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January

*
January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...
– The International
Alpha Omicron Pi Alpha Omicron Pi (, AOII, Alpha O) is an international sorority founded on January 2, 1897, at Barnard College on the campus of Columbia University in Manhattan, New York City. The main archive URL iThe Baird's Manual Online Archive homepage "AO ...
sorority is founded, in
New York City New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive w ...
. *
January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...
– A British force is ambushed by Chief
Ologbosere Esan people, or Esan, are an ethnic nation in Nigeria, primarily residing in Edo State, Edo Central Senatorial District, a plateau region approximately 136 meters above sea level. The term Esan refers to both the people, their culture and their ...
, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a
punitive expedition A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong beha ...
against
Benin Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It was formerly known as Dahomey. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its po ...
. *
January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...
– A
cyclone In meteorology, a cyclone () is a large air mass that rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric pressure, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere as viewed from above (opposite to an ant ...
destroys Darwin,
Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
. *
January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...
– Lady
Flora Shaw Flora Louise Shaw, Baroness Lugard (born 19 December 1852 – 25 January 1929), was a British journalist and writer. She is credited with having coined the name ''Nigeria''. Early life She was born at 2 Dundas Terrace, Woolwich, South London ...
, future wife of Governor General
Lord Lugard Frederick John Dealtry Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard (22 January 1858 – 11 April 1945), known as Sir Frederick Lugard between 1901 and 1928, was a British soldier, explorer of Africa and colonial administrator. He was Governor of Hong Kong (1907 ...
, officially proposes the name "Nigeria" in a newspaper contest, to be given to the British
Niger Coast Protectorate The Niger Coast Protectorate was a British protectorate in the Oil Rivers area of present-day Nigeria, originally established as the Oil Rivers Protectorate in 1884 and confirmed at the Berlin Conference the following year. It was renamed on 12 M ...
. *
January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...
– In this date's issue of the journal ''Engineering'', the word ''
computer A computer is a machine that can be Computer programming, programmed to automatically Execution (computing), carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations (''computation''). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic set ...
'' is first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device. *
January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on th ...
– The
Czechoslovak Trade Union Association Czechoslovak Trade Union Association (), abbreviated to OSČ, was a national trade union center, founded in 1897 in what was then the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the break-up of the empire, the OSČ emerged as the major trade union force in Czech ...
is founded in
Prague Prague ( ; ) is the capital and List of cities and towns in the Czech Republic, largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia. Prague, located on the Vltava River, has a population of about 1.4 million, while its P ...
.


February

*
February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...
– Freedom of religion is proclaimed in
Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...
. *
February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battl ...
– The French conquer the island of Raiatea and capture the rebel chief
Teraupo'o Teraupo'o ( – 23 December 1918) was a Tahitian (Maohi) resistance leader of the islands of Raiatea and Tahaa who fought off French rule from 1887 to 1897 during the decade-long Leeward Islands War. Born during the decades following the Fr ...
, ending the
Leeward Islands War The annexation of the Leeward Islands () or the Leewards War () was a series of diplomatic and armed conflicts between the French Third Republic and the native kingdoms of Kingdom of Raiatea, Raiatea-Tahaa, Kingdom of Huahine, Huahine and Kingd ...
and bringing all of the
Society Islands The Society Islands ( , officially ; ) are an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean that includes the major islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, Moorea, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country ...
under their control. *
February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 3102 BC – Kali Yuga, the fourth and final yuga of Hinduism, starts with the death of Krishna. * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining J ...
Benin Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It was formerly known as Dahomey. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its po ...
is put to the torch by the British Army's Benin Expedition.
Ovonramwen Oba Ovonramwen Nogbaisi, also called Overami, was the thirty-fifth Oba of Benin, Ọba of the Kingdom of Benin reigning from , up until the British Benin Expedition of 1897, punitive expedition. Born circa 1857, he was the son of Ọba Adolo, Ad ...
,
Oba of Benin The Oba of Benin is the traditional ruler and the custodian of the culture of the Edo people and all Edoid people. The then Kingdom of Benin (not to be confused with the modern-day and unrelated Republic of Benin, which was then known as Daho ...
, is exiled from his kingdom and the
Benin Bronzes The Benin Bronzes are a group of several thousand metal plaques and sculptures that decorated the royal palace of the Kingdom of Benin, in what is now Edo State, Nigeria. The metal plaques were produced by the Guild of Benin Bronze Casters, now ...
are carried off to London. *
February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...
– The
Sigma Pi Sigma Pi () is a collegiate fraternity in North America. As of 2021, it had more than 5,000 undergraduate members and over 118,000 alumni. The fraternity is headquartered in Nashville, Tennessee. Founded on February 26, 1897, at Vincennes Uni ...
fraternity is founded in Vincennes, Indiana. *
February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...
– The French military governor of
Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...
,
Joseph Gallieni Joseph Simon Gallieni (24 April 1849 – 27 May 1916) was a French military officer, active for most of his career as a military commander and administrator in the French colonies where he wrote several books on colonial affairs. He was rec ...
, exiles Queen
Ranavalona III Ranavalona III (; 22 November 1861 – 23 May 1917) was the last sovereign of the Kingdom of Madagascar. She ruled from 30 July 1883 to 28 February 1897 in a reign marked by ultimately futile efforts to resist the colonial designs of the go ...
to
Réunion Réunion (; ; ; known as before 1848) is an island in the Indian Ocean that is an overseas departments and regions of France, overseas department and region of France. Part of the Mascarene Islands, it is located approximately east of the isl ...
, abolishing the
monarchy A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, reigns as head of state for the rest of their life, or until abdication. The extent of the authority of the monarch may vary from restricted and largely symbolic (constitutio ...
the next day.


