Events

January–March

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

(December 28, 1694 O.S.) – The United Kingdom's last joint monarchy, the reign of husband-and-wife

King William III William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, and Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from 167 ...

and

Queen Mary II Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. She was also Princess of Orange following her marriage on 4 November 1677 ...

comes to an end with the death of Queen Mary, at the age of 32. Princess Mary had been installed as the monarch along with her husband and cousin, Willem Hendrik von Oranje,

Stadtholder In the Low Countries, a stadtholder ( ) was a steward, first appointed as a medieval official and ultimately functioning as a national leader. The ''stadtholder'' was the replacement of the duke or count of a province during the Burgundian and ...

of the

Dutch Republic The United Provinces of the Netherlands, commonly referred to in historiography as the Dutch Republic, was a confederation that existed from 1579 until the Batavian Revolution in 1795. It was a predecessor state of the present-day Netherlands ...

, in 1689 after

King James II James II and VII (14 October 1633 – 16 September 1701) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 Glori ...

was deposed by Willem during the "

Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution, also known as the Revolution of 1688, was the deposition of James II and VII, James II and VII in November 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II, Mary II and her Dutch husband, William III of Orange ...

". *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in I ...

(January 4 O.S.) – The Royal Navy warship HMS ''Nonsuch'' is captured near England's

Isles of Scilly The Isles of Scilly ( ; ) are a small archipelago off the southwestern tip of Cornwall, England. One of the islands, St Agnes, Isles of Scilly, St Agnes, is over farther south than the most southerly point of the Great Britain, British mainla ...

by the 48-gun French privateer ''Le Francois''. ''Nonsuch'' is then sold to the French Navy and renamed ''Le Sans Pareil''. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

–

Milan Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the List of cities in Italy, second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nea ...

's Court Theater is destroyed in a fire. *

January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the ...

– A flotilla of six Royal Navy warships under the command of Commodore James Killegrew aboard HMS ''Plymouth'' captures two French warships, the ''Content'' and the ''Trident'', the day after the French ships had mistaken the English fleet to be a group of merchant ships to attack. *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Hormizd IV, king of the Sasanian Empire, is overthrown and blinded by his brothers-in-law Vistahm and Vinduyih. * 1579 – The Diocese of Manila is erected by papal bull, with Domingo de Salazar appointe ...

–

Mustafa II Mustafa II (; ''Muṣṭafā-yi sānī''; 6 February 1664 – 29 December 1703) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703. Early life He was born at Edirne Palace on 6 February 1664. He was the son of Sultan Mehmed IV (1648–87 ...

(1664 – 1703) succeeds his uncle,

Ahmed II Ahmed II (; ; was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695. Early life Ahmed II was born on 25 February 1643 or 1 August 1642, the son of Sultan Ibrahim and Muazzez Sultan. On 21 October 1649, Ahmed, along with his brothers Mehmed ...

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to Dissolution of the Ottoman Em ...

. *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. * 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Easte ...

– The funeral of Queen

Mary II of England Mary II (30 April 1662 – 28 December 1694) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England, List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland, and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland with her husband, King William III and II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Sh ...

takes place, accompanied by music written for the occasion by

Henry Purcell Henry Purcell (, rare: ; September 1659 – 21 November 1695) was an English composer of Baroque music, most remembered for his more than 100 songs; a tragic opera, Dido and Aeneas, ''Dido and Aeneas''; and his incidental music to a version o ...

. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

– Almost all French Army soldiers in a column of 1,300 troops, commanded by Brigadier General Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, are killed or captured in the

Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas The Battle of Sant Esteve d'en Bas took place on 10 March 1695 in the Catalonia, Catalan front of the War of the Grand Alliance. It was fought between a column of French regular infantry under Brigadier Urbain Le Clerc de Juigné, governor of th ...

against a smaller Spanish Empire force led by Ramon de Sala i Saçala during the

War of the Grand Alliance The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between Kingdom of France, France and the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial poss ...

. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

– John Trevor, Speaker of the English House of Commons, is expelled from the House by vote of the members, after being found guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000

pounds sterling Sterling (Currency symbol, symbol: Pound sign, £; ISO 4217, currency code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound is the main unit of account, unit of sterling, and the word ''Pound (cu ...

from the City of London Corporation. *

March 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland. * 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the H ...

– Paul Foley is elected as the new Speaker of the House after the expulsion of John Trevor. *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 624 – First Eid al-Fitr celebration. * 1021 – The death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret ...

– John Hungerford is expelled from the English House of Commons when members vote to find him guilty of accepting a bribe in return for using his committee chairmanship to promote the pending Orphans Bill.

April–June

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. * 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

– The

House of Commons of England The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, incorporated Wales) from its development in the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707, when it was re ...

decides not to renew the

Licensing Order of 1643 The ''Ordinance for the Regulating of Printing'', also known as the Licensing Order of 1643, instituted pre-publication censorship upon Parliamentary England. Milton's '' Areopagitica'' was written specifically against this ordinance. Abolition o ...

, and states its reasoning, beginning with "Because it revives, and re-enacts, a Law which in no-wise answered the End for which it was made". The lifting of censorship creates a more open society, and an explosion of print results. Within 30 years, the number of printing houses in England increases from 20 to 103.Alvin B. Kernan, "Samuel Johnson and the Impact of Print" (Princeton University Press, 2021) p. 59 *

April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil ( discovery of Brazil). * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zara ...

