Events

January–March

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings. * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the R ...

– The first Dutch (and general) elections are held for the

National Assembly of the Batavian Republic The National Assembly of the Batavian Republic () was the Netherlands, Dutch parliament between 1796 and 1798. The National Assembly was founded in 1796 after general elections. It replaced the States-General of the Batavian Republic. The Presid ...

. (The next Dutch

general elections A general election is an electoral process to choose most or all members of a governing body at the same time. They are distinct from by-elections, which fill individual seats that have become vacant between general elections. General elections ...

are held in 1888.) *

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

– The capital of

Upper Canada The Province of Upper Canada () was a Province, part of The Canadas, British Canada established in 1791 by the Kingdom of Great Britain, to govern the central third of the lands in British North America, formerly part of the Province of Queb ...

is moved from Newark to

York York is a cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England, with Roman Britain, Roman origins, sited at the confluence of the rivers River Ouse, Yorkshire, Ouse and River Foss, Foss. It has many historic buildings and other structures, such as a Yor ...

. *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

– The

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China pr ...

of China abdicates at age 84 to make way for his son, the

Jiaqing Emperor The Jiaqing Emperor (13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), also known by his temple name Emperor Renzong of Qing, personal name Yongyan, was the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fifth Qing emperor to rule over China proper. He was ...

. *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Ti ...

–

French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars () were a series of sweeping military conflicts resulting from the French Revolution that lasted from 1792 until 1802. They pitted French First Republic, France against Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain, Habsb ...

: The Invasion of Ceylon (1795) ends when Johan van Angelbeek, the Batavian governor of

Ceylon Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...

, surrenders

Colombo Colombo, ( ; , ; , ), is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. The Colombo metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of 5.6 million, and 752,993 within the municipal limits. It is the ...

peacefully to British forces. *

February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battl ...

– The Kingdom of Great Britain is granted control of

by the Dutch. *

February 29 February 29 is a '' leap day'' (or "leap year day")—an intercalary date added periodically to create leap years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the 60th day of a leap year in both Julian and Gregorian calendars, and 306 day ...

– Ratifications of the

Jay Treaty The Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, commonly known as the Jay Treaty, and also as Jay's Treaty, was a 1794 treaty between the United States and Great Britain that averted ...

between Great Britain and the United States are officially exchanged, bringing it into effect.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p171. *

March 9 Events Pre-1600 *141 BC – Liu Che, Posthumous name, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. *1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the Annals of Quedlinburg, annals of the mo ...

– Widow

Joséphine de Beauharnais Joséphine Bonaparte (, born Marie Josèphe Rose Tascher de La Pagerie; 23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Emperor Napoleon I and as such Empress of the French from 18 May 1804 until their marriage was annulled on 10 Janua ...

marries

General A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air force, air and space forces, marines or naval infantry. In some usages, the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colone ...

Napoléon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

. *

March 20 Events Pre-1600 *1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. *1600 – The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish n ...

– The U.S. House of Representatives demands that the U.S. State Department supply it with documents relating to the negotiation of the Jay Treaty; President Washington declines the request, citing that only the U.S. Senate has jurisdiction over treaties. *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 624 – First Eid al-Fitr celebration. * 1021 – The death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret ...

– Napoleon Bonaparte arrives at

Nice Nice ( ; ) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of nearly one millionArmy of Italy (37,000 men and 60 guns), which is scattered in detachments as far as

Genoa Genoa ( ; ; ) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy. As of 2025, 563,947 people live within the city's administrative limits. While its metropolitan city has 818,651 inhabitan ...

. *

March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Avar–Byzantine wars: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic army is decimated by the plague. * 1282 ...

– Carl Gauss obtains conditions for the constructibility by ruler and compass of regular polygons, and is able to announce that the regular 17-gon is constructible by ruler and compasses.

April–June

April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St ...

– The only night of the supposed

Shakespeare William Shakespeare ( 23 April 1564 – 23 April 1616) was an English playwright, poet and actor. He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's natio ...

an play '' Vortigern and Rowena'' (actually written by

William Henry Ireland William Henry Ireland (1775–1835) was an English forger of would-be Shakespearean documents and plays. He is less well known as a poet, writer of gothic novels and histories. Although he was apparently christened William-Henry, he was known ...

) ends in the audience's laughter. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

– War of the First Coalition –

Battle of Montenotte The Battle of Montenotte was fought on 12 April 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, between the French army under General Napoleon Bonaparte and an Austrian corps under Count Eugène-Guillaume Argenteau. The French won the battle, whi ...

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

gains his first victory as an army commander. * April 26 – The French proclaim the Republic of Alba on the occupied territories. Two days later, King

Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Victor Amadeus III (Vittorio Amedeo Maria; 26 June 1726 – 16 October 1796) was King of Sardinia and ruler of the Savoyard state, Savoyard states from 20 February 1773 to his death in 1796. Although he was politically conservative, he carrie ...

signs the Armistice of Cherasco, in the headquarters of Napoleon. The fortresses of Coni, Tortoni and

Alessandria Alessandria (; ) is a city and commune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. It is also the largest municipality of the region. The city is sited on the alluvial plain between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, ...

, with all their guns, are given up. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...

– Case of the Lyons Mail: During the night, five highwaymen attack the mail between Paris and

Lyon Lyon (Franco-Provençal: ''Liyon'') is a city in France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, to the northwest of the French Alps, southeast of Paris, north of Marseille, southwest of Geneva, Switzerland, north ...

, kill the postmen and steal the funds sent to the armies in Italy. *

April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V, effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victor ...

– In an impassioned speech, U.S. Representative Fisher Ames of Massachusetts persuades his fellow members of the House to support the Jay Treaty. *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

– Napoleon Bonaparte forms an advanced guard (3,500 infantry and 1,500 cavalry) under General Claude Dallemagne. He sends this force along the south bank of the

Po River The Po ( , ) is the longest river in Italy. It flows eastward across northern Italy, starting from the Cottian Alps. The river's length is , or if the Maira (river), Maira, a right bank tributary, is included. The headwaters of the Po are forme ...

, to cross it with boats at

Piacenza Piacenza (; ; ) is a city and (municipality) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and the capital of the province of Piacenza, eponymous province. As of 2022, Piacenza is the ninth largest city in the region by population, with more ...

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

War of the First Coalition The War of the First Coalition () was a set of wars that several European powers fought between 1792 and 1797, initially against the Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI, constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French First Republic, Frenc ...

–

Battle of Lodi The Battle of Lodi was fought on 10 May 1796 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and an Austrian rear guard led by Karl Philipp Sebottendorf at Lodi, Lombardy. The rear guard was defeated, but the main body of Johann Peter Beau ...

: General

defeats the Austrian rearguard, in forcing a crossing of the bridge over the Adda River in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men, 14 guns, and 30 ammunition wagons. **

Persian Expedition of 1796 The Persian expedition of Catherine the Great of 1796 , like the Persian expedition of Peter the Great (1722–1723), was one of the Russo-Persian Wars of the 18th century which did not entail any lasting consequences for either belligerent. ...

: Russian troops storm Derbent. *

May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France Robert II ( 972 – 20 July 1031), called the Pious () or the Wise (), was List of French monarchs, King of the Franks from 996 to 1031, the second from the Capetian dynasty. Crowned Juni ...

–

Edward Jenner Edward Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms ''vaccine'' and ''vaccination'' are derived f ...

administers the first

smallpox Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by Variola virus (often called Smallpox virus), which belongs to the genus '' Orthopoxvirus''. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (W ...

vaccination Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating ...

, in England. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurpe ...

–

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...

's troops take

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

. *

May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose h ...

– The last mock

Garrat Elections The Garrat Elections were a carnival of mock elections in Wandsworth, Surrey (now part of London), England in the 18th century. The events were organized around 20 May and would see crowds of tens of thousands travelling from London to take part ...

are held in

Surrey Surrey () is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county in South East England. It is bordered by Greater London to the northeast, Kent to the east, East Sussex, East and West Sussex to the south, and Hampshire and Berkshire to the wes ...

, England. *

June 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. * 1298 – Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. * 1495 – A monk, John Cor, rec ...

** The French-Republican army divisions of the Army of Italy invade the territories of ''

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

''. **

Tennessee Tennessee (, ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Kentucky to the north, Virginia to the northeast, North Carolina t ...

is admitted as the 16th

U.S. state In the United States, a state is a constituent political entity, of which there are 50. Bound together in a political union, each state holds governmental jurisdiction over a separate and defined geographic territory where it shares its so ...

. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointe ...

– 7 – Ragunda lake in Sweden bursts and drains completely leaving the Döda fallet dry. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarios sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong o ...

– Scottish explorer Mungo Park becomes the first European to reach the

Niger River The Niger River ( ; ) is the main river of West Africa, extending about . Its drainage basin is in area. Its source is in the Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the Sierra Leone border. It runs in a crescent shape through Mali, Nige ...

. *

June 23 Events Pre-1600 * 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu. * 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships. * 1280 – The Spanish ...

– Napoleon Bonaparte seizes the

Papal States The Papal States ( ; ; ), officially the State of the Church, were a conglomeration of territories on the Italian peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the pope from 756 to 1870. They were among the major states of Italy from the 8th c ...

, which become part of the revolutionary

Cisalpine Republic The Cisalpine Republic (; ) was a sister republic or a client state of France in Northern Italy that existed from 1797 to 1799, with a second version until 1802. Creation After the Battle of Lodi in May 1796, Napoleon Bonaparte organized two ...

. Pope

Pius VI Pope Pius VI (; born Count Angelo Onofrio Melchiorre Natale Giovanni Antonio called Giovanni Angelo or Giannangelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to hi ...

signs the Armistice of Bologna, and is forced to pay a contribution (34 million francs).

July–September

* July 10 –

Carl Friedrich Gauss Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (; ; ; 30 April 177723 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science. He was director of the Göttingen Observatory and ...

discovers that every positive integer is representable as a sum of at most 3

triangular number A triangular number or triangle number counts objects arranged in an equilateral triangle. Triangular numbers are a type of figurate number, other examples being square numbers and cube numbers. The th triangular number is the number of dots in ...

s. *

July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). * 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair ...

– The United States takes possession of

Detroit Detroit ( , ) is the List of municipalities in Michigan, most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated on the bank of the Detroit River across from Windsor, Ontario. It had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 United State ...

from Great Britain, under the terms of the

. * July 21 – Mungo Park reaches

Ségou Ségou (; , ) is a town and an Communes of Mali, urban commune in south-central Mali that lies northeast of Bamako on the right bank of the River Niger. The town is the capital of the Ségou Cercle and the Ségou Region. With 130,690 inhabitant ...

, the capital of the

Bamana Empire Bambara or Bambarra may refer to: * Bambara people, an ethnic group, primarily in Mali ** Bambara language, their language, a Manding language ** Bamana Empire, a state that flourished in present-day Mali (1640s–1861) * ''Bambara'' (beetle), a ...

. * July 22 – Surveyors of the

Connecticut Land Company The Connecticut Company or Connecticut Land Company (est. 1795) was a post-colonial land speculation company formed in the late eighteenth century to survey and encourage settlement in the eastern parts of the newly chartered Connecticut Western ...

name an area in

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

Cleveland Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County. Located along the southern shore of Lake Erie, it is situated across the Canada–U.S. maritime border and approximately west of the Ohio-Pennsylvania st ...

'', after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party. * July 29 – The Habsburg army under Marshal Wurmser advances from the

Alps The Alps () are some of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. ...

, and captures Rivoli and

Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...

. The French abandon the east bank of the Mincio River, the outnumbered division (15,000 men) of Masséna retreats towards

Lake Garda Lake Garda (, , or , ; ; ) is the largest lake in Italy. It is a popular holiday location in northern Italy, between Brescia and Milan to the west, and Verona and Venice to the east. The lake cuts into the edge of the Eastern Alps, Italian Alp ...

