Republic" as new lyrics to an existing song, and the original 1870 pacifist Mothers' Day Proclamation. She w ...

''). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history, for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.''

Herbert Bayard Swope Herbert Bayard Swope Sr. (; January 5, 1882 – June 20, 1958) was an American editor, journalist and intimate of the Algonquin Round Table. Swope spent most of his career at the ''New York World.'' He was the first and three-time recipient of t ...

receives the first Pulitzer for journalism, for his work for the ''

New York World The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 to 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers as a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Jo ...

.'' *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

– WWI:

Conscription Conscription, also known as the draft in the United States and Israel, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it conti ...

begins in the United States. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognises the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – He ...

– WWI: Battle of Messines opens with the British Army detonating 24

ammonal Ammonal is an explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder. TNT is added to create T-ammonal which improves properties such as brisance. The mixture is often referred to as Tannerite, which is a brand of ammonal. The ammonium ...

mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history. *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...

– Speculator Mine disaster: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside

Butte, Montana Butte ( ) is a consolidated city-county and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. The city covers , and, according to the 2 ...

, kills at least 168 workers. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty ( 171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

– King

Constantine I of Greece Constantine I (, Romanization, romanized: ''Konstantínos I''; – 11 January 1923) was King of Greece from 18 March 1913 to 11 June 1917 and again from 19 December 1920 to 27 September 1922. He was commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army dur ...

abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son

Alexander Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here ar ...

. *

June 13 Events Pre-1600 * 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia. * 1325 – Ibn ...

– WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

– The United States enacts the Espionage Act.

July

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian calendar, Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., being the month of his birth. Before the ...

** The first

Cottingley Fairies The Cottingley Fairies are the subject of a hoax which purports to provide evidence of the existence of fairies. They appear in a series of five photographs taken by Elsie Wright (1901–1988) and Frances Griffiths (1907–1986), two young co ...

photographs are taken in

Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ) is an area of Northern England which was History of Yorkshire, historically a county. Despite no longer being used for administration, Yorkshire retains a strong regional identity. The county was named after its county town, the ...

, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until

1981 Events January * January 1 ** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union. ** Palau becomes a self-governing territory. * January 6 – A funeral service is held in West Germany for Nazi Grand Admiral ...

). ** Suze Groeneweg becomes the first woman elected to sit in the

House of Representatives House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entities. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often ...

in the

Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...

(although women will not be granted the right to vote until the following year). *

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

– WWI: Russian General Brusilov begins the major Kerensky offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards

Lemberg Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...

. *

– 3 – East St. Louis massacre: A labor dispute ignites a

race riot This is a list of ethnic riots by country, and includes riots based on Ethnic conflict, ethnic, Sectarian violence, sectarian, xenophobic, and Racial conflict, racial conflict. Some of these riots can also be classified as pogroms. Africa A ...

in East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead. * July 2 – WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are calle ...

. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egy ...

– WWI: **

Battle of Aqaba The Battle of Aqaba was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. The attacking forces, led by Sherif Nasir and Auda abu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), were victoriou ...

: Arabian troops, led by T. E. Lawrence, capture

Aqaba Aqaba ( , ; , ) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba. Situated in southernmost Jordan, Aqaba is the administrative center of the Aqaba Governorate. The city had a population of 148, ...

from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

. ** The

Conscription Crisis of 1917 The Conscription Crisis of 1917 () was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also brought out many issues regarding relatio ...

in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act. *

July 7 Events Pre-1600 * 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks. * 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution. * 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...

– The

Lions Clubs International Lions Clubs International, is an international service organization, currently headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. , it had over 46,000 local clubs and more than 1.4 million members (including the youth wing Leo) in more than 200 geographic ...

is formed in the United States. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1167 – The Byzantines defeat the Hungarian army ...

– 13 – WWI: First Battle of Ramadi – British troops fail to take

Ramadi Ramadi ( ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate which shares borders with Syri ...

from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat. * July 12 –

Bisbee Deportation The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 strike action, striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse comitatus (common law), posse, who arrested t ...