March

*
March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...
San Diego State University San Diego State University (SDSU) is a Public university, public research university in San Diego, California, United States. Founded in 1897, it is the third-oldest university and southernmost in the 23-member California State University (CS ...
is founded. *
March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...
Emilio Aguinaldo Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (: March 22, 1869February 6, 1964) was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who became the first List of presidents of the Philippines, president of the Philippines (1899–1901), and the first pre ...
unseats
Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (, ; November 30, 1863May 10, 1897) was a Filipino people, Filipino revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the Philippines, Philippine Philippine Revolution, Revolution", and considered a nationa ...
at the
Tejeros Convention The Tejeros Convention (Spanish: ''Convención de Tejeros''; Tagalog: ''Kapulungan sa Tejeros''), also referred to as the Tejeros Assembly or Tejeros Congress, was a meeting held on March 22, 1897, in San Francisco de Malabon (now General Tria ...
, becoming the new head of the Filipino revolutionary group
Katipunan The Katipunan (), officially known as the (; ) and abbreviated as the KKK, was a revolutionary organization founded in 1892 by a group of Filipino nationalists Deodato Arellano, Andrés Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, José Dizon, an ...
.


April

*
April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guisca ...
** Drillers near
Bartlesville, Oklahoma Bartlesville is a city mostly in Washington County and Osage County, Oklahoma. The population was 37,290 at the 2020 census. Bartlesville is north of Tulsa and south of the Kansas border. It is the county seat of Washington County. The Cane ...
strike oil for the first time, in the designated "Indian Territory", on land leased from the
Osage Indians The Osage Nation ( ) () is a Midwestern Native American nation of the Great Plains. The tribe began in the Ohio and Mississippi river valleys around 1620 A.D along with other groups of its language family, then migrated west in the 17th cen ...
. The gusher, at the Nellie Johnstone Number One well, leads to rapid population growth. **
Yamaichi Securities was a Japanese securities trading firm. The company announced it would cease operations on November 24, 1997 and was declared bankrupt by the Tokyo District Court on June 2, 1999. History Yamaichi, formed in 1897, was at one time one of the ...
founded in Japan; it will cease trading a hundred years later. *
April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara ...
– the
Greco-Turkish War of 1897 The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War (), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the O ...
Breaks out. *
April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...
– The first
Boston Marathon The Boston Marathon is an annual marathon race hosted by eight cities and towns in greater Boston in eastern Massachusetts, United States. It is traditionally held on Patriots' Day, the third Monday of April. Begun in 1897, the event was ins ...
is held in the United States, with fifteen men competing, and won by John McDermott. *
April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. *599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in so ...
– Representatives of the
Chickasaw Nation The Chickasaw Nation () is a federally recognized Indigenous nation with headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma, in the United States. The Chickasaw Nation descends from an Indigenous population historically located in the southeastern United States, in ...
,
Choctaw Nation The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma (Choctaw: ''Chahta Okla'') is a Native American reservation occupying portions of southeastern Oklahoma in the United States. At roughly , it is the second-largest reservation in area after the Navajo, exceeding t ...
and U.S.
Dawes Commission The American Dawes Commission, named for its first chairman Henry L. Dawes, was authorized under a rider to an Indian Office appropriation bill, March 3, 1893. Its purpose was to convince the Five Civilized Tribes to agree to cede tribal title ...
sign the Atoka Agreement, which becomes an important precursor for creating the State of Oklahoma. *
April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...
6 May Events Pre-1600 *1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. *1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spanis ...
Greco-Turkish War of 1897 The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Ottoman-Greek War of 1897 ( or ), also called the Thirty Days' War and known in Greece as the Black '97 (, ''Mauro '97'') or the Unfortunate War (), was a war fought between the Kingdom of Greece and the O ...
:
Battle of Velestino The Battle of Velestino (, ) comprised two separate combats, which took place on – and –, between the Greek and Ottoman armies at Velestino in Thessaly, as part of the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. The pass of Velestino controlled the road and ...
. *
April 30 Events Pre-1600 * 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. * 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus ...
J. J. Thomson Sir Joseph John Thomson (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English physicist who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of ...
of the
Cavendish Laboratory The Cavendish Laboratory is the Department of Physics at the University of Cambridge, and is part of the School of Physical Sciences. The laboratory was opened in 1874 on the New Museums Site as a laboratory for experimental physics and is named ...
announces his discovery of the
electron The electron (, or in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary charge, elementary electric charge. It is a fundamental particle that comprises the ordinary matter that makes up the universe, along with up qua ...
as a
subatomic particle In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other particles (for example, a baryon, lik ...
, over 1,800 times smaller than a
proton A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , Hydron (chemistry), H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' (elementary charge). Its mass is slightly less than the mass of a neutron and approximately times the mass of an e ...
(in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the
Royal Institution The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, inc ...
in London.