. *

August 4 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Goguryeo–Sui War#Course of the war, Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Emperor Wen of Sui, Wéndi of Sui dynasty, Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assiste ...

–

Battle of Lonato The Battle of Lonato was fought on 3 and 4 August 1796 between the French Army of Italy under General Napoleon Bonaparte and a corps-sized Austrian column led by Lieutenant General Peter Quasdanovich. A week of hard-fought actions that began o ...

– The French Army of Italy under Napoleon crushes an Austrian brigade. *

August 5 Events Pre-1600 * AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. * 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...

–

Battle of Castiglione The Battle of Castiglione saw the French Army of Italy under General Napoleon Bonaparte attack an army of the Habsburg monarchy led by '' Feldmarschall'' Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser on 5 August 1796. The outnumbered Austrians were defeated ...

– The French Army of Italy under Napoleon defeats the Habsburg army (25,000 men) under Marshal Wurmser, who thus fails to break the Siege of Mantua (1796–97), and is forced to retreat north up the Adige Valley. * August 9 – The Wearmouth Bridge in England, designed by Rowland Burdon in

cast iron Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its car ...

, opens to traffic. Its span of makes it the world's longest single-span vehicular bridge extant at this date. *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. * 991 – Battle of Maldon: T ...

– A mob of peasants overtakes the Convent of St. Peter (Bludenz, Austria) and murders Ignaz Anton von Indermauer. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 * 295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later kno ...

–

Second Treaty of San Ildefonso The second (symbol: s) is a unit of time derived from the division of the day first into 24 hours, then to 60 minutes, and finally to 60 seconds each (24 × 60 × 60 = 86400). The current and formal definition in the International System of ...

: Spain and France form an alliance against Great Britain. *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– Jewish emancipation in the

Batavian Republic The Batavian Republic (; ) was the Succession of states, successor state to the Dutch Republic, Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 after the Batavian Revolution and ended on 5 June 1806, with the acce ...

(Netherlands). *

September 8 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – After the capture of Herod's Palace the previous day, a Roman army under Titus secures and plunders the city of Jerusalem. * 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path ...

–

Battle of Bassano The Battle of Bassano was fought on 8 September 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, in the territory of the Republic of Venice, between a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces led by Count Dagobert von Wurmser. The ...

– French forces (20,000 men) under

André Masséna André Masséna, prince d'Essling, duc de Rivoli (; born Andrea Massena; 6 May 1758 – 4 April 1817), was a French military commander of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars. He was one of the original eighteen Marshal of the ...

defeat the Austrians in

Veneto Veneto, officially the Region of Veneto, is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the Northeast Italy, north-east of the country. It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of 4,851,851 as of 2025. Venice is t ...

. Wurmser retreats towards

Vicenza Vicenza ( , ; or , archaically ) is a city in northeastern Italy. It is in the Veneto region, at the northern base of the Monte Berico, where it straddles the Bacchiglione, River Bacchiglione. Vicenza is approximately west of Venice and e ...

with just 3,500 men of his original 11,000 left to him. *

September 9 Events Pre-1600 *337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti. * 1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. * 1141 &ndas ...

–

: Action of 9 September 1796 – A naval engagement between French and British squadrons off

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

ends inconclusively. *

– Grenelle camp affair, a failed uprising by supporters of

Gracchus Babeuf The Gracchi brothers were two brothers who lived during the beginning of the late Roman Republic: Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. They served in the plebeian tribunates of 133 BC and 122–121 BC, respectively. They have bee ...

against the

French Directory The Directory (also called Directorate; ) was the system of government established by the Constitution of the Year III, French Constitution of 1795. It takes its name from the committee of 5 men vested with executive power. The Directory gov ...

* September 15 – Siege of Mantua: Napoleon Bonaparte fights a pitched battle at

La Favorita ''La favorite'' (''The Favourite'', frequently referred to by its Italian title: ''La favorita'') is a grand opera in four acts by Gaetano Donizetti to a French-language libretto by Alphonse Royer and Gustave Vaëz, based on the play ''Le com ...

on the east side of the Mincio River. The Austrians withdraw into the fortress of

Mantua Mantua ( ; ; Lombard language, Lombard and ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the Italian region of Lombardy, and capital of the Province of Mantua, eponymous province. In 2016, Mantua was designated as the "Italian Capital of Culture". In 2 ...

, which is crowded with nearly 30,000 men. Within six weeks, 4,000 die from wounds or sickness. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". *1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine E ...

– U.S. President

George Washington George Washington (, 1799) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. As commander of the Continental Army, Washington led Patriot (American Revoluti ...

issues his '' Farewell Address'', which warns against partisan politics and foreign entanglements. In addition, he sets a precedent by declining to run for a third term. * September 28 – Empress

Catherine the Great Catherine II. (born Princess Sophie of Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796. She came to power after overthrowing her husband, Peter I ...

signs an agreement with Great Britain, formally joining Russia to the coalition.

October–December

* October 19 –

: Battle of Emmendingen – Austrian forces force the French to retreat, but commanding generals on both sides are killed. * October –

Jane Austen Jane Austen ( ; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist known primarily for #List of works, her six novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment on the English landed gentry at the end of the 18th century ...

begins writing her first draft of ''

Pride and Prejudice ''Pride and Prejudice'' is the second published novel (but third to be written) by English author Jane Austen, written when she was age 20-21, and later published in 1813. A novel of manners, it follows the character development of Elizabe ...

'', under the title ''First Impressions'' (the book will not be published until

1813 Events January–March * January 5 – The Danish state bankruptcy of 1813 occurs. * January 18– 23 – War of 1812: The Battle of Frenchtown is fought in modern-day Monroe, Michigan between the United States and a Britis ...

). *

November 3 Events Pre-1600 * 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor. * 1090 – The Rouen Riot, an attempt by English king ...

–

John Adams John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826) was a Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before Presidency of John Adams, his presidency, he was a leader of ...

defeats

Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (, 1743July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Fathers of the United States, Founding Father and the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. He was the primary author of the United States Declaration of Indepe ...

, in the 1796 U.S. presidential election. *

November 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1354 – War of the Straits: The Genoese fleet under Paganino Doria defeats and captures the entire Venetian fleet under Niccolò Pisani at the Battle of Sapienza. * 1429 – Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War: Jo ...

– The Treaty of Tripoli (between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Tripoli (see also 1797). *

November 6 Events Pre-1600 * 447 – A powerful earthquake destroys large portions of the Walls of Constantinople, including 57 towers. * 963 – Synod of Rome: Emperor Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope John XII ...

** Catherine the Great dies, and is succeeded by her son

Paul I of Russia Paul I (; – ) was Emperor of Russia from 1796 until his assassination in 1801. Paul remained overshadowed by his mother, Catherine the Great, for most of his life. He adopted the Pauline Laws, laws of succession to the Russian throne—rules ...

. His wife Sophie Marie Dorothea of Württemberg becomes

Empress consort A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status. She holds the feminine equivalent of the king's monarchical titles and may be crowned and anointed, but historically she does not formally ...

. ** French forces (9,500 men) under Masséna attack the Austrian army at Fontaniva. After a desperate assault he is outnumbered, and forced to retreat to Verona. *

November 12 Events Pre-1600 * 954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. * 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. ...

** Battle of Caldiero: French forces are defeated by the Austrians at Caldiero, and pushed back to Verona. This marks Napoleon's first defeat, losing nearly 2,000 men and 2 guns. ** Groton, New Hampshire is incorporated as a town. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. * 1183 &nd ...

–

Battle of Arcole The Battle of Arcole or Battle of Arcola (15–17 November 1796) was fought between French and Austrian forces southeast of Verona during the War of the First Coalition, a part of the French Revolutionary Wars. The battle saw a bold maneuver ...

: French forces under General Napoleon defeat the Austrians at Arcole. After a bold maneuver, he outflanks the Austrian army (24,000 men) under Freiherr

József Alvinczi Freiherr Joseph Alvinczi von Borberek a.k.a. Baron József Alvinczi de Borberek (; 1 February 1735 – 25 September 1810) was a soldier in the Habsburg monarchy, Habsburg Army and a field marshal of the Austrian Empire. He is remembered for han ...

, and cuts off its line of retreat. Alvinczi is forced to take up a defensive position behind the

Brenta River The Brenta is an Italian river that runs from Trentino to the Adriatic Sea just south of the Venetian lagoon in the Veneto region, in the north-east of Italy. During the Roman era, it was called Medoacus (Ancient Greek: ''Mediochos'', ''Μηδ ...

. *

December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. December's name derives from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in t ...

– The British government begins work on a 40-acre (162,000 m²) site at

Norman Cross Norman Cross may refer to: * Norman Cross Prison, prisoner-of-war camp constructed in 1790s in Huntingdonshire, England * Norman Cross, Cambridgeshire, hamlet near Peterborough * Norman Cross Hundred, a subdivision of Huntingdonshire first mentione ...

, for the world's first purpose-built

prisoner-of-war camp A prisoner-of-war camp (often abbreviated as POW camp) is a site for the containment of enemy fighters captured as Prisoner of war, prisoners of war by a belligerent power in time of war. There are significant differences among POW camps, inte ...

. *

December 7 Events Pre-1600 *43 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero is assassinated in Formia on orders of Marcus Antonius. * 574 – Byzantine Emperor Justin II, suffering recurring seizures of insanity, adopts his general Tiberius and proclaims him ...

– The

U.S. Electoral College In the United States, the Electoral College is the group of presidential electors that is formed every four years for the sole purpose of voting for the president and vice president in the presidential election. This process is described in ...

meets to elect

president of the United States. *

December 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1118 – The city of Zaragoza is conquered by king Alfonso I of Aragon from the Almoravid. * 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia an ...

– British Royal Navy ship HMS ''Courageux'' is wrecked on the

Barbary Coast The Barbary Coast (also Barbary, Berbery, or Berber Coast) were the coastal regions of central and western North Africa, more specifically, the Maghreb and the Ottoman borderlands consisting of the regencies in Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, a ...

with the loss of 464 of the 593 onboard.

Date unknown

* The Spanish government lifts the restrictions against neutrals trading with the colonies, thus acknowledging Spain's inability to supply the colonies with needed goods and markets. *

Robert Burns Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796), also known familiarly as Rabbie Burns, was a Scottish poet and lyricist. He is widely regarded as the List of national poets, national poet of Scotland and is celebrated worldwide. He is the be ...

's version of the Scots poem ''

Auld Lang Syne "Auld Lang Syne" () is a Scottish song. In the English-speaking world, it is traditionally sung to bid farewell to the old year at the stroke of midnight on Hogmanay/New Year's Eve. It is also often heard at funerals, graduations, and as a far ...

'' is first published, in this year's volume of ''The Scots Musical Museum''. * Annual British iron production reaches 125,000 tons. * Rizla rolling papers established. * Shinyukan School, predecessor of Keio Gijyuku University, founded in Nakatsu, Kyushu Island, Japan.

Births

CORNU_Sebastien-Melchior_Jean-Claude_Bonnefond

Jean-Baptiste_Camille_Corot_-_autoportrait

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

** Emily Baldwin, First Lady of Connecticut (d.

1863 Events January * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate States of America an official war goal. The signing ...

) ** William Gross, criminal (d. 1823) ** Felix Horetzky, Polish composer and guitarist (d.

1870 Events January * January 1 ** The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England. ** Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed. * January 3 – Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge be ...

) ** Moritz Hermann Eduard Meier, German philologist (d.