– Sürmeli Ali Pasha is fired from his position as

Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire The grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire ( or ''Sadr-ı Azam'' (''Sadrazam''); Ottoman Turkish language, Ottoman Turkish: or ) was the ''de facto'' prime minister of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute p ...

, after coming into a disagreement with the new Sultan, Mustafa II. Sürmeli is initially sent into exile, but executed on the Sultan's orders on May 29. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...

–

Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) The Russo-Turkish War of 1686–1700 was part of the joint European effort to confront the Ottoman Empire. The larger European conflict was known as the Great Turkish War. The Russo-Turkish War began after the Tsardom of Russia joined the Europe ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

begins the

Azov campaigns (1695–96) Azov (, ), previously known as Azak ( Turki/ Kypchak: ), is a town in Rostov Oblast, Russia, situated on the Don River just from the Sea of Azov, which derives its name from the town. The population is History Early settlements in the vicin ...

against the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, with 31,000 troops departing to the Ottoman fortress at Azov on the

Don River The Don () is the fifth-longest river in Europe. Flowing from Central Russia to the Sea of Azov in Southern Russia, it is one of Russia's largest rivers and played an important role for traders from the Byzantine Empire. Its basin is betwee ...

."Azov campaigns of 1695–1696", ''The Black Sea Encyclopedia'' (Springer Berlin, 2014) p. 71 *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 47 ...

– The 7.8 magnitude Linfen earthquake in Shanxi Province, Qing Dynasty kills over 50,000 people. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty ( 171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

– An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across South America. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

– The Commission of Enquiry into the

Massacre of Glencoe The Massacre of Glencoe took place in Glen Coe in the Argyll region of the Scottish Highlands on 13 February 1692. An estimated 30 members and associates of Clan MacDonald of Glencoe were killed by Scottish government forces, allegedly for fa ...

Scotland Scotland is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It contains nearly one-third of the United Kingdom's land area, consisting of the northern part of the island of Great Britain and more than 790 adjac ...

1692 Events January–March * January 24 – At least 75 residents of what is now York, Maine are killed in the Raid on York (1692), Candlemas Massacre, carried out by French soldiers led by missionary Louis-Pierre Thury, along with a ...

reports to the

Parliament of England The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the Parliament of Great Britain. Parliament evolved from the Great Council of England, great council of Lords Spi ...

, blaming Sir John Dalrymple, Secretary of State over Scotland, and declares that a soldier should refuse to obey a "command against the law of nature".

July–September

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II o ...

– The Siege of Namur begins in the

Spanish Netherlands The Spanish Netherlands (; ; ; ) (historically in Spanish: , the name "Flanders" was used as a '' pars pro toto'') was the Habsburg Netherlands ruled by the Spanish branch of the Habsburgs from 1556 to 1714. They were a collection of States of t ...

(now

Belgium Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. Situated in a coastal lowland region known as the Low Countries, it is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeas ...

). *

July 15 Events Pre-1600 * 484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 &ndas ...

– The siege of the Ottoman fortress at Azaq by the Russian Army begins, but is unsuccessful and is discontinued after October 2 (September 22 O.S.). *

July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. * 1048 – Dama ...

– The

Bank of Scotland The Bank of Scotland plc (Scottish Gaelic: ''Banca na h-Alba'') is a commercial bank, commercial and clearing (finance), clearing bank based in Edinburgh, Scotland, and is part of the Lloyds Banking Group. The bank was established by the Par ...

is founded. *

August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...

– The

Wren Building The Wren Building (original build, 1695–1699) is the oldest building on the campus of the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, which is the "second oldest seat of higher learning" in the United States. Situated in Old College ...

is started in

Williamsburg, Virginia Williamsburg is an Independent city (United States), independent city in Virginia, United States. It had a population of 15,425 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census. Located on the Virginia Peninsula, Williamsburg is in the northern par ...

(completed in

1700 As of March 1 ( O.S. February 19), where the Julian calendar acknowledged a leap day and the Gregorian calendar did not, the Julian calendar fell one day further behind, bringing the difference to 11 days until February 28 ( O.S. February 17) ...

). *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. * 991 – Battle of Maldon: T ...

– A naval skirmish occurs between English and Swedish ships in the Strait of Dover *

August 13 Events Pre-1600 * 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. * 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. * 554 &ndash ...

– 15 –

Nine Years' War The Nine Years' War was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between Kingdom of France, France and the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), Grand Alliance. Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial poss ...

: Brussels is bombarded by French troops. *

September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. *1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of A ...

–

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

surrenders

Namur Namur (; ; ) is a city and municipality in Wallonia, Belgium. It is the capital both of the province of Namur and of Wallonia, hosting the Parliament of Wallonia, the Government of Wallonia and its administration. Namur stands at the confl ...

to forces of the Grand Alliance, led by King

William III of England William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 1650 – 8 March 1702), also known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrec ...

, Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, following the 2-month Siege of Namur. *

September 7 Events Pre-1600 * 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII. * 1159 – Cardinal Rolando Bandinelli is elected Pope Alexander III, prompting the election of Cardinal Octaviano Monticelli as Anti ...

– English

pirate Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with the goal of stealing cargo and valuable goods, or taking hostages. Those who conduct acts of piracy are call ...