May

*
May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
John Jacob Abel John Jacob Abel (19 May 1857 – 26 May 1938) was an American biochemist and pharmacologist. He established the pharmacology department at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893, and then became America's first full-time professor o ...
announces the successful isolation of
epinephrine Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands a ...
(
adrenaline Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands a ...
), in a paper read before the Association of American Physicians. *
May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...
– 19 zinc miners die of
carbon monoxide poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning typically occurs from breathing in carbon monoxide (CO) at excessive levels. Symptoms are often described as " flu-like" and commonly include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion. Large ...
at
Snaefell Mine The Great Snaefell Mine, also referred to as the East Snaefell Mine, was a zinc Mining, mine located high in the Laxey, Laxey Valley on the slopes of Snaefell, Snaefell Mountain, in the parish of Lonan (parish), Lonan, Isle of Man. The mine rea ...
on the
Isle of Man The Isle of Man ( , also ), or Mann ( ), is a self-governing British Crown Dependency in the Irish Sea, between Great Britain and Ireland. As head of state, Charles III holds the title Lord of Mann and is represented by a Lieutenant Govern ...
. *
May 11 Events Pre-1600 * 330 – Constantine the Great dedicates the much-expanded and rebuilt city of Byzantium, changing its name to New Rome and declaring it the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. *868 – A copy of the Diamond Sūtr ...
– A patent is awarded for the invention of the first automotive
muffler A muffler (North American and Australian English) or silencer (British English) is a device for reducing the noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine—especially a noise-deadening device forming part of the exhaust syst ...
, with the granting by the U.S. Patent Office of application number 582,485 to
Milton Reeves Milton Othello Reeves (August 25, 1864 – June 4, 1925) was an early pioneer of the American automobile industry. He held more than 100 patents. Biography He was born on a farm in Rush County, Indiana, on August 25, 1864, to William Franklin R ...
and his brother Marshall T. Reeves, of the Reeves Pulley Company of
Columbus, Indiana Columbus () is a city in and the county seat of Bartholomew County, Indiana, United States. The population was 50,474 at the 2020 census. The city is known for its architectural significance, having commissioned noted works of modern architect ...
. *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France Robert II ( 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious () or the Wise (), was List of French monarchs, King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Juni ...
** ''
The Stars and Stripes Forever "The Stars and Stripes Forever" is a patriotic American march written and composed by John Philip Sousa in 1896. By a 1987 act of the U.S. Congress, it is the official National March of the United States of America. History In his 1928 au ...
'', an American patriotic march by
John Philip Sousa John Philip Sousa ( , ; November 6, 1854 – March 6, 1932) was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic music, Romantic era known primarily for American military March (music), marches. He is known as "The March King" or th ...
, is performed for the first time. ** (or
May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurpe ...
) – The
Scientific-Humanitarian Committee The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (, WhK) was founded by Magnus Hirschfeld in Berlin in May 1897, to campaign for social recognition of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people, and against their legal persecution. It was the first L ...
('' Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee'', WhK) is founded in Berlin as an LGBT campaigning organization, the first such in history. *
May 19 Events Pre-1600 * 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. * 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. * 934 – The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under ...
Oscar Wilde Oscar Fingal O'Fflahertie Wills Wilde (16 October 185430 November 1900) was an Irish author, poet, and playwright. After writing in different literary styles throughout the 1880s, he became one of the most popular and influential playwright ...
is released from prison in England, and goes into voluntary exile on the continent. *
May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. ...
– The
Blackwall Tunnel The Blackwall Tunnel is a pair of road tunnels underneath the River Thames in east London, England, linking the London Borough of Tower Hamlets with the Royal Borough of Greenwich, and part of the A102 road. The northern portal lies just south ...
, at this time the longest underwater road tunnel in the world, is opened for traffic beneath the
River Thames The River Thames ( ), known alternatively in parts as the The Isis, River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the Longest rivers of the United Kingdom, s ...
in the East End of London by the
Prince of Wales Prince of Wales (, ; ) is a title traditionally given to the male heir apparent to the History of the English monarchy, English, and later, the British throne. The title originated with the Welsh rulers of Kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd who, from ...
. *
May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire ta ...
– Irish-born theatrical manager
Bram Stoker Abraham Stoker (8 November 1847 – 20 April 1912), better known by his pen name Bram Stoker, was an Irish novelist who wrote the 1897 Gothic horror novel ''Dracula''. The book is widely considered a milestone in Vampire fiction, and one of t ...
's contemporary Gothic horror novel ''
Dracula ''Dracula'' is an 1897 Gothic fiction, Gothic horror fiction, horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker. The narrative is Epistolary novel, related through letters, diary entries, and newspaper articles. It has no single protagonist and opens ...
'' is first published (in London); it will influence the direction of
vampire literature Vampire literature covers the spectrum of literary work concerned principally with the subject of vampires. The literary vampire first appeared in 18th-century poetry, before becoming one of the stock figures of gothic fiction with the publicat ...
for the following century. *
May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by th ...
– On Decoration Day (later
Memorial Day Memorial Day (originally known as Decoration Day) is a federal holiday in the United States for mourning the U.S. military personnel who died while serving in the United States Armed Forces. It is observed on the last Monday of May. It i ...
) the
Robert Gould Shaw Memorial The ''Memorial to Robert Gould Shaw and the Massachusetts Fifty-Fourth Regiment'' is a bronze relief sculpture by Augustus Saint-Gaudens opposite 24 Beacon Street, Boston (at the edge of the Boston Common). It depicts Colonel Robert Gould Shaw le ...
is dedicated in Boston. The bronze bas relief by
Augustus St. Gaudens Augustus Saint-Gaudens (; March 1, 1848 – August 3, 1907) was an American sculptor of the Beaux-Arts generation who embodied the ideals of the American Renaissance. Saint-Gaudens was born in Dublin to an Irish-French family, and raised in New ...
depicts the
54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment The 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The unit was the second African-American regiment, following the 1st Kansas Colored Volunteer Infantr ...
of black Civil War soldiers.