: The Phelps Dodge Corporation has over 1,000 suspected IWW members from its metal mines deported from

Bisbee, Arizona Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County, Arizona, Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is southeast of Tucson, Arizona, Tucson and north of the Mexican border. According to the 2020 United States census, ...

. *

July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The Hijrah of Muhammad begins, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouran ...

– 17 –

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

troops mutiny, abandon the Austrian front, and retreat to

Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the List of European countries by area, second-largest country in Europe after Russia, which Russia–Ukraine border, borders it to the east and northeast. Ukraine also borders Belarus to the nor ...

; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat. *

– 18 –

: Serious clashes occur in

;

escapes to

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

;

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky,; ; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky'' was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure ...

is arrested. *

July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. * 1048 – Dama ...

– King

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936. George w ...

of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the

British Royal Family The British royal family comprises Charles III and other members of his family. There is no strict legal or formal definition of who is or is not a member, although the Royal Household has issued different lists outlining who is considere ...

will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of ''

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ( ; ) is a European royal house of German origin. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bulgaria, Portugal ...

'' (an offshoot of the historic (800+ years)

House of Wettin The House of Wettin () was a dynasty which included Saxon monarch, kings, Prince Elector, prince-electors, dukes, and counts, who once ruled territories in the present-day German federated states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynas ...

). *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defe ...

** The

Parliament of Finland The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the Unicameralism, unicameral and Parliamentary sovereignty, supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that ...

, with a

Social Democratic Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...

majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the

Grand Duchy of Finland The Grand Duchy of Finland was the predecessor state of modern Finland. It existed from 1809 to 1917 as an Autonomous region, autonomous state within the Russian Empire. Originating in the 16th century as a titular grand duchy held by the Monarc ...

. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Duke of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland. ** (

, O.S.) –

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months from late July to early November 1917 ( N.S.). After th ...

becomes

premier Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries. A second in command to a premier is designated as a deputy premier. A premier will normally be a head of govern ...

of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov. ** The Russian Provisional Government enacts women's suffrage. ** The Corfu Declaration, which enables the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia. *

–July 28, 28 – WWI: Austrian and German Empire, German forces repulse the

advance into Galicia. * July 25 – Sir William Thomas White introduces Canada's first income tax as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). * July 28 – The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis massacre of early July, as well as lynchings in Tennessee and Texas. * July 30 – The

is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority. * July 31 – WWI: Battle of Passchendaele ("Third Battle of Ypres") – Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.

August

* August 2–August 3, 3 – The Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central Oklahoma. * August 2 – Edwin Harris Dunning, Squadron Commander E.H. Dunning]
lands his aircraft on the ship
in Scapa Flow, Orkney. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship. * August 3 – The New York Guard is founded. * August 10 – A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests. * August 14 – The

declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. *

– One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh. * August 18 – The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless. * August 29 – WWI: The Military Service Act (Canada), Military Service Act is passed in the House of Commons of Canada, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.

September

* September 5 – WW1: On the Eastern Front, German troops enter Riga after a successful offensive against the city's Russian defenders. * September 11 – The Bellevue Conference (September 11, 1917), Bellevue Conference is held. * September 14 (September 1 Old Style) – Russia is declared a Russian Republic, republic by the

. * September 23 –

is elected Chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. * September 25 – The Mossovet (Moscow Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the Bolsheviks. * September 26–October 3 – WWI: Battle of Polygon Wood (part of the Battle of Passchendaele) near Ypres in Belgium – British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans. * September 28–September 29, 29 – WWI: Battles of Ramadi (1917)#Second Battle of Ramadi, Second Battle of Ramadi – British troops take

from the Ottoman Empire.