1855 Events January–March * January 1 – Ottawa, Ontario, is incorporated as a city.' * January 5 – Ramón Castilla begins his third term as President of Peru. * January 23 ** The first bridge over the Mississippi River o ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

** Milton Alexander, American general (d.

1856 Events January–March * January 8 – Borax deposits are discovered in large quantities by John Veatch in California. * January 23 – The American sidewheel steamer SS ''Pacific'' leaves Liverpool (England) for a transatl ...

) ** Henry Perceval, 5th Earl of Egmont, peer (d.

1841 Events January–March * January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom and Qishan of the Qing dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpi. * January 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the ...

) ** Johann Baptist Streicher, Austrian piano maker (d.

1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War: Battle of Bapaume – Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

–

Henry George Bohn Henry George Bohn (4 January 179622 August 1884) was a British publisher. He is principally remembered for the ''Bohn's Libraries'' series which he inaugurated. These were begun in 1846, targeted the mass market, and comprised editions of standar ...

, British publisher (d.

1884 Events January * January 4 – The Fabian Society is founded in London to promote gradualist social progress. * January 5 – Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera '' Princess Ida'', a satire on feminism, premières at the Savoy The ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

** James Scarth Combe, British surgeon (d.

1883 Events January * January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States. * January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people. * January 16 – ...

) ** Jacques-Joseph Haus, lawyer (d. 1881) ** Joseph Salvador, French scholar (d.

1873 Events January * January 1 ** Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar. ** The California Penal Code goes into effect. * January 17 – American Indian Wars: Modoc War: First Battle of the Stronghold – Modoc Indians defeat the Unit ...

) ** Julia Rush Cutler Ward, American poet (d.

1824 Events January–March * January 1 – John Stuart Mill begins publication of The Westminster Review. The first article is by William Johnson Fox * January 8 – After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of th ...

) *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

** Peter Nead, German Baptist Brethren theologian (d.

1877 Events January * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Batt ...

) ** Princess Charlotte of Wales, daughter and only child of future

King George IV George IV (George Augustus Frederick; 12 August 1762 – 26 June 1830) was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and King of Hanover from 29 January 1820 until his death in 1830. At the time of his accession to the throne, h ...

(d.

1817 Events January–March * January 1 – Sailing through the Sandwich Islands, Otto von Kotzebue discovers New Year Island. * January 19 – An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General José de San Martín, starts crossing t ...

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

** Eliza Constantia Campbell, Welsh author (d.

1864 Events January * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City, leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dream ...

) ** Carl Friedrich Alexander Hartmann, German metallurgist (d.

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Campbell Riddell, Australian public servant (d. 1858) *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

– Leonard Dupont, French naturalist (d.

1828 Events January–March * January 4 – Jean Baptiste Gay, vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Jean-Baptiste de Villèle, Comte de Villèle, as Prime Minister of France. * January 8 – The Democratic Party of the United States is organiz ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

– Paul Briquet, French physician (d. 1881) *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– Charles Shore, 2nd Baron Teignmouth, member of the United Kingdom Parliament (d. 1885) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

** Pavel Liprandi, Russian military officer (d.

) ** William Wagner, American philanthropist (d. 1885) *

– Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington, English army officer and politician (d. 1847) *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

** John Baker, namesake of the towns of Baker Lake and Baker Brook, New Brunswick, Canada (d.

1868 Events January * January 2 – British Expedition to Abyssinia: Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala, Robert Napier leads an expedition to free captive British officials and missionaries. * January 3 – The 15-year-old Mutsu ...

) **

Thaddeus Fairbanks Thaddeus Fairbanks (January 17, 1796April 12, 1886) was an American businessman, mechanic, and engineer. He invented furnaces, cooking stoves, cast iron steel plows, and other metal items related to farming. He invented and manufactured the firs ...

, American inventor (d.

1886 Events January * January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British rule in Burma, British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885. * January 5–January 9, 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson ...

) ** William Washington Gordon, American politician (d. 1842) ** Alexander McLeod, Canadian sheriff (d.

) *

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the C ...

** Charles de Brouckère, Belgian politician (d.

1860 Events January * January 2 – The astronomer Urbain Le Verrier announces the discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan (hypothetical planet), Vulcan at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 &ndas ...

) ** John Storer, merchant and philanthropist from Sanford (d.

1867 There were only 354 days this year in the newly purchased territory of Alaska. When the territory transferred from the Russian Empire to the United States, the calendric transition from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar was made with only 1 ...

) ** John B. Terry, American businessman, soldier, and territorial legislator (d. 1874) *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to '' Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surren ...

– Gaspare Grasselini, Catholic cardinal (d.

1875 Events January * January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the year (Third C ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

–

Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu (1796–1875) was a French cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and archbishop of Besançon. Life Jacques-Marie-Adrien-Césaire Mathieu was born on 20 January 1796 in Paris, where his father was a commi ...

, French cardinal and author (d.

) *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded wh ...

** Francisco Ferreira Drummond, Historian, paleographer, musician, politician (d. 1858) ** Princess Marie of Hesse-Kassel, German princess and painter (d.

1880 Events January *January 27 – Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the incandescent light bulb. Edison filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected ... to platina contact wires." gr ...

) ** Jean-François Legendre-Héral, French sculptor (d.

1851 Events January–March * January 11 – Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion in China, one of the bloodiest revolts that would lead to 20 million deaths. * January 15 – Christian Female College, modern-d ...

) *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

– Joseph Parkes, British politician (d.

1865 Events January * January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City. * January 13 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Fisher – Unio ...

) *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. * 1229 ...

** Karl Ernst Claus, Baltic-German chemist, naturalist (d.

) ** George Francis Lyon, English naval officer and explorer (d.

1832 Events January–March * January 6 – Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison founds the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. * January 13 – The Christmas Rebellion of slaves is brought to an end in Jamaica, after the island's white pla ...

) ** Jean Reboul, French poet (d.

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

–

Nicolas Mori Nicolas Mori (24 January 1796 – 14 June 1839) was an Anglo-Italian violinist, music publisher and conductor. Once regarded as the finest violinist in Europe, Mori was somewhat overshadowed by the rise of Paganini. Life Born in London, the so ...

, British musician and publisher (d.

1839 Events January–March * January 2 – The first photograph of the Moon is taken, by French photographer Louis Daguerre. * January 6 – Night of the Big Wind: Ireland is struck by the most damaging cyclone in 300 years. * January 9 – ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

** William MacGillivray, British naturalist and ornithologist (d. 1852) ** Samuel Stokely, American politician (d. 1861) *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 98, 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accessi ...

– Nathaniel W. Watkins, Confederate Army general (d.

1876 Events January * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. *January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts. February * Febr ...

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

** Peter Joseph Elvenich, German theologian and philosopher (d.

) ** Théobald de Lacrosse, French soldier and politician (d.

) *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 * 1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. * 1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 * 1607 – An es ...

** James M. Elam, American politician (d.

) ** Albert Gallup, American politician (d.

) ** Jakob Sotriffer, Austrian sculptor (d.

) ** John Ternouth, British artist (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on th ...

** Anna Elisabeth Hartwick, Swedish lace industrialist (d. 1882) ** Nathaniel Jocelyn, American artist (d. 1881) ** Ebenezer Jackson Jr., American politician (d. 1874) ** Wilhelm Gotthelf Lohrmann, German astronomer (d.

1840 Events January–March * January 3 – One of the predecessor papers of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia, ''The Port Phillip Herald'', is founded. * January 10 – Uniform Penny Post is introduced in the United Kingdom. * Janu ...

) ** Christian Frederick Martin, American luthier (d.

) ** Alfred Inigo Suckling, British antiquarian (d.

)

February

– Abraham Emanuel Fröhlich, Swiss poet (d.

) *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

** François Vincent Latil, French painter (d.

1890 Events January * January 1 – The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa. * January 2 – Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House. * January 11 – 1890 British Ultimatum: The Uni ...

) ** William Richardson, British astronomer (d.

1872 Events January * January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years. *January 20 – The Cavite mutiny was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort S ...

) ** Henry Wyllys Taylor, American judge (d. 1888) *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1047 – Drogo of Hauteville is elected as count of the Apulian Normans during the Norman conquest of Southern Italy. * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, u ...

** Peter Ihrie Jr., American politician (d.

) ** Jean-Baptiste Madou, lithographer, painter (d.

) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

** Erasmus Engert, Austrian painter and restorer (d.

) ** William Nanson Lettsom, British man of letters (d.

1815 Events January * January 2 – Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, county of Durham, England. * January 3 – Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Pr ...

) *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * *2 BC – Caesar Augustus is granted the title ''pater patriae'' by the Roman Senate. *AD 62, 62 – AD 62 Pompeii earthquake, Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. *756 – Chinese New Year; An Lushan proclaims himself E ...

** Pieter Godfried Bertichen, Dutch painter (d.

) ** Nicholas H. Cobbs, American bishop (d. 1861) ** Johannes von Geissel, Catholic cardinal (d.

) ** Morris Ketchum, American railway entrepreneur (d.

) ** Léon Talabot, French engineer and politician (d.

) *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

** John Stevens Henslow, British botanist, priest and geologist (d. 1861) ** Alfred Lyall, English philosopher, editor, clergyman and traveller (d.

) *

February 7 Events Pre-1600 * 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor. * 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. * 1301 & ...

** José da Costa Carvalho, Marquis of Monte Alegre, Brazilian politician (d.

) ** Thomas Gregson, 2nd Premier of Tasmania, Australia (d. 1874) ** Marie-Françoise Perroton, French nun (d.

) *

February 8 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. * 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of ...

** Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin, one of the founders of Saint-Simonianism (d.

) ** George Washington Toland, American politician (d.

1869 Events January * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's second oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – Elizabe ...

) *

** Samuel M. Moore, American politician (d.

) ** Thomas Tucker, English first-class cricketer (d.

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

Henry De la Beche Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche KCB, FRS (10 February 179613 April 1855) was an English geologist and palaeontologist, the first director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, who helped pioneer early geological survey methods. He was the ...

, English geologist and palaeontologist (d.

) ** Henry Venn, English mission society administrator (d.

) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

** John MacDonnell, Irish surgeon and pioneer of surgical anaesthesia in Ireland (d.

1892 In Samoa, this was the only leap year spanned to 367 days as July 4 repeated. This means that the International Date Line was drawn from the east of the country to go west. Events January * January 1 – Ellis Island begins processing imm ...

) ** John Pontifex, English cricketer (d.

) *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

** Hiram Capron, Founder of the town of Paris, Ontario (d.

) ** Thomas Close, English antiquarian (d. 1881) ** Damián Domingo, Filipino painter (d.

1834 Events January–March * January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states. * January 3 – The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. Austin in Mexico City. * January – The W ...

) ** Henry Dutton, American politician (d.

) ** Benoît-Philibert Perroud, French entomologist (d.

1878 Events January * January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. * January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. * January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: ...

) *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I and Pope Pope John XII, John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1258 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: Hulegu Kh ...

** Hiram F. Mather, American politician (d.

) ** Adam Norrie, Scottish-American merchant (d. 1882) ** Henry Sargant Storer, British artist (d. 1837) *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

** Valentín Carderera, Spanish painter (d.

) ** William Michell, English physician and politician (d.

) ** Poul Pagh, Danish merchant and ship owner (d.

) ** Robert Young, Hawaiian chief (d.

) *

** Pyotr Anjou, arctic explorer and admiral of Russian Navy (d.

) ** Ali Mirza Zel as-Soltan, pretender to the throne of Qajar Iran (d. 1854) *

** Felix Tollemache, British politician (d.

1843 Events January–March * January 3 – The '' Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by Wei Yuan and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. * J ...

) **

Samuel Charles Whitbread Samuel Charles Whitbread (16 February 1796 – 27 May 1879) was a British Member of Parliament, member of the Whitbread brewing family and founding president of the Royal Meteorological Society. Early life and education Whitbread was the ...