June

*
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...
1897 Assam earthquake The Assam earthquake of 1897 occurred on 12 June, in Assam, British India at 11:06 UTC, and had an estimated moment magnitude of 8.2–8.3. It resulted in approximately 1,542 human casualties and caused catastrophic damage to infrastructures. ...
: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks
Assam Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
,
India India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, killing over 1,500 people. *
June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Siege of Constantinople (860), Byzantine ...
Kyoto University , or , is a National university, national research university in Kyoto, Japan. Founded in 1897, it is one of the former Imperial Universities and the second oldest university in Japan. The university has ten undergraduate faculties, eighteen gra ...
is officially established in
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
. *
June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...
– The
Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria was officially celebrated on 22 June 1897 to mark the occasion of the 60th anniversary of Queen Victoria's accession on 20 June 1837. Queen Victoria was the first British monarch ever to celebrate a Diamond ...
is celebrated in the United Kingdom. No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, her death in 2022. ...
in
2012 2012 was designated as: *International Year of Cooperatives *International Year of Sustainable Energy for All Events January *January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins. * January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the R ...
.


July

*
July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). * 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair ...
S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897 S is the nineteenth letter of the English alphabet. S may also refer to: History * an Anglo-Saxon charter's number in Peter Sawyer's, catalogue Language and linguistics * Long s (ſ), a form of the lower-case letter s formerly used where "s ...
begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months. *
July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. * 1048 – Dama ...
– The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in
Seattle Seattle ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington and in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. With a population of 780,995 in 2024, it is the 18th-most populous city in the United States. The city is the cou ...
*
July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridg ...
– Writer
Jack London John Griffith London (; January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), better known as Jack London, was an American novelist, journalist and activist. A pioneer of commercial fiction and American magazines, he was one of the first American authors t ...
sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush, where he will write his first successful stories. *
July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...
August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Ancient Macedonian army, Macedonian army led by Philip II of Macedon, Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes, Greece, Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC), Battle of Chaeronea, secu ...
Siege of Malakand The siege of Malakand was the 26 July – 2 August 1897 siege of the British garrison in the Malakand region of colonial British India's North West Frontier Province.Nevill p. 232 The British faced a force of Pashtun tribesmen whose tribal la ...
: British troops are besieged by
Pashtun Pashtuns (, , ; ;), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are an Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in southern and eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. They were historically also referred to as Afghans until 1964 after the ...
tribesmen in Malakand, on the Northwest frontier of
British India The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...
(modern-day
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; ; , ; abbr. KP or KPK), formerly known as the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Northern Pakistan, northwestern region of the country, Khyber ...
in
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
). *
July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
Mount Saint Elias Mount Saint Elias (Was'eitushaa also designated Boundary Peak 186), the second-highest mountain in both Canada and the United States, stands on the Yukon and Alaska border about southwest of Mount Logan, the highest mountain in Canada. The Cana ...
, the second highest peak in the United States and Canada, is first ascended.


August

*
August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. * 991 – Battle of Maldon: T ...
– At the
Bayer Bayer AG (English: , commonly pronounced ; ) is a German multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company and is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies and biomedical companies in the world. Headquartered in Leverkusen, Bayer' ...
pharmaceutical company, pharmacist
Felix Hoffmann Felix Hoffmann (21 January 1868 – 8 February 1946) was a German chemist notable for re-synthesising diamorphine (independently from C.R. Alder Wright who synthesized it 23 years earlier), which was popularized under the Bayer trade name ...
successfully synthesizes
acetylsalicylic acid Aspirin () is the Generic trademark, genericized trademark for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions ...
, after isolating a compound from a plant of the
Spiraea ''Spiraea'' , sometimes spelled spirea in common names, and commonly known as meadowsweets or steeplebushes, is a genus of about 80 to 100 species
family; the company markets it under the brand name "
Aspirin Aspirin () is the genericized trademark for acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation, and as an antithrombotic. Specific inflammatory conditions that aspirin is ...
". *
August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. *1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song War ...
– The Olds Motor Vehicle Co. is founded in
Lansing, Michigan Lansing () is the List of capitals in the United States, capital city of the U.S. state of Michigan. The most populous city in Ingham County, Michigan, Ingham County, parts of the city extend into Eaton County, Michigan, Eaton County and nort ...
, by
Ransom E. Olds Ransom Eli Olds (June 3, 1864 – August 26, 1950) was an American businessman and executive who was known as a pioneer of the American automotive industry, whom the Oldsmobile and REO brands were named after. He claimed to have built his first ...
. *
August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...
– The
First Zionist Congress The First Zionist Congress () was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization, Zionist Organization (ZO) held in the Stadtcasino Basel in the city of Basel on August 29–31, 1897. Two hundred and eight delegates from 17 countries and 2 ...
convenes in
Basel Basel ( ; ), also known as Basle ( ), ; ; ; . is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the river Rhine (at the transition from the High Rhine, High to the Upper Rhine). Basel is Switzerland's List of cities in Switzerland, third-most-populo ...
, Switzerland. *
August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...
Thomas Edison Thomas Alva Edison (February11, 1847October18, 1931) was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices in fields such as electric power generation, mass communication, sound recording, and motion pictures. These inventions, ...
is granted a patent for the
Kinetoscope The Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device, designed for films to be viewed by one person at a time through a peephole viewer window. The Kinetoscope was not a movie projector, but it introduced the basic approach that woul ...
, a precursor of the
movie projector A movie projector (or film projector) is an optics, opto-mechanics, mechanical device for displaying Film, motion picture film by projecting it onto a movie screen, screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illuminat ...
.