October

* October 4 – WWI: Battle of Broodseinde near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the 4th Army (German Empire), German 4th Army's defences. * October 12 – WWI: First Battle of Passchendaele: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time. * October 12–October 19, 19 – WWI: Operation Albion – German forces land on and capture the West Estonian archipelago. *

– The Miracle of the Sun is reported at

. * October 19 ** Dallas Love Field Airport is opened in Texas. ** Carl Swartz leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor Nils Edén. * October 23 – A Brazil during World War I, Brazilian ship is destroyed by a German U-boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I. * October 24 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto opens between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers near Kobarid in the Austrian Littoral. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel. * October 26 – WWI: First Brazilian Republic#Brazil in World War I, Brazil declares war against the Central Powers. * October 27 – WWI: Battle of Buqqar Ridge – Ottoman forces attack British Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. * October 31 – WWI: Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba – The British XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps ( Egyptian Expeditionary Force) attack and capture

from Ottoman forces, ending the stalemate in Southern Palestine. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted Charge (warfare), charge, by Australian mounted infantry.

November

* November 1 – WWI: ** The British XXI Corps (United Kingdom), XXI Corps of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the Third Battle of Gaza. ** The British Desert Mounted Corps begins the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, in the direction of Hebron and Jerusalem. * November 2 – Zionism: The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine (region), Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities". * November 5 (N.S.) (October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in Tallinn, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the October Revolution in

. * November 6 ** WWI – Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passendale, Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on November 10). ** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps, against the central Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road. ** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government. * November 7 ** (N.S.) (October 25, O.S.) – October Revolution in Russia: The workers of the St. Petersburg, Petrograd Workers' council, Soviet in Russia, led by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Bolshevik Party and leader

, storm the Winter Palace and successfully destroy the Alexander Kerensky, Kerensky

after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the Russian Civil War. ** History of Iran, Iran (which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allies of World War II, Allied Forces after the October Revolution. ** WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army XXI Corps (United Kingdom), XXI Corps occupies Gaza City, Gaza, after the Ottoman garrison withdraws. ** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line. ** Women's suffrage in the United States, Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State. * November 8 (N.S.) (October 26, O.S.) – Following the October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the Council of People's Commissars of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first woman Cabinet (government), cabinet Minister (government), minister in Europe. * November 13 – WWI: ** Battle of Mughar Ridge: The British Imperial Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacks retreating Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of Palestine (region), Palestine territory. ** The ANZAC Mounted Division (Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong German Empire, German rearguards. * November 15 ** Night of Terror (event), "Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned. ** The

passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent. ** (N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Estonian Provincial Assembly, Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks. * November 16 ** WWI: Battle of Ayun Kara: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies Jaffa. ** Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France. * November 17 ** WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning (DD-37), USS ''Fanning'' and USS Nicholson (DD-52), USS ''Nicholson'' capture Imperial German Navy

SM U-58, SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled). ** WWI: The Battle of Jerusalem (1917) begins, with the British Imperial Egyptian Expeditionary Force launching attacks against Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills. ** The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom. * November 19 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 Desertion, deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29. * November 20 ** WWI: Battle of Cambrai (1917), Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back. **

is Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council, declared Ukrainian People's Republic, a republic. * November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations. * November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in ''Izvestia'' and ''Pravda''; it is printed in the ''Manchester Guardian'' on November 26. * November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001). * November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania. * November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association. * November 28 – WWI: The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the German Empire, Germans.

December

* December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress. * December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916). Senate1917

* December 6 ** The Senate of Finland officially declares the Independence of Finland, country's independence from Russian Empire, Russia. ** Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity (nuclear test), Trinity nuclear weapons testing, nuclear test in 1945). ** WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean south west of the British Isles by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war, the first ever U.S. destroyer loss to an enemy. * December 9 – WWI: ** Battle of Jerusalem (1917), Battle of Jerusalem: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group. ** The Kingdom of Romania signs the Armistice of Focșani with the Central Powers. * December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate. * December 17 – The ''Raad van Vlaanderen (World War I), Raad van Vlaanderen'' proclaims the independence of Flanders from German-occupied Belgium. * December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia. * December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (''Jaanilinn'') from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. * December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's ''Why Marry?'', the first play to win a

, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City. * December 26 – United States President

uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently. * December 30 – WWI: The British Egyptian Expeditionary Force secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917)#Defence of Jerusalem, Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous counterattacks by the Ottoman-German Yildirim Army Group.

Date unknown

* The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience. * The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing.