Henry Every Henry Every, also known as Henry Avery (20 August 1659Disappeared: June 1696), sometimes erroneously given as Jack Avery or John Avery, was an English pirate who operated in the Atlantic and Indian oceans in the mid-1690s. He probably used s ...

perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history, with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship ''

Ganj-i-Sawai The ''Ganj-i-Sawai'' ( Persian/ Hindustani:''Ganj-i-Sawai'', in English "Exceeding Treasure", often anglicized as ''Gunsway'') was an armed Ghanjah dhow (trading ship) belonging to the Mughals. During Aurangzeb's reign, it was captured on ...

''. In response, Emperor

Aurangzeb Alamgir I (Muhi al-Din Muhammad; 3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known by the title Aurangzeb, also called Aurangzeb the Conqueror, was the sixth Mughal emperors, Mughal emperor, reigning from 1658 until his death in 1707, becomi ...

threatens to put an end to all English trading in India. *

September 24 Events Pre-1600 *AD 787, 787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia. *1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ul� ...

– All but eight of the remaining 305 crew of the

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

ship are killed when the ship founders in the

Florida Keys The Florida Keys are a coral island, coral cay archipelago off the southern coast of Florida, forming the southernmost part of the continental United States. They begin at the southeastern coast of the Florida peninsula, about south of Miami a ...

. According to the ship's logbook, an epidemic of yellow fever began on August 1 and had killed 45 people before the hurricane struck, and left all but seven crew members too ill to walk.

October–December

October 11 Events Pre-1600 *1138 – A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever. * 1142 – A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars. *1311 – The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of En ...

–

of England dissolves

Parliament In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative body of government. Generally, a modern parliament has three functions: Representation (politics), representing the Election#Suffrage, electorate, making laws, and overseeing ...

in the wake of a scandal involving former Speaker of the House of Commons John Trevor and other Tory MPs. *

October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 or 286 – Execution of Crispin and Crispinian, Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I (emperor), ...

– The 48-gun English Navy ship HMS ''Berkeley Castle'' is captured by the French Navy. *

November 22 Events Pre-1600 * 498 – After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Palace, while Laurentius is elected Pope in Santa Maria Maggiore. * 845 – The first duke of Brittany, Nominoe, defeats the Fran ...

– The new Parliament, with 513 members of the House of Commons is opened by King William III. Commons is composed of 257 Whigs (who hold a majority of one), 203 Tories and 53 members of other parties or independents. *

December 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1060 – Béla I is crowned king of Hungary. * 1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan. *1492 – After exploring the island of Cuba (which he h ...

– A total eclipse of the sun is visible across the Middle East and western Asia. *

December 31 It is known by a collection of names including: Saint Sylvester's Day, New Year's Eve or Old Year's Day/Night, as the following day is New Year's Day. It is the last day of the year; the following day is January 1, the first day of the followi ...

– A

window tax Window tax was a property tax based on the number of windows in a house. It was a significant social, cultural, and architectural force in England, Scotland, France and Ireland during the 18th and 19th centuries. To avoid the tax, some houses fr ...

is imposed in

England England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...

. Some windows are bricked up to avoid it.

Date unknown

* English manufacturers call for an

embargo Economic sanctions or embargoes are commercial and financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor to change its behavior throu ...

on Indian cloth, and silk weavers picket the

. * A £2 fine is imposed for swearing in

. * After 23 years of construction,

Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...

completes ''

Castillo de San Marcos The Castillo de San Marcos ( Spanish for “ St. Mark’s Castle”) is the oldest masonry fort in the continental United States; it is located on the western shore of Matanzas Bay in St. Augustine, Florida. It was designed by the Spanish en ...

'' to protect

St. Augustine, Florida St. Augustine ( ; ) is a city in and the county seat of St. Johns County, Florida, United States. Located 40 miles (64 km) south of downtown Jacksonville, the city is on the Atlantic coast of northeastern Florida. Founded in 1565 by Spani ...

, from foreign threats. * After many years of construction, the

Potala Palace Potala Palace ( Tibetan: པོ་ཏ་ལ་ཕོ་བྲང Chinese: 布达拉宫) is the name of a museum in Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in China, built in the ''dzong''-style. It was previously a palace of t ...

Lhasa Lhasa, officially the Chengguan District of Lhasa City, is the inner urban district of Lhasa (city), Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region, Southwestern China. Lhasa is the second most populous urban area on the Tibetan Plateau after Xining ...

is completed. *

Gold Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...

is discovered in

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

. * Johanne Nielsdatter is executed for witchcraft, the last such confirmed execution in Norway. * In

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...

, the bank ''Wed. Jean Deutz & Sn.'' floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilder loan to the

Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (disambiguation), Emperor of the Romans (; ) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period (; ), was the ruler and h ...

. From this date on, European leaders commonly take advantage of the low interest rates available in the

, and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market. * A large unidentified tropical volcanic eruption causes colder temperatures, crop failure, food shortage and mortality in north-western Europe. * A naval skirmish occurs between English and Swedish ships en-route to Portugal. * The

Great Famine of 1695–1697 The Great Famine of 1695–1697, or simply the Great Famine, was a catastrophic famine that affected the present Finland and Estonia (1695–1697), Latvia, Norway (in 1696) and Sweden (1696–1698), all of which belonged to the Swedish Empire with ...

begins as the Great Famine of Estonia (1695–97) in Swedish Estonia and spreads across

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

and

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

, while the " seven ill years" of famine in

are ongoing.