September

*
September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. *1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of A ...
– The
Tremont Street subway The Tremont Street subway in Boston's MBTA subway system is the oldest subway tunnel in North America and the third-oldest still in use worldwide to exclusively use electric traction (after the City and South London Railway in 1890, and Line 1 ...
is opened in Boston, Massachusetts. *
September 10 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. * 1089 – The first synod of pope Urban II starts in Melfi, with seventy bishops and twelve abbots in attendance. The synod issues several decree ...
Lattimer massacre The Lattimer massacre was the killing of at least 19 unarmed strike action, striking immigrant anthracite miners by a Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, Luzerne County sheriff's posse comitatus (common law), posse at the Lattimer, Pennsylvania, Latt ...
: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
. *
September 11 Events Pre-1600 * 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
– After months of searching, generals of
Menelik II of Ethiopia Menelik II ( ; horse name Aba Dagnew (Amharic: አባ ዳኘው ''abba daññäw''); 17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913), baptised as Sahle Maryam (ሣህለ ማርያም ''sahlä maryam'') was king of Shewa from 1866 to 1889 and Emperor of ...
capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom. *
September 12 Events Pre-1600 * 490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Sima ...
Battle of Saragarhi The Battle of Saragarhi was a Last stand, last-stand battle fought before the Tirah Campaign between the British Raj, British Indian Empire and Afghans, Afghan tribesmen. On 12 September 1897, an estimated 12,000–24,000 Orakzai and Afridi trib ...
: Twenty-one
Sikh Sikhs (singular Sikh: or ; , ) are an ethnoreligious group who adhere to Sikhism, a religion that originated in the late 15th century in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, based on the revelation of Guru Nanak. The term ''Si ...
s of the
36th Sikhs The 36th Sikhs was an infantry regiment in the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1887, when they were the 36th (Sikh) Bengal Infantry. Composed of Jat Sikhs, it was created by Colonel Jim Cooke and Captain H. R. Holmes. They h ...
regiment of the
British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...
defend an army post to the death, against 10,000
Afghan Afghan or Afgan may refer to: Related to Afghanistan *Afghans, historically refers to the Pashtun people. It is both an ethnicity and nationality. Ethnicity wise, it refers to the Pashtuns. In modern terms, it means both the citizens of Afghanist ...
and
Orakzai The Orakzai (Pashto: وركزۍ) are a Pashtun tribe native to the Orakzai Agency and parts of Kurram and Khyber Agencies in Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Additionally, a sub-tribe of the Orakzai resides in Afghanistan's Maidan W ...
tribesmen, in the Tirah Campaign on the Northwest frontier of the
British Raj The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent, * * lasting from 1858 to 1947. * * It is also called Crown rule ...
(modern-day
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; ; , ; abbr. KP or KPK), formerly known as the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Northern Pakistan, northwestern region of the country, Khyber ...
in
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
). *
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. * 1187 – Saladin ...
– Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War. *
September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Italy with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Anglo-Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusa ...
Francis P. Church responds (anonymously) to a letter to the editor of ''The Sun'' (New York City) that is known as the famous "
Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" is a line from an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church. Written in response to a letter by eight-year-old Virginia O'Hanlon asking whether Santa Claus was real, the editorial was first published in t ...
" letter.


October

*
October 5 Events Pre-1600 * 610 – Heraclius arrives at Constantinople, kills Byzantine Emperor Phocas, and becomes emperor. * 816 – King Louis the Pious is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope. * 869 – The Fourth Co ...
– After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take
Canudos Canudos is a municipality in the northeast region of Bahia, Brazil. The original town, since flooded by the Cocorobó Dam, was the scene of violent clashes between peasants and republican police in the 1890s. The municipality contains part of ...
in north Brazil, crushing
Antônio Conselheiro Antônio Conselheiro, in English "Anthony the Counselor", real name Antônio Vicente Mendes Maciel (March 13, 1830 – September 22, 1897), was a Brazilian religious leader, preacher and founder of the village of Canudos, the scene of the War of ...
and his followers. *
October 6 Events Pre-1600 * 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio of the Roman army of the mid-Republic * 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia. * AD 23 – Rebels decapitat ...
Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
adopts the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed. *
October 12 Events Pre-1600 *539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia Fall of Babylon, conquer Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed b ...
** The
Korean Empire The Korean Empire, officially the Empire of Korea or Imperial Korea, was a Korean monarchical state proclaimed in October 1897 by King Gojong of the Joseon dynasty. The empire lasted until the Japanese annexation of Korea in August 1910. Dur ...
is proclaimed, marking the end of the
Joseon Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...
dynasty after just over 500 years. ** The city of
Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte is the List of largest cities in Brazil, sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population of around 2.3 million, and the third largest metropolitan area, containing a population of 6 million. It is the List of cities in Sout ...
, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian
planned city A planned community, planned city, planned town, or planned settlement is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed on previously undeveloped land. This contrasts with settlements that evolve ...
is completed successfully; an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated. ** (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since
1890 Events January * January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa. * January 2 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House. * January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The Uni ...
, for several months of duty in the
Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...
. *
October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...
– , a
pre-dreadnought battleship Pre-dreadnought battleships were sea-going battleships built from the mid- to late- 1880s to the early 1900s. Their designs were conceived before the appearance of in 1906 and their classification as "pre-dreadnought" is retrospectively appli ...
of the
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...
, is launched at
Portsmouth Portsmouth ( ) is a port city status in the United Kingdom, city and unitary authority in Hampshire, England. Most of Portsmouth is located on Portsea Island, off the south coast of England in the Solent, making Portsmouth the only city in En ...
, England; she will be deployed widely in World War I. *
October 23 Events Pre-1600 * 4004 BC – James Ussher's purported creation date of the world according to the Bible. * 42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the B ...
– The
Kappa Delta Kappa Delta (, also known as KD or Kaydee) is an American collegiate social sorority. Established in 1897, it was the first sorority founded at the State Female Normal School (now Longwood University), in Farmville, Virginia. Kappa Delta is one ...
sorority is founded in Farmville,
Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States between the East Coast of the United States ...
.