Births

January

* January 2 ** Vera Zorina, Norwegian dancer, actress (d. 2003) ** K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010) * January 3 ** Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018) ** D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018) * January 5 ** Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969) ** Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010) ** Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006) ** Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007) * January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005) *

** Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018) ** Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008) * January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007) * January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994) * January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987) * January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002) * January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012) *

** Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003) ** Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992) *

– Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014) * January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005)

February

* February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018) *

– Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994) * February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980) *

– Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012) * February 6 ** John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020) ** Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016) * February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008) * February 11 ** T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976) ** Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007) * February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011) * February 17 ** Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002) ** Whang-od, Filipino ''mambabatok'' or tattoo artist * February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009) * February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967) * February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019) *

– Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996) *

– Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1985) * February 25 ** Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993) ** Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009) * February 27 ** John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993) ** Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012) * February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007)

March

** Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977) ** Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994) ** Thanjavur K. P. Sivanandam, Carnatic Music, Carnatic veena player and a descendant of the Thanjavur Quartet, Tanjore Quartet (d. 2003) *

** Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986) ** Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019) ** Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018) *

– Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952) * March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006) * March 6 ** Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977) ** Donald Davidson (philosopher), Donald Davidson, American philosopher (d. 2003) ** Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005) *

** Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) ** Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969) ** Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011) *

– Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018) * March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017) * March 19 ** Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950) ** Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985) * March 20 ** Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018) ** Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020) * March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984) * March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004) * March 24 ** Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007) ** John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) *

– Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001) * March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)

April

* April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997) * April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994) * April 7 ** R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012) ** Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003) *

– Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) *

** Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002) ** Vincent O'Brien, Irish racehorse trainer (d. 2009) *

– Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) *

– Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018) *

– Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977) * April 13 ** Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011) ** Li Rui (politician), Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019) * April 14 – Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998) * April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982) *

– Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007) * April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) * April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008) * April 24 – Song Ping, Chinese communist revolutionary and former politician. * April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996) * April 26 – I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019) * April 28 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999) * April 29 ** Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002) ** Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961) ** Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012)

May

* May 1 ** John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in ''General Hospital'' (d. 1996) ** Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013) ** Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017) ** Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012) *

** José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990) ** George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016) ** Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012) * May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d. 1969) * May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000) * May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005) * May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003) *

– Jerzy Duszyński (actor), Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978) *

– Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986) * May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005) *

– Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in ''Perry Mason (1957 TV series), Perry Mason'' (d. 1993) *

– Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999) * May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019) * May 28 ** Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d. 1994) ** Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980) * May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963) * May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d. 2005)

June

– William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) * June 4 – Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004) * June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015) *

** Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000) ** Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995) *

– Byron White, American American football, football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002) * June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012) * June 10 – Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d. 2006) *

– Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d. 2005) * June 14 ** Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer (d. 2023) ** Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007) *

– John Fenn (chemist), John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) * June 16 ** Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999) ** Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001) ** Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009) * June 17 – Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017) * June 18 ** Richard Boone, American actor (d.

) ** Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008) * June 24 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013) * June 25 ** Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) ** Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018) * June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019) * June 29 – Ling Yun (politician), Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018) * June 30 ** Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975) ** Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d. 2010)

July

Reg Smyth from a family photograph owned by the Smyth family 2007

** Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher (d. 2022) ** Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d. 1994) ** Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005) ** Naji Talib, Prime Minister of Iraq (d. 2012) * July 2 – André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017) * July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947) *

** Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011) ** Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004) *

** Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990) ** Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003) * July 9 ** Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019) ** Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d. 2007) * July 10 ** Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown) ** Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d. 2018) ** Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998) * July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004) * July 12 ** Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014) ** Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009) ** Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d. 2006) * July 15 ** Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015) ** Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2006) ** Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012) *

** Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d. 2008) ** Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012) ** Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015) ** Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d. 2007) ** Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer (d. 1979) * July 18 ** Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008) ** Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019) * July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013) *

– Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d. 2001) * July 21 ** Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d. 2005) ** Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d. 2007) * July 22 ** Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983) ** Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984) * July 23 ** Charles Kerruish, Manx politician (d. 2003) ** Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d. 2010) * July 24 – Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d. 2005) * July 25 – Fritz Honegger, 79th president of Switzerland (d. 1999) * July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017) * July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992) * July 30 – Keith Rae (footballer), Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021)