Births

January–March

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

– Sir Robert Cotton, 3rd Baronet, British politician (d. 1748) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

–

Giuseppe Sammartini Giuseppe Francesco Gaspare Melchiorre Baldassare Sammartini (also Gioseffo, S Martini, St Martini, San Martini, San Martino, Martini, Martino; 6 January 1695 – between 17 and 23 November 1750) was an Italian composer and oboist during the late B ...

, Italian composer and oboist (d. 1750) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– Ferdinand Ashmall, British clergy (d.

1798 Events January–June * January – Eli Whitney contracts with the U.S. federal government for 10,000 muskets, which he produces with interchangeable parts. * January 4 – Constantine Hangerli enters Bucharest, as Prince of ...

) *

January 18 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later. * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail. * 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the C ...

–

Paul Bécart de Granville et de Fonville Paul Bécart de Granville et de Fonville (January 18, 1695 – March 19, 1754) was an officer in the French colonial regular troops and a seigneur. Bécart de Grenville et de Fonville was the brother of Charles Bécart de Granville et de Fonvill ...

, French colonial officer (d. 1754) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

** Prince Francis Ernest of Hesse-Darmstadt, German aristocrat (d.

1716 Events January–March * January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, conclud ...

) ** Satake Yoshitada (d.

1715 Events For dates within Great Britain and the British Empire, as well as in the Russian Empire, the "old style" Julian calendar was used in 1715, and can be converted to the "new style" Gregorian calendar (adopted in the British Empire in ...

) *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

– José Quer y Martínez, Spanish botanist (d.

1764 Events January–June * January 7 – The Siculicidium is carried out as hundreds of the Székely minority in Transylvania are massacred by the Austrian Army at Madéfalva. * January 19 – John Wilkes is expelled from th ...

) *

– Anne Howard, Countess of Effingham, British countess (d. 1774) *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

William Borlase William Borlase (2 February 169631 August 1772), Cornish antiquary, geologist and naturalist. From 1722, he was Rector of Ludgvan, Cornwall, where he died. He is remembered for his works ''The Antiquities of Cornwall'' (1754; 2nd ed., 1769) a ...

, English antiquarian, geologist and naturalist (d.

1772 Events January–March * January 10 – Shah Alam II, the Mughal Emperor of India, makes a triumphant return to Delhi 15 years after having been forced to flee. * January 17 – Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroli ...

) **

François de Chevert François de Chevert (2 February 1695 – 24 January 1769) was a French general. Chevert was born in Verdun, Meuse (department), Meuse. He entered service in 1706, became major in Beauce's regiment in Toul in 1728, later in 1739 lieutenant-colon ...

, French general (d.

1769 Events January–March * February 2 – Pope Clement XIII dies, the night before preparing an order to dissolve the Jesuits.Denis De Lucca, ''Jesuits and Fortifications: The Contribution of the Jesuits to Military Architecture ...

) **

Christoph Sauer Christoph Sauer (1695 – September 25, 1758) was the first German-language printer and publisher in North America. Johann Christoph Sauer was born in 1695 in Ladenburg (near Heidelberg), the son of a Reformed pastor. He came to the county ...

, German-American printer and publisher (d.

1757 Events January–March * January 2 – Seven Years' War: The British East India Company Army, under the command of Robert Clive, captures Calcutta, India. * January 5 – Robert-François Damiens makes an unsuccessful assa ...

) *

– Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Russian mathematician (d.

1726 Events January–March * January 23 – (January 12 Old Style) The Conventicle Act (''Konventikelplakatet'') is adopted in Sweden, outlawing all non-Lutheran religious meetings outside of church services. * January 26 – T ...

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

–

Armand Jules de Rohan-Guéméné Armand-Jules de Rohan-Guémené (Paris, 10 February 1695 - Saverne, 28 August 1762) was a French ecclesiastic, Peer of France and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Reims, Archbishop of Reims. Early life Prince de Guemene was the fifteenth child ...

, French archbishop (d.

1762 Events January–March * January 4 – Seven Years' War: Kingdom of Great Britain, Britain declares war against Enlightenment in Spain, Spain and Kingdom of Naples, Naples, following their Treaty of Paris (1761), recent alliance ...

) *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

Françoise de Graffigny Françoise de Graffigny (''née'' Françoise d'Issembourg du Buisson d'Happoncourt; 11 February 1695 – 12 December 1758), better known as Madame de Graffigny, was a French novelist, playwright and salon hostess. Initially famous as the author ...

, French writer (d.

1758 Events January–March * January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoologic ...

) **

Abraham Pelt Abraham Pelt (11 February 1695 - 14 April 1783) was a Danish industrialist and philanthropist. Early life Pelt was born in Copenhagen, the son of Hans Peter Pelt (died 1715) and Dorothea Kellinghusen (died 1732). In 1708, his father, who was ori ...

, Danish industrialist and philanthropist (d.

1783 Events January–March * January 20 – At Versailles, Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain signs preliminary peace treaties with the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. * January 23 – The Confederation Congress ...

) *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I and Pope Pope John XII, John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1258 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: Hulegu Kh ...

– Francesco Maria Della Rovere, politician (d.

1768 Events January–March * January 9 – Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London. * February 11 – Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Re ...

) *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

– Joseph Anton Glantschnigg, painter of German origin (d. 1755) *

February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battl ...