, British politician (d. 1879) *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

** Louis Eugène Marie Bautain, French philosopher and theologian (d.

) ** Frederick William Beechey, English naval officer and hydrographer (d.

) ** Roswell Bottum, American politician (d.

) ** Robert Milham Hartley, co-founder of the temperance movement in New York (d. 1881) **

Giovanni Pacini Giovanni Pacini (11 February 17966 December 1867) was an Italian composer, best known for his operas. Pacini was born in Catania, Sicily, the son of the buffo Luigi Pacini, who was to appear in the premieres of many of Giovanni's operas. The fam ...

, Italian composer (d.

) **

Philipp Franz von Siebold Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician, botanist and traveller. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora (plants), flora and fauna (animals), fauna and the introduction of ...

, German physician, botanist and explorer (d.

1866 Events January * January 1 ** Fisk University, a historically black university, is established in Nashville, Tennessee. ** The last issue of the abolitionist magazine '' The Liberator'' is published. * January 6 – Ottoman troops clash ...

) *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 3102 BC – Kali Yuga, the fourth and final yuga of Hinduism, starts with the death of Krishna. * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining J ...

** John Bell, American lawyer and politician (d.

) ** Andreas Christian Møller, Norwegian teacher of the Deaf (d. 1874) ** Vincenzo Santucci, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1861) ** Abraham P. Stephens, American politician (d. 1859) *

February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...

– Lázár Mészáros, Hungarian military figure (d. 1858) *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

** Prince George Bernhard of Anhalt-Dessau, German prince (d.

) ** James Sherman, British minister (d.

1862 Events January * January 1 – The United Kingdom annexes Lagos Island, in modern-day Nigeria. * January 6 – Second French intervention in Mexico, French intervention in Mexico: Second French Empire, French, Spanish and British ...

) *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...

** Alexis Bachelot, Roman Catholic priest (d. 1837) **

Adolphe Quetelet Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet FRSF or FRSE (; 22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian- French astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist who founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential ...

, Belgian mathematician (d. 1874) ** John N. Steele, American politician (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – ** Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. **U.S. President-elect ...

) ** George Sweeny, American politician (d.

) *

February 23 Events Pre-1600 * 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution. * 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone o ...

– William W. Wick, American politician (d.

) *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

** Gabriel Delafosse, French mineralogist (d.

) ** Carl Axel Gottlund, Linguist, folklorist and historian (d.

) *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 320 – Chandragupta ...

** Prosper Guerrier de Dumast, French historian, writer and archaeologist (d.

) ** Thomas Galloway, Scottish mathematician (d.

) *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantin ...

–

James Planché James Robinson Planché (27 February 1796 – 30 May 1880) was a British dramatist, antiquary and officer of arms. Over a period of approximately 60 years he wrote, adapted, or collaborated on 176 plays in a wide range of genres including ...

, British dramatist, costume designer, and antiquarian (d.

) *

February 28 Events Pre-1600 *202 BC – Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty. * 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic), Fourth Council of Co ...

** Edward Banks, Syndicus of the Free City of Hamburg (d.

) ** Heinrich Carl Breidenstein, German musicologist (d.

) *

– Germanicus Mirault, surgeon (d. 1879)

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocleti ...

** Louis-Tancrède Bouthillier, Canadian merchant and sheriff (d. 1881) ** James Heald, English philanthropist and politician (d.

) ** John Jones, Talysarn, Welsh Calvinistic Methodist minister (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, '' Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Ja ...

) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

– Elliott Cresson, American philanthropist (d. 1854) *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

** Constant Allart, French politician (d. 1861) ** William Heald Ludlow Bruges, English politician (d.

) ** Theodore Dwight, American author (d.

) *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

** Charles Jacquinot, French Naval officer (d. 1879) ** John McIntosh, Canadian politician (d.

) *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 845 – The 42 Martyrs of Amorium are killed after refusing to convert to Islam. * 1204 &ndas ...

– Charles C. Stratton, American politician (d. 1859) *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

** Zadok Casey, American politician (d.

) ** Francis Wayland, American educator; President of Brown University 1827–1855 (d.

) *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem '' Shahnameh''. * 1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between ...

** Orra White Hitchcock, American botanical artist (d.

) ** Nicolaus von Weis, German bishop (d.

) *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

** Julia Catherine Beckwith, Canadian writer (d.

) ** Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx, German physician (d.

) *

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the veneration of icons in the Orthodox churches in the Byzantine Empire. * 1343 – Arnošt of Pardubice becomes the last Bishop of Prague (3 March 13 ...

– Johann Ludwig Casper, German forensic pathologist (d.

) *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

** Paul Constant Billot, French botanist (d.

) ** Peter Johnson Gulick, American missionary to the Kingdom of Hawaii and Japan (d.

) ** Jacob A. Preston, American politician (d.

) ** John Prince, Lawyer, gentleman farmer and political figure in Upper Canada and Canada West (d.

) ** Thomas Reynolds, Governor of Missouri (d.

1844 In the Philippines, 1844 had only 365 days, when Tuesday, December 31 was skipped as Monday, December 30 was immediately followed by Wednesday, January 1, 1845, the next day after. The change also applied to Caroline Islands, Guam, Marian ...

) ** Francis Seger, American politician (d.

) *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

** Francis Adams, Medical doctor, translator (d. 1861) ** Peter van Bohlen, German orientalist and indologist (d.

) *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

** Anton Haizinger, Austrian singer and opera singer (d.

) ** Henry F. West, Mayor of Indianapolis (d.

) *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

– Karl Ullmann, German Calvinist theologian (d.

) *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

** Georgiana Astley, daughter of Sir Henry Dashwood, 3rd Baronet (d. 1835) ** Cincinnato Baruzzi, Italian artist (d.

) ** Thomas Childs, American military governor (d.

) *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ...

** Jean-François Bayard, French playwright (d.

) ** Jørgen B Lysholm, Norwegian businessman (d.

) *

March 18 Events Pre-1600 * 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10. * 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ar ...

** Christian Joseph Berres, Austrian anatomist and photographer (d.

) **

Jakob Steiner Jakob Steiner (18 March 1796 – 1 April 1863) was a Swiss mathematician who worked primarily in geometry. Life Steiner was born in the village of Utzenstorf, Canton of Bern. At 18, he became a pupil of Heinrich Pestalozzi and afterwards st ...

, Swiss mathematician (d.

) *

March 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. * 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...

** Christopher Andreas Holmboe, Norwegian philologist (d. 1882) ** José Noriega, Spanish-born Californio politician (d.

) *

** Raymond Bonheur, French painter (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series (France), Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisc ...

) **

Edward Gibbon Wakefield Edward Gibbon Wakefield (20 March 179616 May 1862) was an English politician in colonial Canada and New Zealand. He is considered a key figure in the establishment of the colonies of South Australia and New Zealand (where he later served as a ...

, New Zealand politician (d.

) *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the '' Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas ...

– Sir George Forster, 2nd Baronet, British politician (d.

) *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...

– Heinrich Karl Beyrich, German botanist (d.

) *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. * 1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the las ...

** Julius Friedrich Heinrich Abegg, German criminologist (d.

) ** Samuel Congalton, British mariner (d.

1850 Events January–March * January 29 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the United States Congress. * January 31 – The University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, New York. * January – Sacramento, Ca ...

) ** Olof Fåhræus, Swedish politician and entomologist (d.

) ** John Jeffries II, American ophthalmic surgeon (d.

) ** Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert, French Catholic missionary and saint (d.

) ** Isaac R. Moores, American politician (d. 1861) ** Peregrin Sandford, American mayor (d.

) *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 *1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. * 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian- Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...

** Zulma Carraud, French writer (d.

1889 Events January * January 1 ** The total solar eclipse of January 1, 1889 is seen over parts of California and Nevada. ** Paiute spiritual leader Wovoka experiences a vision, leading to the start of the Ghost Dance movement in the Dakotas ...

) ** John Corry Wilson Daly, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Friedrich Adolph Haage, German botanist and gardener (d.

) ** Franz Haller, Hungarian politician (d.

) ** Nunziante Ippolito, Italian physician (d.

) *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

** Richard Biddle, American author and politician (d. 1847) ** Basil Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh, English Earl (d.

) *

** Armand Louis Joseph de Fitte de Soucy, French divisional general and governor of Martinique (d.

) ** Bellamy Storer, Cincinnati politician (d.

) *

March 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...

** Jean-Claude Bonnefond, painter (d.

) ** Robert James Graves, Irish surgeon (d.

) ** Gregorio José Ramírez, Costa Rican politician and sailor (d. 1823) *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Did ...

** Jean Benner-Fries, French painter (d.

) ** William B. Ide, Californian politician (d. 1852) ** Elijah Iles, American politician (d.

) *

– Edward Seymour, English cricketer (d.

) *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. * 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging ...

** Theodor Brüggemann, German politician, jurist and educationist (d.

) **

Philippe Buchez Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez (March 31, 1796–August 11, 1865), more commonly called Philippe Buchez, was a French historian, sociologist, and politician. He was the founder of the newspaper ''L'Atelier'', and he served briefly, in 1848, as th ...

, French historian, sociologist, and politician (d.

) ** Hermann Hupfeld, German theologian (d.

) ** Zephaniah Platt, American lawyer and judge (d.

)

April

** Ana María Campos, Venezuelan resistance fighter (d.

) ** Sébastien René Lenormand, French phycologist (d.

) ** William Pickering, English publisher (d. 1854) *

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...

** William Nairn Forbes, British Army officer and civil engineer (d.

) ** Edward Livingston, American politician (d.

) ** Herbert Mayo, British physiologist, anatomist and medical writer (d. 1852) **

Jean Ulveling Jean Ulveling (3 April 1796, in Niederwiltz (near Wiltz) – 7 December 1878, in Luxembourg City) was a Luxembourgish statesman, politician, and historian. He served as a member of the Council of State of Luxembourg for some years, and was a memb ...

, Luxembourgian politician (d.

) *

April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. * ...

** Isaac E. Holmes, American politician (d.

) **

Alexander Nisbet Alexander Nisbet (bapt. 23 March 1657; died 7 Dec. 1725) was a Scottish lawyer and antiquarian. He is remembered for his works on heraldry, which are considered to be some of the most complete and authoritative produced in the UK. Life Nisb ...

, British surgeon (d. 1874) *

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. * 1139 – ...

** James Boggs, Virginia militia Confederate States Army Brigadier General (d.

) ** Alfred Bunn, British businessman, librettist (d.

) ** Hygin-Auguste Cavé, attorney, journalist, government official, amateur playwright (d. 1852) ** Frederik von Scholten, Danish naval officer, customs inspector and amateur artist (d.

) *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, ...

** Date Chikamune, daimyo (d.

1812 Events January–March * January 1 – The ''Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire. * January 19 – Peninsular War: The French-held fortress of Ciudad Rodrigo Siege ...

) ** Elisha Huntington, American physician and politician (d.

) ** Thomas Thynne, Viscount Weymouth, British Member of Parliament (d. 1837) *

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

James Bowie James Bowie ( ) (April 10, 1796 – March 6, 1836) was an American military officer, landowner and slave trader who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution. He was among the Americans who died at the Battle of the Alamo. Stories of him ...

, American pioneer, soldier, smuggler, slave trader, and land speculator (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 — Hill Street Academy is named Colombo Academy and acquired by the Government, establishing the first public school in Sri Lanka. * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand ...

) ** Thomas Burns, New Zealand minister (d.

) ** Thomas Fitzgerald, American politician (d.

) *

** George N. Briggs, Massachusetts Governor and Congressman (d. 1861) ** William J. McCluney, United States Navy officer (d.