August

Jack-Kirby art-of-jack-kirby wyman-skaar

* August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997) * August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993) * August 8 – Earl Cameron (actor), Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020) * August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d. 2018) * August 11 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014) * August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997) * August 15 ** Jack Lynch, 5th Taoiseach, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999) ** Óscar Romero, El Salvador, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980) *

– Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008) * August 18 – Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006) * August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2022) * August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d. 2001) * August 23 ** Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d. 2018) ** Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996) * August 25 ** Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d. 2008) ** Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011) ** Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986) * August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990) * August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994) * August 29 – Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in ''The Jeffersons'' (d. 2004) * August 30 ** Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015) ** Margaret Costa (food writer), Margaret Costa, British food writer (d. 1999)

September

* September 5 – Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012) * September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008) * September 7 ** Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d. 2018) ** Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992) ** John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) ** Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005) * September 9 – Russell Hellman, American politician and member of the Michigan House of Representatives from 1961 to 1980 (d. 2004) * September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009) * September 11 ** Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008) ** Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012) ** Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989) ** Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996) ** Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d. 2001) * September 17 – Henry Pearce (politician), Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992) * September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress (d. 2017) * September 20 ** Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d. 2006) ** Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994) * September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d. 2018) * September 23 **Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d. 2006) **El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984) * September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d. 2003) * September 26 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993) * September 28 – Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005)

October

* October 2 ** Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) ** Charles Drake (actor), Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994) * October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977) * October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006) * October 8 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) * October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982) * October 15 – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian, political commentator (d. 2007) * October 17 ** Martin Donnelly (cricketer), Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999) ** Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917), Marsha Hunt, American actress (d. 2022) * October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019) * October 20 ** Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973) ** Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013) ** X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984) * October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993) * October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013) * October 24 – Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019) * October 27 – Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993) * October 28 ** Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996) ** Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979) * October 30 ** Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1983) ** Maurice Trintignant, French racing driver (d. 2005) * October 31 – Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013)

November

* November 1 – Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016) * November 2 ** Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d. 2018) ** Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012) * November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d. 2018) * November 4 – Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992) * November 5 – Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000) * November 10 – Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999) * November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944) * November 12 ** Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017) ** Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000) ** Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008) * November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017) * November 14 – Park Chung Hee, 3rd president of South Korea (d. 1979) * November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957) * November 19 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984) * November 22 – Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) * November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d. 2010) * November 28 ** Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019) ** Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017) * November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017)

December

* December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011) * December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977) * December 7 – Hurd Hatfield, American actor (d. 1998) * December 8 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (d. 1998) * December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) * December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, King of Malaysia (d. 1979) * December 11 – Mien Sondakh, Indonesian actress and singer (d. 1998) * December 15 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author and lexicographer (d. 2005) * December 16 ** Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science-fiction author, best known for co-writing the screenplay of ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (d. 2008) ** Beatrice Wright (psychologist), Beatrice Wright, American psychologist (d. 2018) * December 18 – Ossie Davis, African-American actor, film director and activist (d. 2005) * December 19 – Paul Brinegar, American actor (d. 1995) * December 20 ** David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist (d. 1992) ** Petrus Hugo, South African Second World War, WWII fighter pilot (d. 1986) ** Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013) * December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) * December 22 – Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's suffrage campaigner (d. 2017) * December 24 ** Kim Jong-suk is the wife of Kim Il-sungAnd She was a freedom fighter and a politician * December 25 ** Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist, politician (d. 2009) ** Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer and pilot (d. 2019) * December 28 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010) * December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d. 2005) * December 30 – Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004) * December 31 – Suzy Delair, French actress, singer (d. 2020)

Date unknown

* Hazza' al-Majali, 22nd & 32nd Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1960)

Deaths

January–March

* January 2 – Edward Burnett Tylor, Sir Edward Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832) * January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851) * January 6 ** Frederick William Borden, Sir Frederick Borden, Canadian politician (b. 1847) **Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist, historian (b. 1834) * January 8 – Mary Arthur McElroy, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1841) *

– Buffalo Bill, American frontiersman (b. 1846) *

– George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837) * January 18 – Andrew Murray (minister), Andrew Murray, South African author, educationist and pastor (b. 1828) *

– Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank (b. 1838) * January 29 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British diplomat and colonial administrator (b. 1841) *

– Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (b. 1853) *

– Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860) * February 8 – Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1851) * February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born English artist (b. 1849) * February 16 – Octave Mirbeau, French art critic and novelist (b. 1848) * February 17 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (b. 1837) *