– Philippe-Claude de Montboissier de Beaufort, French politician (d.

1765 Events January–March * January 23 – Prince Joseph of Austria marries Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria in Vienna. * January 29 – One week before his death, Mir Jafar, who had been enthroned as the Nawab of Bengal and ...

) *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

–

Anthony Grey, Earl of Harold Anthony Grey, 3rd Baron Lucas, styled Earl of Harold (21 February 1695 – 21 July 1723) was a British peer and courtier. Biography Grey was the eldest son of Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Kent, and his wife, Jemima Crew. On 17 February 1718, Antho ...

, English noble (d.

1723 Events January–March * January 25 – English-born pirate Edward Low intercepts the Portuguese ship ''Nostra Signiora de Victoria''. After the Portuguese captain throws his treasure of 11,000 gold coins into the sea rather th ...

) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

–

Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf (2 March 1695 in Clausthal, now Clausthal-Zellerfeld – 26 March 1777 in Leipzig) was a German printer and publisher, and founder of the publisher that became Breitkopf & Härtel. In 1714 he moved to Leipzig and wor ...

, German music publisher (d.

1777 Events January–March * January 2 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general George Washington's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second ...

) *

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 ...

– María Anna Águeda de San Ignacio, Mexican writer (d.

1756 Events January–March * January 16 – The Anglo-Prussian alliance (1756)#Treaty, Treaty of Westminster is signed between Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain and Prussia, guaranteeing the neutrality of the Electorate of Hanover, c ...

) *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

– Marie Huber, Genevan writer and theologian (d.

1753 Events January–March * January 3 – King Binnya Dala of the Hanthawaddy Kingdom orders the burning of Ava, the former capital of the Kingdom of Burma. * January 29 – After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning return ...

) *

March 9 Events Pre-1600 *141 BC – Liu Che, Posthumous name, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. *1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the Annals of Quedlinburg, annals of the mo ...

–

Martín Sarmiento Martín Sarmiento or Martiño Sarmiento, also Father Sarmiento (born Pedro José García Balboa; 9 March 1695 in Villafranca del Bierzo, El Bierzo – 7 December 1772 in Madrid) was a Spanish scholar, writer and Benedictine monk, illustrious repr ...

, Spanish scholar and writer (d.

) *

– Adrien Manglard, French painter and engraver (d.

1760 Events January–March * January 9 – Battle of Barari Ghat: Afghan forces defeat the Marathas. * January 22 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Wandiwash, India: British general Sir Eyre Coote is victorious over th ...

) *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of th ...

– Mihael Summa, Albanian clergyman and auxiliary bishop (d.

) *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

–

Daniel Overbeek Daniel Overbeek or Overbeke (13 March 1695, Amsterdam - 29 July 1751, Colombo Colombo, ( ; , ; , ), is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. The Colombo metropolitan area is estimated to have a popu ...

, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1751) *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

** Infante António of Portugal, Portuguese infante (d.

) **

Alexander Joseph Sulkowski Alexander () is a male name of Greek origin. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are A ...

, Polish and Saxon general (d.

) *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

Christian Hilfgott Brand Christian Hilfgott Brand (16 March 1695, Frankfurt an der Oder – 22 July 1756, Vienna) was a German-Austrian landscape painter. His year of birth is also given as 1693 or 1694, and there are numerous variations of his middle name. Biography ...

, German Austrian painter (d.

) ** William Greene, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (d.

) *

March 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. * 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...

** William Noel, English barrister, judge and politician, (d.

) ** Christian Seybold, German painter (d.

) *

March 20 Events Pre-1600 *1206 – Michael IV of Constantinople, Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. *1600 – The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden: five Swedish n ...

– Toki Yoritoshi, Daimyo in the Tokugawa shogunate (d.

1744 Events January–March * January 6 – The Royal Navy ship ''Bacchus'' engages the Spanish Navy privateer ''Begona'', and sinks it; 90 of the 120 Spanish sailors die, but 30 of the crew are rescued. * January 24 – The ...

) *

March 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized Ferrara, a papal fiefdom. * 1329 – Pope John XXII ...

–

Johann Philipp Anton von Franckenstein Johann Philipp Anton Freiherr von und zu Franckenstein, born in Forchheim on 27 March 1695, appointed in 1743 as Vicar-General of Mainz, was from 1746 to 1753 ruling Prince-bishop of Bamberg. Biography Early life Johann Philipp Anton von Fran ...

, German priest (d.

)

April–June

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. * 1139 – ...

– Johann Christian Günther, German poet (d.

) *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor ...

–

Pietro Guarneri Pietro Guarnieri (14 April 1695 – 7 April 1762) was an Italian luthier A luthier ( ; ) is a craftsperson who builds or repairs string instruments. Etymology The word ' is originally French and comes from ''luth'', the French word for ...

, Italian luthier (d.

) *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido – the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Roman emperor Otho commits suicide. * ...

– Christoph Jacob Trew, German physician and botanist (d.

) *

– Ludovico Valenti, Italian cardinal (d.

1763 Events January–March * January 27 – The seat of colonial administration in the Viceroyalty of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro. * February 1 – The colonial authorities in the Province of North Carolin ...

) *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

** Roger Morris, English architect (d.

1749 Events January–March * January 3 ** Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont. ** The first issue of ''Berlingske'', Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, i ...