) ** Baron du Potet, French mesmerist (d. 1881) *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Henry V, King of Germany, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. * 1455 – Thirteen Years' War: ...

** Rosa Campuzano, activist in the struggle for the independence of Peru (d.

) ** Andreas Gottlieb Hoffmann, German academic (d.

) *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor ...

Benjamin Bonneville Benjamin Louis Eulalie de Bonneville (; April 14, 1796 – June 12, 1878) was an American officer in the United States Army, fur trapper, and explorer in the American West. He is noted for his expeditions to the Oregon Country and the Great Basi ...

, Union Army General (d.

) ** Ramond de la Croisette, French playwright (d.

) **

Frederik Due Frederik Gottschalck Haxthausen Due (14 April 1796 – 16 October 1873) was a Norwegian military officer and statesman. Born in Trondheim, he entered the military at an early age, and took part in the Swedish-Norwegian War of 1814. After the tw ...

, Norwegian Prime minister (d.

) ** Robert Lynam, English cleric, schoolteacher, writer and editor (d.

1845 Events January–March * January 1 – The Philippines began reckoning Asian dates by hopping the International Date Line through skipping Tuesday, December 31, 1844. That time zone shift was a reform made by Governor–General Narciso ...

) *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guisca ...

** John Sill Rogers, politician (d.

) ** Marie-Alfred de Suin, French admiral (d. 1861) *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. * 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

** Richard Fish Cadle, American Episcopalian priest (d.

) ** Dominique-Augustin Dufêtre, French bishop (d.

) ** Stanisław Jachowicz, Polish poet (d.

) *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara ...

– Gloud Wilson McLelan, Canadian politician (d. 1858) *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

** Bernhard von Beskow, Swedish dramatist and historian (d.

) ** Johann Baptist Friedreich, German forensic pathologist and psychiatrist (d.

) ** Franz Anton von Gerstner, Czech surveyor (d.

) *

April 20 Events Pre-1600 * 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII. 1601–1900 * 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament. * 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...

** Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook, British politician (d.

) ** Charles Marc-René de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson, French archaeologist (d.

) ** George Gleig, Scottish soldier, military writer, and priest (d. 1888) *

April 21 Events Pre-1600 * 753 BC – Romulus founds Rome ( traditional date). * 43 BC – Battle of Mutina: Mark Antony is again defeated in battle by Aulus Hirtius, who is killed. Antony fails to capture Mutina and Decimus Brutus is mur ...

** Thomas Earle, American journalist (d.

) ** Frederik Faber, Danish zoologist (d.

) **

Richard Ford Richard Ford (born February 16, 1944) is an American novelist and short story author, and writer of a series of novels featuring the character Frank Bascombe. Ford's first collection of short stories, ''Rock Springs (short stories), Rock Springs ...

, English writer (d. 1858) ** Frederick A. Kaye, American politician (d.

) ** Horatio Needham, American politician (d.

) *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. *599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in so ...

– William Baird, Scottish politician (d.

) *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

** Karl Immermann, German writer (d.

) ** Giorgio Pallavicino Trivulzio, Italian politician (d.

) * April 25 ** Peter Greenall, brewer (d.

) ** Giuseppe Giacinto Moris, Italian botanist (d.

) * April 26 – Edouard Mary, Belgian politician and lawyer (d.

) *

** Johann F. C. Hessel, German scientist (d.

) ** Princess Maria Ferdinanda of Saxony, German princess (d.

) *

April 29 Events Pre-1600 * 801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. * 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Kom ...

** Solomon Yeomans Chesley, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Walter Henry Medhurst, missionary in China (d.

) *

April 30 Events Pre-1600 * 311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. * 1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus ...

– Adolphe Crémieux, French-Jewish politician, abolitionist (d.

)

May

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...

** Junius Brutus Booth, English stage actor, father of

Edwin Booth Edwin Thomas Booth (November 13, 1833 – June 7, 1893) was an American stage actor and theatrical manager who toured throughout the United States and the major capitals of Europe, performing Shakespearean plays. In 1869, he founded Booth's Th ...

and

John Wilkes Booth John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838April 26, 1865) was an American stage actor who Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, assassinated United States president Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. A member of the p ...

(d. 1852) ** Elial T. Foote, American physician, politician, jurist and historian (d.

) **

Alexandru II Ghica Alexandru Dimitrie Ghica (1 May 1796 – January 1862), a member of the Ghica family, was Prince of Wallachia from April 1834 to 7 October 1842 and later caimacam (regent) from July 1856 to October 1858. Family He was son of Demetriu Ghica ...

, Ruler of Wallachia (d.

) ** George Hussey Packe, MP, army officer, chairman of the Great Northern Railway (d. 1874) ** Arabella Sullivan, British author (d.

) ** Charles Cushing Wright, American engraver and medalist (d.

) *

May 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first royal charter. * 1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great. * 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and impris ...

** Giuseppe Balducci, Italian composer (d.

) ** Colm de Bhailís, Irish poet and songwriter (d.

1906 Events January–February * January 12 – Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, ...

) ** Joseph Brown, English Roman Catholic bishop (d.

) ** Mace Moulton, American politician (d.

) ** John G. Palfrey, American clergyman, historian and politician (d. 1881) *

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

– Lewis Miller, American artist (d. 1882) *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformer John Wycliffe is condemned a ...

Horace Mann Horace Mann (May 4, 1796August 2, 1859) was an American educational reformer, slavery abolitionist and Whig Party (United States), Whig politician known for his commitment to promoting public education, he is thus also known as ''The Father of A ...

, American educator, abolitionist (d. 1859) ** William Pennington, American politician (d.

) ** William H. Prescott, American historian and Hispanist (d. 1859) ** Joseph Pannell Taylor, Union United States Army general (d.

) *

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...

** William Cormack, Scottish-Canadian explorer (d.

) ** Robert Foulis, Canadian engineer (d.

) ** Charles W. Sandford, American militia and artillery officer, lawyer and businessman (d.

) *

** Karl Heinrich Frotscher, German classical philologist (d.

) ** Johann Adam Möhler, German theologian (d.

1838 Events January–March * January 10 – A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London. * January 11 – At Morristown, New Jersey, Samuel Morse, Alfred Vail and Leonard Gale give the first public demonstration ...

) *

May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I im ...

** Frances Catherine Barnard, English writer, poet, playwright (d.

) ** Karl Heinrich Mertens, German botanist and naturalist (d.

1830 It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy. Events January–March * January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) ...

) ** George Upfold, American Episcopal bishop (d.

) *

May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...

** Robert Fane, British judge (d.

) ** John Pitt Kennedy, British army officer (d. 1879) **

Jean-Baptiste Meilleur Jean-Baptiste Meilleur (May 8, 1796 – December 6, 1878) was a medical doctor, educator and political figure in Lower Canada, Canada East, and Quebec. He was born at Petite-Côte in Saint-Laurent, Lower Canada on the Island of Montreal in 179 ...

, Canadian doctor, educator and political figure (d.

) ** François Mignet, French historian and journalist (d.

) *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. * 1386 – England and Portugal formall ...

** George W. Bradford, American politician, New York (d.

) ** Joseph Meyer, German publisher (d.

) **

August Pauly August Friedrich von Pauly (; ; 9 May 1796, in Benningen am Neckar – 2 May 1845, in Stuttgart) was a German educator and classical philologist. From 1813 to 1818 he studied at the University of Tübingen, then furthered his education at Heide ...

, German classical scholar (d.

) **

Lyman Wight Lyman Wight (May 9, 1796 – March 31, 1858) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement. He was the leader of the Latter Day Saints in Daviess County, Missouri, in 1838. In 1841, he was ordained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apo ...

, Apostle in the Latter Day Saint movement (d. 1858) *

– Ludwig Greiner, Austrian businessman (d. 1882) * May 12 ** Frédéric-Auguste Demetz, French penal reformer (d.

) ** Johann Baptist Isenring, photographer (d.

) ** Hancock Lee Jackson, American politician (d.

) ** James Ranald Martin, Scottish surgeon in India (d. 1874) ** Franz Mone, German historian (d.

) *

– Samuel Jaudon, American railroad executive (d. 1874) *

** John Bingle, sailor, merchant and landholder (d. 1882) ** Esprit Blanche, French psychiatrist (d. 1852) ** Charlotte Caroline Richardson, British poet and writer (d. 1854) ** Johann Heinrich Richartz, German merchant (d. 1861) * May 16 – Ambrose Poynter, British architect (d.

) * May 17 ** William Hooker (cricketer), William Hooker, English cricketer (d.

) ** Franz von Schober, Austrian poet and librettist (d. 1882) *

** Clément Bonnand, Roman Catholic bishop (d. 1861) ** Abel Ingpen, British entomologist (d. 1854) * May 21 ** Reverdy Johnson, American politician (d.

) ** Benjamin Ogle Tayloe, American diplomat (d.

) * May 23 ** Hiram P. Hunt, American politician (d.

) ** Vince Stingl, Hungarian-German porcelain manufacturer (d.

) ** Zadock Thompson, American naturalist (d.

) * May 24 ** George Wilmot Bonner, British wood-engraver (d.

) ** Étienne-Jules Ramey, sculptor from France (d. 1852) * May 25 ** Hippolyte Auger, French writer (d. 1881) ** Mendes Cohen, was a Jewish American politician, traveler and businessman (d. 1879) ** James Langston, British landowner and politician; (d.

) * May 26 ** Armand Joseph Bruat, French admiral (d.

) ** Aloys II, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1858) * May 27 ** Henry Bidleman Bascom, American bishop (d.

) ** William Ramsay (Royal Navy officer), William Ramsay, Scottish Royal Navy rear-admiral (d.

) * May 28 ** Fernando Baquedano, Chilean politician and general (d.

) ** Joseph-Henri Léveillé, French botanist (d.

) ** William Miller (engraver), William Miller, Scottish engraver and watercolorist (d. 1882) * May 29 – Jacob G. Davies, American politician (d.

) * May 30 ** Frederick Charles Husenbeth, English Catholic priest and writer (d.

) ** Olivier Voutier, French naval officer (d.

)

June

** Thomas Brown Anderson, Canadian merchant, philanthropist, President of the Bank of Montreal (d.

) ** Josiah Brewer, American minister and author (d.

) ** Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot, French military engineer and physicist, "father of thermodynamics" (d.

) ** John Rae (economist), John Rae, Canadian economist (d.

) * June 2 – Jean-Baptiste-Pierre Lafitte, French librettist (d. 1879) * June 3 – Dyer Ball, American missionary (d.

) * June 5 – Alexander W. Brewster, American merchant (d.

) *

** Francis M. Dimond, American politician (d. 1859) ** Julius Timoleon Ducatel, geologist (d.

) * June 9 – Avery Skinner, American politician in New York (d.

) * June 10 ** Charles Augustus FitzRoy, British military officer (d. 1858) ** Eugénie Foa, French writer (d. 1852) ** Antun Mihanović, Croatian poet (d. 1861) * June 11 – François-Louis Cailler, Swiss chocolatier (d. 1852) * June 12 ** George Bush (biblical scholar), George Bush, American biblical scholar and pastor (d. 1859) ** Louis Alix de Nompère de Champagny, French diplomat and politician (d.

) ** Ang Duong, Cambodian politician (d.

) ** Mary Grimstone, British writer and social reformer (d.

) ** Joab Lawler, American politician (d.

) * June 13 – Charles Eloi Demarquet, French military officer (d.

) * June 14 ** Nikolai Brashman, Russian mathematician of Czech origin (d.

) ** Lyman Coleman, American scholar and author (d. 1882) ** Mathilda d'Orozco, Swedish noble (d.

) ** John M. Jones (Pennsylvania politician), John M. Jones, American politician from Pennsylvania (d.