** Joaquín Dicenta, Spanish writer (b. 1862) ** Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878) * March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, 1st President of Portugal (b. 1840) * March 6 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, 17th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843) *

– Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and inventor (b. 1838) *

– Robert Viren, Imperial Russian Navy admiral (b. 1857) * March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (b. 1838) * March 29 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (b. 1848) *

– Emil von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)

April–June

* April 1 – Scott Joplin, African-American ragtime composer, pianist (b. c.1868) *

– Milton Wright (bishop), Milton Wright, American bishop, father of the Wright brothers (b. 1828) *

– Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (b. 1893) * April 7 – George Brown (missionary), George Brown, British missionary (b. 1835) *

– Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835) * April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1856) * April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859) * April 18 – F. C. Burnand, British playwright and comic writer (b. 1836) * April 29 – Tehaapapa III, Tahitian queen (b. 1879) * May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, posthumous Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1896) * May 17 **Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (b. 1829) **Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (b. 1847) **Clara Ayres, American nurse (b. 1880) *

– John Nevil Maskelyne, English magician and inventor (b. 1839) * May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850) *

– Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar (b. 1855) * May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895) * May 25 ** Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891) ** René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894) *

– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Imperial Russian Navy admiral and politician (b. 1843) * May 29 – Kate Harrington (poet), Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (b. 1831) * June 3 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (b. 1835) *

– Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * June 12 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer and conductor (b. 1853) * June 14 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the worlds first scheduled airline (b. 1874) *

– Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (b. 1867) * June 17 – José Manuel Pando, 25th President of Bolivia (b. 1849) * June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840) * June 26 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (b. 1851) * June 27 ** Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1896) ** Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (b. 1838) * June 29 – Frans Schollaert, 19th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1851) * June 30 ** Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (b. 1861) ** Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (b. 1825)

July–September

* July 2 ** William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853) ** Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852) *

– Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877) * July 12 ** Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1893) ** Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (b. 1873) * July 15 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (b. 1847) *

– Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847) *

– Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (b. 1858) * July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841) * July 28 – Ririkumutima, Queen regent of Burundi * July 31 ** Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) ** Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) * August 3 – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849) * August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860) *

– John W. Kern, American Democratic politician (b. 1849) * August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835) * August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860) * September 9 ** Boris Stürmer, Russian prime minister (b. 1848) ** Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881) * September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (missing in action) (b. 1894) * September 15 – Kurt Wolff (aviator), Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) * September 23 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) * September 26 – Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (b. 1837) * September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834) * September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)

October–December

* October 3 – Eduardo di Capua, Neapolitan composer and songwriter (b. 1865) * October 4 – Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (killed in action) (b. 1873) * October 9 **Sarah Aaronsohn, member of the Jewish spy ring Nili (b. 1890) **Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt, (b. 1853) * October 11 – Duke Philipp of Württemberg (b. 1838) *

– Florence La Badie, American actress (accident) (b. 1888) * October 15 – Mata Hari, Dutch dancer, spy (executed) (b. 1876) * October 19 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876) * October 22 – Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1863) * October 23 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845) * October 27 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) * October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831) * October 30 – Heinrich Gontermann, German fighter ace (flying accident) (b. 1896) * November 2 – Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter and sworn virgin (b. 1880) * November 3 – Frederick Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1842) * November 7 – Margaret Cleaves, American physician and writer (b. 1848) * November 8 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879) * November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838) * November 15 – Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858) * November 16 – Adolf Reinach, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1883) * November 17 ** Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose, British Liberal MP (killed in action) (b. 1882) ** Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840) * December 8 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian Yiddish, Hebrew writer (b. 1836) * December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823) * December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828) * December 17 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and suffragette (b. 1836) * December 19 – Richard Maybery, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) * December 20 – Eric Campbell (actor), Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (accident) (b. 1879) * December 22 ** Frances Xavier Cabrini, first American canonized as a saint (b. 1850) ** Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (b. 1854) * December 24 – Ivan Goremykin, Russian prime minister (b. 1839) * December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Glover Barkla * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Nobel Prizes

References

Further reading

Primary sources and year books