) ** Georg Albrecht of Saxe-Weissenfels, Count of Barby, German noble, Count of Barby (d.

1739 Events January–March * January 1 – Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier, in the South Atlantic Ocean. * January 3 – A 7.6 earthquake shakes the Ningxia Hui Autonomou ...

) *

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 & ...

– Pierre Saint-Sevin, French composer (d.

) *

May 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first royal charter. * 1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great. * 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and impris ...

–

Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni Jean-Nicolas Servan, also known as Giovanni Niccolò Servandoni (2 May 1695 – 19 January 1766) was an Italian decorator, architect, scene-painter, firework designer and trompe-l'œil specialist. He was born in Florence, the son of a French ...

, French architect and painter (d.

1766 Events January–March * January 1 – Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") becomes the new House of Stuart, Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain, as King Charles III, and figurehead for Jacobitism. * Januar ...

) *

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

** Pacifico Bizza, Roman Catholic archbishop (d.

) **

Henri Pitot Henri Pitot (; May 3, 1695 – December 27, 1771) was a French hydraulic engineer and the inventor of the pitot tube. The incoming fluid in the internal tube may be blocked off where a pressure gauge can indicate the pressure, or fed to a clo ...

, French hydraulic engineer (d.

1771 Events January– March * January 5 – The Great Kalmyk (Torghut) Migration is led by Ubashi Khan, from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing dynasty rule. * January ...

) *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

– Isaac Wilkinson, English businessman (d. 1784) *

May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I im ...

** Sir Robert Grosvenor, 6th Baronet, British politician (d. 1755) ** Gabriel Huquier, French art dealer (d.

) * May 8 – John Lee (1695–1761), John Lee, British politician (d. 1761) * May 16 – Louis-Urbain-Aubert de Tourny, French intendant (d.

) * May 22 – Anna Folkema, Engraver from the Northern Netherlands (d.

) * May 27 – Miguel Cabrera (painter), Miguel Cabrera, Mexican painter (d.

) * May 28 – Alexander Leslie, 5th Earl of Leven, British politician (d. 1754) * June 3 – Francis Wise, Keeper of the archive at the University of Oxford (d. 1767) * June 5 – Johann Conrad Schlaun, German architect (d. 1773) * June 6 – Adriaan Valckenier, Dutch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (1737-1741) (d. 1751) * June 14 – Johann Friedrich Walther, German teacher, organist and draughtsman (d. 1776) * June 17 – Henri-Michel Guedier de Saint-Aubin, French theologist (d. 1741) * June 21 ** Joseph Banks (MP for Peterborough), Joseph Banks, English landowner and MP (d. 1741) ** Sir Peter Halkett, 2nd Baronet, politician (d. 1755) * June 23 – Louise Anne de Bourbon, French princess, the daughter of Louis III de Bourbon (d.

) *

– Martin van Meytens, Austrian artist (d. 1770) * June 28 – Christiana Mariana von Ziegler, German poet (d.

)

July–September

* July 2 ** Sir Orlando Bridgeman, 4th Baronet, British politician 1695–1764 (d.

) ** Louis Charles César Le Tellier, French military commander and Marshal of France (d.

) * July 6 – Giovanni Francesco II Brignole Sale, Italian politician (d.

) *

** Alexandre de Gusmão, Portuguese diplomat (d.

) ** Christian Karl Reinhard of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg (d.

) ** Alexander Moncrieff (Secession minister), Alexander Moncrieff, Scottish minister of the Secession church (d. 1761) * July 18 – Boris Grigoryevich Yusupov, Russian politician (d. 1759) * July 21 – Thomas Archer, 1st Baron Archer, British politician (d.

) * July 28 – Yunlu, prince Zhuang of the First Rank (d. 1767) * July 30 – Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes, French noble (d.

) * August 1 – John Rutherford (physician), John Rutherford, Scottish physician (d. 1779) * August 3 – Antonio Cocchi, Italian physician and naturalist (d.

) * August 9 – Andreas Murray, Swedish priest (d.

) *

– Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys, British politician (d. 1770) * August 11 – Michelangelo Unterberger, Austrian painter (d.

) * August 14 – Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł, Lithuanian–Polish noble (d.

) * August 17 – Gustaf Lundberg, Swedish rococo painter (d. 1786) * August 20 – Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans, French princess (d. 1719) * August 26 – Marie-Anne-Catherine Quinault, French opera singer and composer (d. 1791) * August 31 – Maximilian, Prince of Hornes, prince (d.

) * September 3 – Pietro Locatelli, Italian Baroque composer and violinist (d.

) * September 5 – Carl Gustaf Tessin, Swedish count, politician and art collector (d. 1770) * September 6 – Charles Pole (1695–1779), Charles Pole, British businessman and politician (d. 1779) *

– François Hus, French comedian (d. 1774) * September 10 – Johann Lorenz Bach, German composer (d. 1773) * September 15 – Michel Lullin de Chateauvieux, Genevan agronomist (d. 1781) * September 21 – Ferdinando Colonna of Stigliano, 2nd Prince of Sonnino (d. 1775) * September 22 – Mathias Chardon, French historian (d.

) * September 27 – Anders Anton von Stiernman, Swedish historian (d.

)

October–December

* October 5 – John Glas, Scottish theologian (d. 1773) * October 23 – François de Cuvilliés, Bavarian architect (d.