) ** Carlotta Marchionni, Italian actress (d. 1861) * June 15 – Joseph-Pierre Braemt, Belgian engraver and medalist (d.

) * June 16 – François Baucher, French squire (d.

) * June 18 ** Friedrich Diercks, first German emigrant in Texas (d.

) ** Humphrey H. Leavitt, United States federal judge (d.

) ** Patrick Shaw (legal writer), Patrick Shaw, Scottish lawyer and legal writer (d.

) * June 19 ** John Bell (Ohio politician), John Bell, American politician (d.

) ** Gervais Nolan, Canadian fur trader (d.

) * June 20 ** Charles Brickett Haddock, American politician (d. 1861) ** Luigi Amat di San Filippo e Sorso, Catholic cardinal (d.

) *

** William Gunning, Archdeacon of Bath (d.

) ** Henry Thomas Windsor, American postal pioneer (d.

) * June 22 – Nikolai Polevoy, Russian historian and writer (d. 1846) *

** Ferdinando Giorgetti, Italian composer, violinist, publicist, musical teacher and conductor (d.

) ** Henry Oakes, English cricketer (d.

) ** Philo White, American newspaperman, politician and diplomat (d.

) * June 24 ** Rafael Barišić, Roman Catholic bishop (d.

) ** Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao, French general and statesman (d.

) ** Jan Czeczot, Polish and Belarusian romantic poet and ethnographer (d. 1847) ** Wilhelm Hemprich, German naturalist and explorer (d. 1825) ** Ernst Mayer, German sculptor (d.

) * June 25 – Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, Emperor of Russia (d.

) * June 26 ** Jan Paweł Lelewel, painter (d. 1847) ** Jerauld Newland Ezra Mann, sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts (d.

) ** Robert Parker (judge), Robert Parker, Canadian lawyer, judge and political figure in New Brunswick (d.

) ** Joseph-Vincent Quiblier, Canadian priest (d. 1852) * June 27 ** François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca, French politician (d. 1881) ** John Rivett-Carnac, British sea explorer (d.

) * June 28 ** Caroline Amalie of Augustenburg, Queen consort of Denmark (d. 1881) ** Paul Camille von Denis, German businessman (d.

) * June 29 ** Pavel Petrovich Anosov, Russian mining engineer (d.

) ** John Williams (missionary), John Williams, English missionary (d.

) * June 30 ** Antonin Moine, French sculptor (d.

) ** William Davis Snodgrass, Presbyterian clergyman, New York City (d.

) ** Francis Frankland Whinyates, British army officer in the East India company (d. 1887)

July

* July 1 ** Charles Tennant (politician), Charles Tennant, English politician (d.

) ** William Henry Watson, British politician and judge (d.

) ** Frederick Wells (cricketer, born 1796), Frederick Wells, British cricketer (d.

) ** James Williams (ambassador), James Williams, American diplomat (d.

) * July 2 ** François Fulgis Chevallier, French botanist (d.

) ** Michael Thonet, German-Austrian cabinet maker (d.

) * July 3 – Heinrich Moritz Chalybäus, German philosopher (d.

) * July 4 – John Motley Morehead, American politician (d.

) * July 5 – Isaac Hays, American journalist (d. 1879) * July 6 ** Théodore Simon Jouffroy, French philosopher (d. 1842) ** Maria Martin, American artist and scientific illustrator (d.

) ** Robert Wight, Scottish surgeon, botanist and botanical collector (d.

) * July 10 ** Carl Henrik Boheman, Swedish entomologist (d.

) ** Domenico Foroni, Italian composer and conductor (d.

) ** María Josefa García Granados, Guatemalan writer (d.

) ** John Johns, American bishop (d.

) ** W. Lafontaine, French playwright (d. 1861) ** Charles Molyneux, 3rd Earl of Sefton, British politician (d.

) *

– Carl Fredrik Liljevalch Sr., Swedish businessman, entrepreneur and diplomat (d.

) * July 12 ** Albert Knoll, Austrian theologian (d.

) ** Johann Joseph Schmeller, German painter (d.

) * July 13 ** William Harvey (artist), William Harvey, English engraver and designer (d.

) ** Gustav Seyffarth, German-American Egyptologist (d. 1885) * July 14 ** James Mellor Brown, English cleric (d.

) ** William A. Whittlesey, American politician, Ohio (d.

) * July 15 ** Thomas Bulfinch, American writer and mythologist (d.

) ** Karl Friedrich Vollrath Hoffmann, German author (d. 1842) ** Thomas Shanks (politician), Thomas Shanks, American politician (d.

) ** Joseph Smith (Presbyterian minister, born 1796), Joseph Smith, President of Franklin College (d.

) ** Joseph Augustine Wade, Irish composer (d.

) * July 16 ** Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, French landscape and portrait painter and printmaker in etching (d.

) ** Henry Grider, American politician (d.

) * July 18 ** Immanuel Hermann Fichte, German philosopher (d. 1879) ** William Lunn (educator), William Lunn, Canadian educator, businessman, and politician (d.

) * July 19 – Armand Malitourne, French literary critic (d.

) * July 20 ** Maziere Brady, Irish judge (d.

) ** Edward Hodges, Anglo-American composer and organist (d.

) * July 22 – Carlo Pepoli, Italian politician, journalist, and poet (d. 1881) * July 23 – Franz Berwald, Swedish composer (d.

) * July 24 ** John M. Clayton, American lawyer and politician (d.

) ** Georg, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (d.

) ** Karol Ignacy Lorinser, Austrian Physician (d.

) * July 25 – Gideon Lane Soule, American educator, principal of Phillips Exeter Academy (d. 1879) * July 26 ** George Catlin, American painter (d.

) ** Lizinska de Mirbel, French miniaturist (d.

) * July 27 ** Eliza Henderson Boardman Otis, American philanthropist, novelist, and social leader (d.

) ** Jacques Reclus, French protestant church clergyman (d. 1882) ** Pavel Stroyev, Russian historian (d.

) * July 28 ** John Dudlow, English cricketer (d. 1879) ** Charles Edward Long, British antiquarian (d. 1861) ** Pakubuwono VII, Susuhunan of Surakarta (d. 1858) * July 29 ** Walter Hunt (inventor), Walter Hunt, American mechanic and inventor (d. 1859) ** Joannes Josephus van Mulken, Dutch politician (d. 1879) ** Christian Winther, Danish lyric poet (d.

) * July 30 – Jules Vinçard, French humorist (d. 1879) * July 31 ** Jean-Gaspard Deburau, Bohemian-French mime (d. 1846) ** Mary Euphrasia Pelletier, French Roman Catholic nun and saint (d.

) ** Meade Purdy, American politician (d.

)

August

* August 1 ** George Pritchard (missionary), George Pritchard, British Christian missionary and diplomat (d.

) ** François Désiré Roulin, French explorer and scientist (d. 1874) * August 3 ** Ferdinand Helias, American priest (d. 1874) ** Anna Lühring, Prussian soldier (d.

) *

– Samuel Cahen, French Hebraist and journalist (d.

) *

** Michael Banim, Irish writer (d. 1874) ** Francisco Gómez (Salvadoran politician), Francisco Gómez, President of El Salvador (d.

) * August 6 – Ludwig von Zanth, German architect and painter (d.

) * August 7 ** John Boyd (Texas politician), John Boyd, American settler in Texas and state senator (d.

) ** François Zola, French engineer (d. 1847) * August 9 – Ezra Durgin, politician (d.

) * August 13 ** Pierre Beaubien, Canadian politician (d. 1881) ** Carl August Buchholz, organ builder (d.

) ** Robert Halley (minister), Robert Halley, British minister (d.

) * August 14 ** James Gerry, American politician (d.

) ** Juan Temple, American landowner (d.

) * August 15 ** Samuel C. Sample, American politician (d.

) ** John Torrey, United States botanist (d.

) * August 16 ** Nathaniel Boyden, American politician (d.

) ** Frédéric de Courcy, French man of letters (d.

) ** Francis Crozier, Irish naval officer and polar explorer (d.

) * August 17 – Rufus Anderson, American minister (d.

) *

– Agnes Strickland, English writer and editor (d. 1874) * August 21 ** Hugh Archer (politician), Hugh Archer, American politician (d. 1858) ** William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, Marquess of Titchfield, British politician (d.

) ** Asher Brown Durand, American painter and engraver (d.

) ** Hermann Olshausen, German theologian (d.

) * August 22 ** David Canabarro, Brazilian Gaúcho revolutionary (d.

) ** Baden Powell (mathematician), Baden Powell, mathematician (d.

) ** Dhian Singh, longest serving wazir of the Sikh Empire (d.

) * August 24 – George Huntington (Steuben County, NY), George Huntington, American farmer and politician from New York (d.

) * August 25 ** Edwin Beard Budding, inventor of the lawnmower and adjustable spanner (d. 1846) ** James Lick, American businessman, piano builder (d.

) ** Friedrich Ludwig Meissner, German obstetrician (d.

) * August 26 ** Nicol Hugh Baird, British surveyor (d.

) ** William Marshall (1796–1872), William Marshall, English politician (d.

) ** Peter von Meyendorff, Russian diplomat (d.

) * August 27 ** Joanna Quiner, American seamstress and sculptor (d.

) ** Sophia Smith (Smith College), Sophia Smith, founder of Smith College (d.

) * August 28 ** William Hiley Bathurst, British hymnwriter (d.

) ** Irénée-Jules Bienaymé, French mathematician (d.

) ** Andreas Hallager, Danish composer (d.

) * August 29 – Gaspard Théodore Mollien, French diplomat and explorer (d.

) * August 30 ** Julien-Léopold Boilly, painter (d. 1874) ** Émile Debraux, French chansonnier and poet (d. 1831)

September

* September 1 ** James Apjohn, professor of chemistry and mineralogy, Trinity College, Dublin (d.

) ** Nathaniel S. Berry, American politician (d. 1894) *

** Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, French admiral (d.

) ** Jean-Baptiste Minne-Barth, Belgian politician and lawyer (d.

) * September 3 – Alphonse de Gisors, French architect (d.

) * September 4 ** Robert Lambert Baynes, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) ** Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld, Prussian field marshal (d.

) ** James Estabrook, American politician and sheriff (d. 1874) ** Peter Fendi, Austrian artist (d. 1842) ** Henry Yeomans Mott, Canadian politician (d.

) * September 5 ** Jacobus Cornelis Gaal, Dutch painter and etcher (d.

) ** Sarah Preston Hale, American newspaper publisher (d.

) ** Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen, Belgian politician, founder of the Université libre de Bruxelles (d.

) * September 6 – Charles Follen, German poet and patriot (d.

) * September 7 – Abraham Edwards (Massachusetts politician), Abraham Edwards, American politician (d.

) *

** Henry Bentinck (British Army officer), Henry Bentinck, British courtier (d.

) ** Francesco Boffo, Sardinian-born Neoclassical architect (d.

) ** Jean-Jacques Champin, watercolorist and lithographer (d.

) ** William Montague Ferry, American missionary (d.

) ** Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente, president of Peru (d.

) *

** Harriet Vaughan Cheney, American-Canadian novelist, writer (d.

) ** Johan Nordenfalk, Swedish politician (d. 1846) * September 10 – Eugénie Niboyet, French author, feminist (d.

) * September 11 ** Alexandre Basset, French writer and playwright (d.

) ** Édouard-Joseph-Ennemond Mazères, French writer and librettist (d.

) * September 12 ** Uriel Crocker, American businessman (d. 1887) ** Vasyl Popovych, Ruthenian Greek Catholic hierarch (d.

) * September 13 ** John Hales Calcraft, British Member of Parliament (d.

) ** James Finlay Weir Johnston, Scottish agricultural chemist (d.

) ** Charles Handy Russell, American merchant and banker (d.