November

*
November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...
Juventus FC Juventus Football Club (; from , ), commonly known as Juventus or colloquially as Juve (), is an Italian professional Association football, football List of football clubs in Italy, club based in Turin, Piedmont, who compete in Serie A, the ...
is founded as an
association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 Football player, players who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a Ball (association football), ball around a rectangular f ...
club in
Turin Turin ( , ; ; , then ) is a city and an important business and cultural centre in northern Italy. It is the capital city of Piedmont and of the Metropolitan City of Turin, and was the first Italian capital from 1861 to 1865. The city is main ...
. *
November 25 Events Pre-1600 *571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Ancient Rome, Rome, celebrates the first of his three Roman triumph, triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans. *1034 – Máel Coluim II of Scotland, Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, Ki ...
– Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.


December

* December 9 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper ''La Fronde (newspaper), La Fronde'' is published by Marguerite Durand in Paris. * December 12 ** The comic strip ''The Katzenjammer Kids'' debuts in the ''New York Journal''. **
Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte is the List of largest cities in Brazil, sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population of around 2.3 million, and the third largest metropolitan area, containing a population of 6 million. It is the List of cities in Sout ...
, the first planned city in Brazil, is incorporated. * December 14 – Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled, with Spanish promises to reform. * December 28 – The play ''Cyrano de Bergerac (play), Cyrano de Bergerac'', by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris. * December 30 – Colony of Natal, Natal annexes Zulu Kingdom, Zululand.


Date unknown

* The first electric bicycle is invented. * Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna. * Zhejiang University is founded in China. * Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study ''Suicide (Durkheim book), Suicide''. * The pan-African anthem "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") is composed as a Xhosa language, Xhosa hymn by South African teacher Enoch Sontonga. * ''Dos Equis'' beer is first brewed in Mexico, in anticipation of the new century. "Dos equis" is Spanish for "two x", a reference to the 20th Century (XX in Roman numerals) * Alexander Scriabin publishes his Piano Sonata No. 2 (Scriabin), Piano Sonata no. 2 "Sonata-Fantasia" in G sharp minor


Births


January–February

* January 3 ** Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961) ** Pola Negri, Polish-born American actress (d. 1987) * January 6 – Ferenc Szálasi, 37th prime minister of Hungary (d. 1946) *
January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...
– Dennis Wheatley, English writer (d. 1977) * January 11 – Georges Stuttler, French footballer (d. 1976) * January 14 – Hasso von Manteuffel, German general, politician (d. 1978) * January 23 ** Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian political leader, led the Indian National Army (d. 1945?) ** Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect, anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000) * January 26 – Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator, commander of the Red Army Air Forces (d. 1938) * January 28 – Ivan Stedeford, British industrialist (d. 1975) * February 1 – Denise Robins, British romance novelist (d. 1985) * February 4 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977) * February 8 – Zakir Husain, Indian politician, 3rd President of India (d. 1969) * February 9 – Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator famous for his trans-Pacific flight (d. 1935) *
February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...
** Judith Anderson, Australian-born British actress (d. 1992) ** John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) *February 19 – Elizabeth Rummel, German-Canadian mountaineer and environmental activist (d. 1980) * February 21 – Celia Lovsky, Austrian-born American actress (d. 1979) * February 25 – Peter Llewelyn Davies, British publisher, inspiration for Peter Pan (d. 1960) *
February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...
** Marian Anderson, African-American contralto (d. 1993) ** Ferdinand Heim, World War II German general (''Scapegoat of Stalingrad'') d. 1977)


March–April

* March 1 – Shoghi Effendi, Ottoman Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1957) * March 4 – Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player, restaurateur (d. 1969) * March 5 – Set Persson, Swedish communist politician (d. 1960) * March 11 – Henry Cowell, American avant-garde composer (d. 1965) * March 16 – Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (d. 1956) * March 18 – John Langdon-Davies, British writer (d. 1971) * March 19 – Betty Compson, American actress (d. 1974) * March 24 – Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957) * March 28 **Frank Hawks, American aviator (d. 1938) **Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977) * March 31 – Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian politician (d. 1945) * April 7 ** Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) ** Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972) * April 8 – Herbert Lumsden, British general (d. 1945) * April 10 – Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian politician and Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990) * April 13 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) * April 17 – Thornton Wilder, American dramatist (d. 1975) *
April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...
** Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian, world's longest lived man, last surviving man born in the 19th century and last surviving person born in 1897 (d. 2013) ** Vivienne Segal, American actress (d. 1992) * April 20 – Sudhakar Chaturvedi, Indian Vedic scholar and longevity claimant (d. 2020) * April 21 – A. W. Tozer, American Protestant pastor (d. 1963) *
April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. *599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in so ...
– Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972) * April 24 – Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican general, politician, and 45th President of Mexico, 1940-1946 (d. 1955) * April 25 – Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, British princess (d. 1965) * April 26 ** Eddie Eagan, American boxer, bobsledder (d. 1967) ** Douglas Sirk, German film director (d. 1987)