) * October 31 – Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont, French soldier (d. 1761) * November 1 – Pablo Maroni, Austrian missionary (d.

) * November 4 ** John Erskine of Carnock, Scottish legal scholar (d.

) ** Fabrizio Serbelloni, Catholic cardinal (d. 1775) * November 9 – Theodosia Bligh, 10th Baroness Clifton, English peer, born Theodosia Hyde (d. 1722) * November 10 – John Bevis, English physician and astronomer (d.

) * November 17 – Barthold Douma van Burmania, Dutch diplomat (d.

) * December 1 – Francesco Saverio Quadrio, Italian scholar (d.

) * December 2 – Andrzej Stanisław Załuski, Polish bishop (d.

) * December 11 – Charles Guillaume Loys de Bochat, jurist (d. 1754) * December 12 – Michael Christoph Hanow, German historian and scientist (d. 1773) * December 15 – Benigna Marie of Reuss-Ebersdorf, German noblewoman and author of hymns (d. 1751) * December 18 – David Nitschmann der Bischof, bishop (d.

) * December 19 ** Andrea Locatelli, Italian painter (d. 1741) ** Joseph Gascoigne Nightingale, British Member of Parliament (d. 1752) ** Jacob de Wit, Dutch painter (d. 1754) * December 22 – Rebecca Kellogg Ashley, captive of Native Americans (d.

) * December 26 – Johann Caspar Bachofen, Swiss composer (d. 1755) * December 29 – Jean-Baptiste Pater, French painter (d. 1736) * ''date unknown'' – Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie (1695–1745), Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie, Swedish salonnière (d. 1745) ** Cai Wan, politically influential Chinese poet (d. 1755)

Deaths

January–March

* January 4 – François-Henri de Montmorency, duc de Luxembourg, Marshal of France (b. 1628) *

– Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (b. 1641) * January 11 – Nizel Rivers, Member of Parliament of England (b. 1614) * January 16 – Hans Adam Weissenkircher, Austrian painter (b. 1646) *

– Johann Jakob Wepfer, Swiss pathologist (b. 1620) *

– Francesco Nasini, Italian painter (b. 1611) * January 29 ** Paul Hermann (botanist), Paul Hermann, German botanist (b. 1646) ** Diego Sarmiento Valladares, Spanish bishop (b. 1611) *

– Ahmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695 (b. 1643) *

** John Bennet, 1st Baron Ossulston, English politician (b. 1616) ** Abraham Hinckelmann, German theologian (b. 1652) *

– Georg von Derfflinger, field marshal in the army of Brandenburg-Prussia (b. 1606) * February 18 – Sir William Phips, First royal governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (b. 1651) * February 24 – Johann Ambrosius Bach, German musician, father to Johann Sebastian Bach (b. 1645) *

– Philip Sherard (MP), Philip Sherard, English politician (b. 1623) *

– Henry Wharton (writer), Henry Wharton, English writer (b. 1664) * March 6 – Everhard Jabach, German private banker (b. 1618) *

– Cristoval Royas de Spinola, Spanish bishop and diplomat (b. 1626) *

– Rutger von Langerfeld, Dutch painter and architect (b. 1635) * March 23 – Adam Perelle, French draughtsman and painter (b. 1640) * March 25 – Ludwika Karolina Radziwiłł, margravine consort of Brandenburg (b. 1667) *

** George Nevill, 12th Baron Bergavenny, English noble (b. 1665) ** Jan Karol Opaliński, Polish starost and kasztelan of Poznań (b. 1642) * March 28 – William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry, British politician (b. 1637) * March 30 – Anselm Franz von Ingelheim (Archbishop of Mainz), Anselm Franz von Ingelheim, Archbishop of Mainz (b. 1634)

April–June

* April 3 – Melchior d'Hondecoeter, painter and engraver from the Northern Netherlands (b. 1636) * April 5 – George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax, English writer and statesman (b. 1633) * April 6 – Richard Busby, English clergyman (b. 1606) * April 12 – Jean-Baptiste Corneille, French historical painter, etcher, and engraver (b. 1649) * April 13 ** Petrus Draghi Bartoli, Roman Catholic patriarch (b. 1646) ** Jean de La Fontaine, French poet, fabulist and writer (b. 1621) * April 15 ** Christoph Arnold, German astronomer (b. 1650) ** Claude Lancelot, French monk and grammarian (b. 1615) *

** Juana Inés de la Cruz, Mexican nun, writer, philosopher, composer and poet (b. 1648) ** Henri Testelin, French painter (b. 1616) * April 20 – Georg Caspar Wecker, German composer (b. 1632) * April 23 ** Petronella Dunois, Dutch art collector (b. 1650) ** Henry Vaughan, Welsh author, physician and metaphysical poet (b. 1621) *

– John Trenchard (politician), John Trenchard, English politician (b. 1649) * April 29 – Jan Karol Dolski, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1637) * April 30 – Ikegusuku Anken, sanshikan of Ryukyu (b. 1635) *