) * September 14 ** Charles Waln Morgan, Quaker whaling executive, New Bedford, Massachusetts (d. 1861) ** Woodbine Parish, British scientist and diplomat (d. 1882) * September 16 ** Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, French physician (d. 1881) ** Johann Daniel Elster, composer and choir director (d.

) ** William Augustus Muhlenberg, United States Anglican Episcopal clergyman (d.

) * September 19 ** Hartley Coleridge, British poet, biographer, essayist, and teacher (d.

) ** Richard Harlan, American zoologist (d.

) * September 20 ** Franz Wilhelm Ferling, German oboist, composer, and clarinettist (d. 1874) ** Robert Strange (American politician), Robert Strange, Former US Senator from North Carolina, unsuccessful Vice Presidential nominee (d. 1854) * September 21 – John Samuel Enys, British engineer (d.

) * September 22 ** Countess Louise Sophie Danneskiold-Samsøe, member of a Danish noble family (d.

) ** Albert Woldemar Hollander, German educationist (d.

) ** Cornelius Stribling, United States Navy Rear Admiral (d.

) * September 24 – Joseph Beaume, French painter (d. 1885) * September 25 ** Antoine-Louis Barye, French sculptor (d.

) ** Donald Cameron, 23rd Lochiel (d. 1858) ** Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone, British politician; (d.

) * September 26 ** Richard H. Bayard, American judge (d.

) ** Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot, French politician (d.

) ** Princess Ida of Waldeck and Pyrmont, German princess (d.

) ** Daniel Turner (North Carolina politician), Daniel Turner, American politician (d.

) * September 27 ** António Manuel da Fonseca, Portuguese painter (d.

) ** Thomas Fortier, Canadian politician (d.

) * September 28 ** Robert Budd Gilchrist, United States federal judge (d.

) ** Karl Wilhelm Krüger, German classical philologist (d. 1874) * September 29 ** Bólu-Hjálmar, Icelandic poet (d.

) ** Jonathan Smith Green, American missionary to Hawaii, educator (d.

) ** Samuel Irton, politician (d.

) * September 30 ** John Kimball (politician, born 1796), John Kimball, American politician from New Hampshire and Vermont (d.

) ** John Mytton, British politician (d.

) ** Reuben M. Norton, American businessman, 1st Mayor of Racine, Wisconsin (d.

) ** Princess Frederica of Prussia, Duchess of Anhalt-Dessau (d.

)

October

* October 1 ** Charles James Barnett, British politician (d. 1882) ** Louise Swanton Belloc, French writer and translator (d. 1881) ** Cornelia Frances Jefferson, American singer and actress (d.

) ** Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky, Russian imperial statesmen (d.

) * October 2 ** Sir Henry Chamberlain, 2nd Baronet, Brazilian painter (d.

) ** Sir Edward Denny, 4th Baronet, British politician (d.

) ** William Boyd Kinnear, Canadian politician (d.

) * October 3 – William Jameson (botanist, born 1796), William Jameson, Scottish-Ecuadorian botanist (d.

) * October 4 ** August Wilhelm Bach, German composer (d.

) ** Thomas Baillie (British Army officer), Thomas Baillie, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Robert King, 4th Earl of Kingston, Irish Earl (d.

) ** John Richardson (author), John Richardson, British Army officer and Canadian novelist (d. 1852) * October 5 ** John Hoge Ewing, American politician (d. 1887) ** Yisrael Friedman of Ruzhin, Hasidic rabbi and rebe, founder of the Ruzhyn dynasty (d.

) * October 6 ** August Abendroth, Lawyer, businessman and philanthropist (d.

) ** Thomas T. Fauntleroy (soldier), Thomas T. Fauntleroy, American military figure and politician (d.

) ** Charles Backus Goddard, American lawyer and politician (d.

) ** Yevgeny Obolensky, Russian military officer (d.

) ** George R. Redfield, American politician from Michigan (d. 1887) ** Leonora Cannon Taylor, member of the Relief Society (d.

) * October 8 – Joseph S. Cabot, Massachusetts banker and politician (d. 1874) * October 9 ** Fitzroy Kelly, British politician (d.

) ** John Murdoch (bishop), John Murdoch, Roman Catholic bishop in Scotland (d.

) ** Rémi-Joseph Tellier, French Jesuit priest (d.

) ** Joseph Bonomi the Younger, English archaeologist and writer (d.

) * October 10 ** Franz Gerhard Eschweiler, German botanist (d. 1831) ** Thomas Konow, Norwegian politician and admiral (d. 1881) * October 11 ** August Ahlborn, German painter (d.

) ** John W. Brown (New York politician), John W. Brown, American politician from New York (d.

) ** Charles-Prosper Ollivier d'Angers, French neurologist (d.

) * October 12 ** William Arrindell, British judge (d.

) ** Jacob Eichenbaum, Galician-Jewish maskil, educator, poet and mathematician (d. 1861) * October 13 ** Ellen Randolph Coolidge, granddaughter of Thomas Jefferson (d.

) ** Stephen Creyke, English Anglican priest (d.

) ** Coralie van den Cruyce, Belgian writer, feminist, poet (d. 1858) ** Anders Retzius, Swedish scientist (d.

) * October 14 ** John Easton Mills, former mayor of Montreal, Quebec (d. 1847) ** Ludvig Nicolaus von Scheele, Danish statesman (d. 1874) * October 15 ** John Stephen Bazin, French-born bishop in Indiana, United States (d.

) ** Date Narimune, daimyo (d. 1819) ** Toma Polyanskyi, politician (d.

) * October 16 ** Jean-Joseph Ader, French playwright (d. 1859) ** Samuel G. Andrews, American politician (d.

) ** James Martin Bell, American politician (d.

) ** Karl Spindler (novelist), Karl Spindler, German writer (d.

) * October 17 ** Richard DeCharms, American minister (d.

) ** William Deedes (born 1796), William Deedes, English cricketer and politician (d.

) ** Leopold Kupelwieser, Austrian artist (d.

) ** James Matheson, British politician and merchant (d.

) ** Ross Winans, inventor, locomotive builder (d.

) * October 18 ** Francis Bisset Hawkins, English physician (d. 1894) ** Hosea Ballou II, American Universalist minister (d. 1861) ** John Wilford Blackstone Sr., American lawyer and politician (d.

) * October 19 ** Remexido, Portuguese guerrilla leader (d.

) ** Carl Wagner (painter), Carl Wagner, German painter known for romantic landscape painting (d.

) * October 20 ** Walter Bearblock, English cricketer (d.

) ** Pierre Lorillard III, American businessman (d.

) ** George W. Owen, American politician (d. 1837) ** George Eustis Sr., American judge (d. 1858) * October 22 ** Jacob Ljunglöf, Swedish businessman (d.

) ** Achille Etna Michallon, French painter (d. 1822) ** John James Snodgrass, British military officer, author (d.

) * October 23 ** William Casson, English botanist (d.

) ** Stefano Franscini, mathematician, member of the Swiss Federal Council (d.

) * October 24 ** August von Platen-Hallermünde, German poet (d. 1835) ** David Roberts (painter), David Roberts, Scottish painter (d.

) ** Charles Waddington (East India Company officer), Charles Waddington, army engineer, British major-general (d. 1858) * October 25 – Henry Crewe Boutflower, British writer and minister (d.

) * October 26 ** John Bennie (missionary), John Bennie, South African missionary (d.

) ** John Campbell, 2nd Marquess of Breadalbane, British politician (d.

) ** James Curley (astronomer), James Curley, Irish-American astronomer (d.

) ** Gottfried Osann, German chemist and physicist (d.

) ** Joseph Simon Volmar, Swiss painter and sculptor (d.

) * October 27 – William L. Chaplin, American abolitionist (d.

) * October 28 ** Charles Egon II, Prince of Fürstenberg, German politician (d. 1854) ** Robert Wilhelm Lagerborg, Finnish politician (d.

) ** John Law (representative), John Law, American politician (d.

) ** Francis Moon, Lord Mayor of London (d.

) * October 29 – Richard Spencer (Maryland politician), Richard Spencer, American politician (d.

) * October 30 ** Beaubrun Ardouin, Haitian politician and historian (d.

) ** Thomas William Bramston, British politician (d.

) ** Wilhelm August Rieder, painter (d.

) ** John Simmons (clothing manufacturer), John Simmons, American businessman (d.

) * October 31 ** Ottilie von Goethe, German writer, editor (d.

) ** Samuel Trehawke Kekewich, British politician (d.

)

November

* November 1 – William Adam (minister), William Adam, Scottish abolitionist and Unitarian minister (d. 1881) * November 2 ** Frederick Chamier, British writer (d.

) ** Joseph Desanat, French Provençal poet and journal editor (d.

) *

** Jovan Gavrilović, Serbian historian (d.

) ** Friedrich Lennig, German writer (d.

) *

** John Neagle, American painter (d.

) ** James McNeil Stephenson, American lawyer, businessman and politician (d.

) * November 5 ** Lewis F. Linn, Jacksonian Democratic U.S. Senator for the state of Missouri (d.

) ** Sir Henry Thompson, 3rd Baronet, British baronet (d.

) *

** George Back, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) ** Jean-Claude-Léonard Baveux, French Sulpician priest (d.

) ** Charles Richard Fox, British Army general (d.

) ** Bartholomew Gugy, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Leopold II, Prince of Lippe, Sovereign of the Principality of Lippe (d.

) * November 7 ** Alphonso Boone, American pioneer (d.

) ** Edward Pery Buckley, politician (d.

) ** Charles C. Hascall, American politician (d.

) * November 8 – Alexandre Vattemare, French ventriloquist and philanthropist (d.

) * November 10 ** François-Xavier Méthot, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Jonas Webb, English farmer (d.

) * November 11 ** Phan Thanh Giản, Vietnamese official (d.

) ** Frederic de Peyster, American lawyer (d. 1882) ** Joseph Swan (engraver), Joseph Swan, engraver and publisher (d.

) * November 13 ** Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach, German jurist (d.

) ** Matthew Howard-Gibbon, British officer of arms (d.

) ** Erik Julin, Finnish businessperson (d. 1874) * November 14 ** Friederike Funk, German soprano (d.

) ** Alejandro Próspero Révérend, French physician (d. 1881) ** Robert Young (clergyman), Robert Young, Australian clergyman (d.

) *

** Thomas Hills, English cricketer (d.

) ** Sir Henry Willoughby, 3rd Baronet, British politician (d.

) * November 18 ** Karl Arnold-Obrist, Swiss priest (d.

) ** Andrew Butler, American senator (d.

) ** Henry Dangar, surveyor and pastoralist in New South Wales, Australia (d. 1861) * November 19 – Christian Lorenz Sommer, German classical philologist (d. 1846) * November 20 ** Pierre-Louis Billaudèle, Canadian priest (d.

) ** Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin, French botanist (d. 1842) ** Thomas Stearn, English cricketer (d.

) * November 21 – Jean Zuléma Amussat, French surgeon (d.

) * November 24 ** Stephan Ludwig Roth, Transylvanian Saxon intellectual, pedagogue, Lutheran pastor (d.

) ** Maltby Strong, American politician (d.

) * November 25 ** Andreas von Ettingshausen, German mathematician, physicist (d.

) ** Abdollah Mirza Qajar, Iranian poet and Qajar prince (d. 1846) ** Edward Robinson (Maine politician), Edward Robinson, American politician (d.

) * November 27 ** Gamaliel Bartlett, American postmaster (d. 1859) ** Alexis Bonami, Canadian fur trader (d.

) ** John MacEnery, British archaeologist (d.

) ** Richard Mayne, English barrister, joint Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (d.

) ** Jens Vahl, Danish botanist (d. 1854) ** John Wright (Sheffield cricketer), John Wright, English cricketer (d.