May–June

* May 2 – John Frederick Coots, American songwriter (d. 1985) * May 4 – Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa, United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (d. 1981) *
May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...
– Einar Gerhardsen, 15th prime minister of Norway (d. 1987) * May 12 – Earle Nelson, American serial killer and rapist (d. 1928) *
May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France Robert II ( 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious () or the Wise (), was List of French monarchs, King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Juni ...
– Sidney Bechet, American-born jazz saxophonist (d. 1959) * May 17 **Laura Bromwell, American stunt pilot (d. 1921) **Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) * May 18 – Frank Capra, American film producer, director and writer (d. 1991) *
May 19 Events Pre-1600 * 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. * 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. * 934 – The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under ...
– Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918) * May 27 – John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) * May 29 – Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957) * June 2 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (d. 1949) *June 5 – Charles Hartshorne, American philosopher, theologian and ornithologist (d. 2000) * June 7 **Kirill Meretskov, Soviet military officer, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1968) **George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970) * June 8 ** John G. Bennett, British mathematician (d. 1974) ** Mariano Suárez, 27th president of Ecuador (d. 1980) * June 10 – Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) * June 11 – Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian revolutionary (Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, H.R.A. founder) (d. 1927) *
June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...
– Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977) * June 13 – Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973) * June 16 – Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) * June 19 ** Cyril N. Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) ** Moe Howard, American comedian, actor (''The Three Stooges'') (d. 1975) *
June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...
** Norbert Elias, German sociologist (d. 1990) ** Edmund A. Chester, American broadcaster, journalist (d. 1973) * June 24 – Daniel K. Ludwig, American businessman; billionaire philanthropist (d. 1992) * June 26 – Viola Dana, American actress (d. 1987)


July–August

* July 1 – Bert Schneider (boxer), Bert Schneider, Canadian boxer (d. 1986) * July 5 – Mogens Wöldike, Danish conductor (d. 1988) * July 9 – Albert Coady Wedemeyer, American general (d. 1989) * July 10 – John Gilbert (actor), John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936) *
July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). * 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair ...
– Bull Connor, American civil rights opponent (d. 1973) * July 14 – Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai field marshal, prime minister, and dictator (d. 1964) * July 20 – Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996) * July 24 – Amelia Earhart, American aviator (d. 1937) * July 28 – James Fairbairn, Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician (d. 1940) * July 29 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British WWII general (d. 1983) *August 4 – José Nucete Sardi, Venezuelan historian and diplomat (d. 1972)Mireya SOSA DE LEÓN: «Nucete Sardi, José». En
''Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela''
Venezuela: Fundación Empresas Polar, 1997. 980-6397-37-I.
* August 5 – Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (d. 1972) *
August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. * 991 – Battle of Maldon: T ...
– Jack Haley, American actor (d. 1979) * August 11 – Enid Blyton, British children's writer (d. 1968) * August 15 – Jane Ingham, English botanist and scientific translator (d. 1982) * August 16 ** Carlo Del Prete, Italian aviator (d. 1928) ** Hersch Lauterpacht, Ukrainian-born international lawyer (d. 1960) * August 22 – Elisabeth Bergner, Austrian actress (d. 1986) * August 26 – Yun Posun, 2nd president of South Korea (d. 1990) *
August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...
– Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975)


September–October

* September 7 – Al Sherman, Russian-born American Tin Pan Alley songwriter (d. 1973) * September 8 – Jimmie Rodgers (country singer), Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933) *
September 10 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde. * 1089 – The first synod of pope Urban II starts in Melfi, with seventy bishops and twelve abbots in attendance. The synod issues several decree ...
– Otto Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1974) *
September 12 Events Pre-1600 * 490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Sima ...
– Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956) * September 13 – Michel Saint-Denis, French-born actor, theatre director, drama theorist and radio broadcaster (d. 1971) * September 15 – Kurt Daluege, German Nazi officer, war criminal (d. 1946) *
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. * 1187 – Saladin ...
– Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, 26th President of Brazil (d. 1967) * September 22 – Frank O'Connor (actor, born 1897), Frank O'Connor, American actor, rancher, and painter (d. 1979) * September 23 – Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984) * September 25 – William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) * September 26 ** Pope Paul VI (d. 1978) ** Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) * September 30 – Alfred Wintle, British army officer, eccentric (d. 1966) * October 3 – Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982) * October 7 – Elijah Muhammad, African-American co-founder of the Nation of Islam (d. 1975) * October 8 – Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film, theatre director (d. 1987) * October 15 – Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960) * October 20 – Yi Un, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970) * October 28 – Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981) * October 29 – Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (d. 1945) * October 30 – Agustín Lara, Mexican composer and interpreter of songs and boleros (d. 1970)


November–December

* November 4 – Dmitry Pavlov (general), Dmitry Pavlov, Soviet general (d. 1941) * November 9 – Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) * November 12 – Milward Simpson, American politician, governor and senator from Wyoming (d. 1993) * November 15 ** Sacheverell Sitwell, Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Bt, English author (d. 1988) ** Aneurin Bevan, Welsh politician (d. 1960) * November 18 – Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) * November 19 – Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of American President Theodore Roosevelt, killed in action as fighter pilot (d. 1918) * November 23 – Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999) * November 24 – Lucky Luciano, Sicilian-American Mafia boss ''Salvatore Lucania'' (d. 1962) * November 26 – Robert Accard, French footballer (d. 1971) * November 30 – Virginia Henderson, American nurse theorist (d. 1996) * December 2 – Dean Alfange, American politician (d. 1989) * December 5 – Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher, historian (d. 1982) * December 9 – Hermione Gingold, English actress (d. 1987) * December 14 – Kurt Schuschnigg, 11th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977) * December 18 – Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952) * December 24 – Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French supercentenarian; last surviving officially recognized French veteran of the First World War (d. 2008) * December 31 – Rhys Williams (Welsh-American actor), Rhys Williams, Welsh actor (d. 1969)


Date unknown

* Abd-al Karim, Afghan emir (d. 1927) * Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai, Afghan revolutionary and decorated War Hero of the Third Anglo-Afghan War, Afghan War of Independence (d. 1937)


Deaths


January–June

* January 1 – Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (b. 1833) * January 9 – Thomas Gwyn Elger, English astronomer (b. 1836) *January 25 – Albion P. Howe, Union Army general (b. 1818) * January 30 – Robert Themptander, 4th prime minister of Sweden (b. 1844) * February 1 – Jeanne Merkus, Dutch deaconess, guerilla soldier and political activist (b. 1839) * February 4 – Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain, ornithologist (b. 1836) * February 15 – Dimitrie Ghica, 10th prime minister of Romania (b. 1816) * February 17 – Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (b. 1821) * February 19 – Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815) * March 6 – Thomas Elder, Sir Thomas Elder, Australian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1818) * March 9 – Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Iranian teacher, writer (b. 1838) * March 10 – Savitribai Phule, Indian social reformer and poet (b. 1831) * March 11 – Henry Drummond (evangelist), Henry Drummond, Scottish evangelical writer, lecturer (b. 1851) * March 19 – Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810) * April 1 – Jandamarra, Australian Aboriginal insurrectionist (b. c. 1873) * April 3 – Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833) * April 8 – Heinrich von Stephan, German postal director (b. 1831) * April 10 – Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1851) *
April 30 Events Pre-1600 * 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. * 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus ...
– A. Viola Neblett, American activist, suffragist, women's rights pioneer (b. 1842) * May 3 – Frederick Knight (politician), Sir Frederick Knight, British politician (b. 1812) * May 4 – Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (b. 1847) * May 7 ** Ion Ghica, 3-time prime minister of Romania (b. 1816) ** Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (b. 1822) *
May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...
Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (, ; November 30, 1863May 10, 1897) was a Filipino people, Filipino revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the Philippines, Philippine Philippine Revolution, Revolution", and considered a nationa ...
, Filipino revolutionary (b. 1863) * May 12 – Minna Canth, Finnish writer and social activist (b. 1844) * May 21 – Gregorio Luperón, Dominican revolutionary leader (b. 1839) * May 23 – Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, Indian rajah (b. 1850) * June 17 – Sebastian Kneipp, German priest and naturopath (b. 1821) * June 19 – Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (b. 1827)


July–December

* July 1 – Ropata Wahawaha, New Zealand Māori military leader (b. c.1820) * July 6 ** Tommy Burns (diver), Tommy Burns, English diver (b. 1867 or 1868) ** Celia Barrios de Reyna, First Mother of the Nation of Guatemala (b. 1834) * August 8 ** Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, incumbent Prime Minister of Spain and historian (assassinated) (b. 1828) ** Viktor Meyer, German chemist (b. 1848) * August 17 – William Jervois, Sir William Jervois, British military engineer and diplomat (b. 1821) * August 24 **Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (b. 1828) **Mutsu Munemitsu, Japanese statesman, diplomat (b. 1844) *
August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one ye ...
– Louisa Lane Drew, English-born American actress, theater manager (b. 1820) * September 9 ** Richard Holt Hutton, English writer, theologian (b. 1826) ** Ferenc Pulszky, Hungarian politician (b. 1814) *
September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. * 1187 – Saladin ...
– Louis Pierre Mouillard, French artist and aviation pioneer (b. 1834) *
September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Italy with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Anglo-Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusa ...
– Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819) * September 27 ** Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French military leader (b. 1816) ** George M. Robeson, American politician (b. 1829) * September 30 – Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, French Roman Catholic and Discalced Carmelite nun, saint (b. 1873) * October 2 – Edward Maitland (writer), Edward Maitland, British writer (b. 1824) * October 3 – Yamaji Motoharu, Japanese general (b. 1841) * October 9 ** John M. B. Clitz, American admiral (b. 1821) ** Jan Heemskerk, Dutch politician, 16th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1818) *
October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the ...
– William Daniel (Maryland politician), William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (b. 1826) * October 19 – George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (b. 1831) * October 26 – John J. Robison, American politician in Michigan (b. 1824) * October 27 ** Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (b. 1833) ** , Chilean politician (b. 1847) ** Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian abolitionist, naturalist (b. 1832) * October 28 – Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead, British colonial governor (b. 1824) * October 29 – Henry George, American economist (b. 1839) * November – Francisco Gonzalo Marín, Cuban poet, freedom fighter (b. 1863) * November 3 – Thomas Lanier Clingman, American "Prince of Politicians" (b. 1812) * November 13 – Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1835) * November 15 – Lucinda Barbour Helm, American women's religious activist (b. 1839) * November 17 – George Hendric Houghton, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman (b. 1820) * November 18 – Henry Doulton, Sir Henry Doulton, English pottery manufacturer (b. 1820) * November 19 – William Seymour Tyler, American educator, historian (b. 1810) * November 23 – Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, French obstetrician (b. 1828) * December 14 – Robert Simpson (merchant), Robert Simpson, Scottish-Canadian businessman (b. 1834) * December 16 – Alphonse Daudet, French writer (b. 1840) * December 19 – Stanislas de Guaita, French poet (b. 1861) * December 28 – William Corby, American Catholic priest (b. 1833)


Date unknown

* Isidora Goyenechea, Chilean industrialist, mine owner (b. 1836)


References


Further reading


''1897 Annual Cyclopedia'' (1898)
highly detailed coverage of "Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry" for year 1897; massive compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage; 824 pp {{DEFAULTSORT:1897 1897,