– Goeku Chōsei, sanshikan of Ryukyu (b. 1621) * May 5 – Daniel Brevint, Jersey writer and clergyman (b. 1616) * May 9 – Lambert van Haven, Danish-Norwegian architect (b. 1630) * May 15 – Patrick Lyon, 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Scottish peer (b. 1643) * May 17 – Cornelis de Heem, Dutch painter (b. 1631) * May 24 – Matsudaira Yorishige, daimyo of the early Edo period; 1st lord of Takamatsu (b. 1622) * May 29 ** Sürmeli Ali Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1645) ** Giuseppe Recco, Italian painter (b. 1634) * May 30 ** Andreas Albinowski, Roman Catholic prelate, Auxiliary Bishop of Włocławek (1695– (b. 1640) ** Pierre Mignard, French painter (b. 1612) * June 3 – Philip Aranda, Spanish Jesuit theologian (b. 1642) * June 7 – Elias Rudolph Camerarius Sr., German physician (b. 1641) *

– André Félibien, France, French architect (b. 1619) * June 15 – Jean Dieu de Saint-Jean, French painter (b. 1654) * June 27 – Prince Christian of Denmark (1675–1695), Prince Christian of Denmark, Danish prince (b. 1675) * June 29 – Sir Edward Wyndham, 2nd Baronet, politician (b. 1667)

July–September

* July 8 – Christiaan Huygens, Dutch mathematician and physicist who developed the wave theory of light (b. 1629) * July 18 – Johannes Camphuys, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies (b. 1634) * July 23 – Charles Philip of Brandenburg-Schwedt, Titular Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt (b. 1673) * August 2 ** Mattia de Rossi, Italian painter (b. 1637) ** Gabriel Tammelin, Lutheran clergyman (b. 1641) * August 6 ** François de Harlay de Champvallon, Roman Catholic archbishop of Paris (b. 1625) ** Thomas Moore (died 1695), Thomas Moore, English politician (b. 1618) *

– Carel de Vogelaer, Dutch still life painter (b. 1653) * August 9 – Paulus de Roo, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1658) * August 12 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, writer, and soldier (b. 1610) * August 19 ** Jean-Gilles Delcour, Flemish painter (b. 1632) ** Christopher Merret, English physician and scientist (b. 1614) * August 20 – Giuseppe Francesco Borri, Italian alchemist, prophet and doctor (b. 1627) * August 24 – Enkū, Japanese sculptor and monk (b. 1632) * August 25 – John Waddon (died 1695), John Waddon, English politician (b. 1649) * September – Thomas Tew, English pirate * September 2 – Giovanni Battista Gentile, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1658) * September 15 – Giacomo de Angelis, Catholic cardinal (b. 1610) * September 17 – Henry Newcome, English nonconformist preacher (b. 1627) * September 22 – George Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret, English baron (b. 1667) * September 23 – Karl II von Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, Prince-Bishop of Olomouc (b. 1623)

October–December

* October 6 – Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, last Administrator of Ratzeburg (b. 1633) * October 10 – Tommaso de Rosa, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Policastro and Bishop of Sant'Angelo dei Lombardi e Bisaccia (b. 1621) * October 13 – Ephrem de Nevers, French missionary (b. 1603) * October 16 – William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, member of England's House of Lords (b. 1626) * October 17 – Arthur Rawdon, Irish botanist and politician (b. 1662) * October 19 – Johann Wilhelm Baier, German theologian (b. 1647) * October 21 ** Johann Arnold Nering, German architect (b. 1659) ** Teofilo Testa, Roman Catholic prelate, Bishop of Tropea (b. 1631) * October 29 – Barrington Bourchier, Member of Parliament (b. 1627) * November 3 – Charles Hutchinson (Nottingham MP), Charles Hutchinson, English politician (b. 1636) * November 8 – Giovanni Paolo Colonna, Italian composer (b. 1637) * November 10 – Charles Legardeur de Tilly (b. 1616) * November 13 – William Byron, 3rd Baron Byron, British Baron (b. 1636) * November 16 – Pierre Nicole, France, French Jansensist (b. 1625) * November 19 – Sir John Guise, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (b. 1650) * November 20 – Zumbi, Brazilian leader of a runaway slave colony (b. 1655) * November 21 –

, England, English composer (b. 1659) *

– Francis Nurse, husband of Rebecca Nurse, (accused during the Salem Witch Trials of

), (b. 1618) * November 28 ** Jan Sladký Kozina, Czech revolutionary (b. 1652) ** Anthony Wood (antiquary), Anthony Wood, England, English antiquarian (b. 1632) * November 29 – James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (b. 1619) * November 30 – Giacomo Cantelli, Italian cartographer (b. 1643) * December 7 – Giuseppe Spinucci, Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1617) * December 8 ** Barthélemy d'Herbelot de Molainville, France, French orientalist (b. 1625) ** Mariana of the Purification, Nun of the Carmelite Order of the Ancient Observance (b. 1623) * December 10 – Leonard Bilson (1616–1695), Leonard Bilson, English Member of Parliament (b. 1616) * December 12 – Jacob Abendana, British rabbi (b. 1630) * December 14 – William Bond (Massachusetts politician), William Bond, Speaker of the Massachusetts Province House (b. 1625) * December 15 – Richard Hampden, English politician; (b. 1631) * December 16 – Thomas Boylston, American colonist doctor (b. 1644) * December 17 – Caleb Carr (governor), Caleb Carr, Rhode Island colonial governor (b. 1624) * December 20 – David Pohle, German baroque composer (b. 1624) * December 24 ** Jacob Johan Hastfer, Swedish field marshal (b. 1647) ** Louis Thomassin, French bishop and theologian (b. 1619) * December 30 – Samuel Morland, British academic, diplomat and spy (b. 1625)

References

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