) * November 28 – Daniel William Cahill, Irish physicist (d.

) * November 29 – John Hope-Johnstone (1796–1876), John Hope-Johnstone, Scottish politician (d.

) * November 30 – Carl Loewe, German composer (d.

)

December

* December 2 ** Ödön Beöthy, Hungarian nobleman, politician (d. 1854) ** Edward Dunsterville, British naval officer and hydrographer (d.

) ** William Webb Follett, English lawyer and politician (d.

) ** David Spangler (congressman), David Spangler, American politician (d.

) * December 3 ** Francis Kenrick, Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (d.

) ** Henriette Widerberg, Swedish opera soprano (d.

) * December 5 ** William Arthur (clergyman), William Arthur, father of U.S. president Chester A. Arthur (d.

) ** Thomas Flower Ellis, British law reporter (d. 1861) ** George Mortimer Tibbits, American landowner (d.

) * December 6 ** Joseph W. Jackson, American politician from Georgia state (d. 1854) ** Henry Seymour (New Zealand politician), Henry Seymour, New Zealand politician (d.

) *

– Michel Charles Durieu de Maisonneuve, French botanist (d.

) * December 8 – Ferdinand Wolf, Romance philologist from Austria (d.

) * December 9 – Emilie Zumsteeg, German composer, music teacher, choir conductor, singer, pianist (d.

) * December 10 – John Burnet Biddulph, South African explorer (d. 1837) * December 11 ** Richard Curzon-Howe, 1st Earl Howe, British earl (d.

) ** Nikolai Lukash, Imperial Russian military officer and politician (d.

) ** Thomas Alexander Souter, British army officer (d.

) * December 12 – John Stephenson (physician), John Stephenson, canadian physician (d. 1842) * December 13 – George Storrs, American minister (d. 1879) * December 14 ** Lilburn Boggs, American politician (d.

) ** Auguste Lorieux, French writer (d. 1842) * December 15 ** Jacob Letterstedt, Swedish businessman (d.

) ** Hiram Runnels, U.S. politician (d.

) * December 17 ** Thomas Chandler Haliburton, Canadian-British politician, judge and author (d.

) ** Christina Robertson, Scottish artist, editor (d. 1854) *

** Peter Daniel Bruun, Danish politician and lawyer (d.

) ** James Gallatin, American banker (d.

) * December 19 ** Joan Aulí, Spanish composer and organist (d.

) ** Manuel Bretón de los Herreros, Spanish dramatist, poet and journalist (d.

) * December 20 – Simon Meister, German painter (d.

) * December 21 – Tomasz Zan, Polish poet (d.

) * December 22 ** George McClellan (physician), George McClellan, American surgeon (d. 1847) ** Jared W. Williams, American politician (d.

) * December 24 – Tytus Działyński, Polish politician (d. 1861) * December 25 ** Fernán Caballero, Spanish novelist (d.

) ** Hugh Lee Pattinson, English industrial chemist (d. 1858) ** Juan Esteban Pedernera, Argentine politician and military officer (d.

) ** Frederick Augustus Ross, American minister (d.

) * December 27 ** Ghalib, Mirza Ghalib, Persian poet of Urdu (d.

) ** Franciszek Pfanhauser, Polish painter (d.

) ** Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz, Prussian field marshal (d.

) * December 29 ** William B. Calhoun, American politician (d.

) ** Johann Christian Poggendorff, German physicist (d.

) ** Ferdinand von Wrangel, Baltic German explorer and Russian admiral (d.

) * December 30 – Miklós Wesselényi, Hungarian politician (d.

) ;Date unknown * Du Bois Agett, early settler of Western Australia (d.

) * Edwin Beard Budding, English engineer and inventor of the lawnmower (d. 1846) * Mirza Shafi Vazeh, Azeri poet (d. 1852)

Deaths

January–March

Samuel Huntington - Charles Willson Peale

** Alexandre-Théophile Vandermonde French musician and chemist (b. 1735) ** Giambattista Vasco, Italian economist (b. 1733) *

– Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician), Samuel Huntington, Connecticut jurist (b. 1731) *

– Anna Barbara Reinhart, Swiss mathematician (b. 1730) *

– John Anderson (natural philosopher), John Anderson, Scottish scientist and inventor (b. 1726) *

– Sir Francis Geary, 1st Baronet, officer of the British Royal Navy (b. 1709) *

– Samuel Pegge, English antiquary (b. 1704) *

– John Caesar Australian bushranger of African descent (b. 1763) *

– James Macpherson, Scottish writer (b. 1736) * February 25 – Jean-Nicolas Stofflet, French royalist general (executed) (b. 1751) *

– Friedrich Wilhelm Rust, German violinist (b. 1739) *

– Carl Fredrik Adelcrantz, Swedish architect and civil servant (b. 1716) *

– Pierre-René Rogue, French Catholic priest, member of the Congregation of the Mission (b. 1758) *

– Guillaume Thomas François Raynal, French writer, man of letters during the Age of Enlightenment (b. 1713) *

** William Chambers (architect), William Chambers, Scottish-Swedish architect (b. 1723) ** John Forbes (Royal Navy officer), John Forbes, British Royal Navy officer (b. 1714) *

– Franz Töpsl, Augustinian Canon Regular (b. 1711) *

– Joseph Gerrald, Scottish political reformer (b. 1763) *

– Hugh Palliser, British naval officer, administrator (b. 1722) *

– François de Charette, French Royalist soldier, politician (b. 1763) *

– Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1765)

April–June

Charles_Willson_Peale_-_David_Rittenhouse_-_Google_Art_Project

– Ulrika Pasch, Swedish rococo painter and miniaturist (b. 1735) *

– George Campbell (minister), George Campbell, Scottish minister (b. 1719) *

– Frederick Albert, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, German prince of the House of Ascania (b. 1735) * April 11 – François-Antoine Devaux, French writer (b. 1712) * April 16 – Molly Brant Mohawk United Empire Loyalist (b. c.1736) *

– Raja Chamaraja Wodeyar IX of Mysore (b. 1774) *

– Franciszka Corvin-Krasińska, Polish noblewoman, morganatic wife of Charles of Saxony (b. 1742) *

– Alexandre Guy Pingré, Catholic priest and scientist (b. 1711) *

– Juan García Ruiz, bishop of Nueva Segovia (1784–1796) (b. 1728) *

– Adolph Freiherr Knigge, German writer, Freemason (b. 1752) * May 12 – Johann Uz, German poet (b. 1720) * May 13 – John Butler (pioneer), John Butler, Loyalist who led an irregular militia unit during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1728) * May 17 – Gotthard Friedrich Stender, Baltic-German Lutheran priest who played an outstanding role in Latvia's history of culture (b. 1714) * May 28 – Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern (1732–1796), Caroline of Stolberg-Gedern, Princess of Stolberg-Gerdern by birth and by marriage a princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b. 1732) * May 29 – Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish politician and demagogue (b. 1720) * June 7 – Elisabetta Caminèr Turra, Venetian writer (b. 1751) * June 8 ** Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, French revolutionary (b. 1749) ** Felice Giardini, Italian composer, violinist (b. 1716) * June 9 – José Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba, patron of the artist Francisco Goya (b. 1756) * June 11 ** Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts politician, merchant (b. 1738) ** Samuel Whitbread (1720–1796), Samuel Whitbread, English brewer, politician (b. 1720) * June 14 ** Charles Albert II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst, 3rd Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst from 1793 to 1796 (b. 1742) ** John Laforey, British naval officer (b. 1729) * June 16 ** Charles of Saxony, Duke of Courland, German prince from the House of Wettin and Duke of Courland (b. 1733) ** Walter Stewart (general), Walter Stewart, Irish-born American general during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1756) * June 19 – Consider Tiffany, British loyalist (b. 1732) *

– Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (b. 1710) * June 25 – Johann Philipp Siebenkees, German philosopher (b. 1759) * June 26 – David Rittenhouse, American astronomer, inventor, mathematician, surveyor, scientific instrument craftsman and public official (b. 1732) * June 28 – Antonio Maria Lorgna, Italian mathematician (b. 1735) * June 30 – Abraham Yates Jr., American lawyer, civil servant from Albany (b. 1724)

July–September

* July 8 ** John Mills (soldier), John Mills, American soldier, officer (b. 1754) ** Adam Naruszewicz, Polish-Lithuanian nobleman (b. 1733) * July 16 ** William Gerard Hamilton, English statesman (b. 1729) ** George Howard (British Army officer), George Howard, British field marshal (b. 1718) * July 17 – John Christopher Hartwick, Lutheran minister in Colonial America, founder of Hartwick College (b. 1714) * July 20 – John Houstoun, American lawyer, statesman from Savannah (b. 1744) * July 21 **

, Scottish poet (b. 1759) ** Philip Carteret, British naval officer, explorer in two circumnavigation expeditions (b. 1733) * August 1 ** Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet, British Army officer during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1720) ** Sir Robert Pigot, 2nd Baronet, British army officer (b. 1720) * August 2 – Sarah Osborn, American writer (b. 1714) *

– Ignaz Anton von Indermauer, Austrian nobleman from Tyrol, Landvögte and Kreishauptmann of Vorarlberg (b. 1759) * August 12 ** Richard Beckford, English member of parliament ** Mary Ann Wrighten, English singer, actress (b. 1751) * August 25 – Isaac Parsons (Virginia politician), Isaac Parsons, American planter (b. 1752) * August 31 – John McKinly, American physician, politician from Wilmington (b. 1721) * September 1 – David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield (b. 1727) * September 7 – Henri François Lambert, brigadier general of the French revolutionary army (b. 1760) * September 11 – Anna Barbara Gignoux, German industrialist (b. 1725) * September 20 ** Juan José Elhuyar, Spanish chemist, mineralogist (b. 1754) ** Christian Febiger, American Revolutionary War commander (b. 1749) * September 21 – François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers, French revolutionary general (killed in battle) (b. 1769) * September 27 – Jonathan Sewall, last British attorney general of Massachusetts (b. 1729) * September 29 – Henry Hamilton (governor), Henry Hamilton, Anglo-Irish soldier, government official of the British Empire (b. c. 1734)

October–December

* October 7 – Thomas Reid, religiously trained Scottish philosopher (b. 1710) * October 10 – Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b. 1729) * October 16 ** Antoine-Joseph Pernety, French writer (b. 1716) **

(b. 1726) * October 30 – Archibald Montgomerie, 11th Earl of Eglinton, Scottish general (b. 1726) * November 8 – King Ang Eng of Cambodia (b. 1773) *

– Empress Catherine the Great, Catherine II of Russia (b. 1729) * November 19 – Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath (b. 1734) * December 2 – Jean Charles Abbatucci, French general during the War of the First Coalition (b. 1771) * December 5 – George Mason V, American planter, businessman (b. 1753) * December 10 – Israel Jacobs, colonial Pennsylvania Legislator and United States Representative from Pennsylvania (b. 1726) * December 12 – William Buller (bishop), William Buller, English clergyman (b. 1735) * December 15 – Anthony Wayne, United States Army officer, statesman, and member of the United States House of Representatives (b. 1745) * December 16 – Johann Daniel Titius, German astronomer, professor at Wittenberg (b. 1729) *

– Lord John Cavendish, British nobleman, statesman (b. 1732) * December 19 – Pyotr Rumyantsev, Russian general (b. 1725) * December 25 ** Bengt Anders Euphrasén, Swedish botanist (b. 1756) ** Velu Nachiyar, Indian queen of Sivaganga estate (1760–1790) (b. 1730) * December 28 – Prince Louis Charles of Prussia, son of Frederick William II of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt (b. 1773)

References

Chronology of 1796, mainly relating to Napoleon's campaign in Italy
{{DEFAULTSORT:1796 1796, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar