The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1,

1201 Year 1201 ( MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * July 31 – John Komnenos the Fat, a Byzantine aristocrat, attempts to usurp the imperial throne; he is proclaim ...

(represented by the

Roman numerals Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers are written with combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet, eac ...

MCCI) through December 31,

1300 The year 1300 ( MCCC) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar. It was the last year of the 13th century, and the first year of the 14th century. The year 1300 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. January ...

(MCCC) in accordance with the

Julian calendar The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts ...

. The

Mongol Empire The Mongol Empire was the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in human history, history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Euro ...

was founded by

Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; August 1227), also known as Chinggis Khan, was the founder and first khan (title), khan of the Mongol Empire. After spending most of his life uniting the Mongols, Mongol tribes, he launched Mongol invasions and ...

, which stretched from

Eastern Asia East Asia is a geocultural region of Asia. It includes China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan, plus two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong and Macau. The economies of China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan ...

Eastern Europe Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural and socio-economic connotations. Its eastern boundary is marked by the Ural Mountain ...

. The conquests of

Hulagu Khan Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulagu; ; ; ; ( 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of Western Asia. As a son of Tolui and the Keraite princess Sorghaghtani Beki, he was a grandson of Genghis Khan and brother of ...

and other

Mongol invasions The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastati ...

changed the course of the

Muslim world The terms Islamic world and Muslim world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs, politics, and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is ...

, most notably the

Siege of Baghdad (1258) The siege of Baghdad took place in early 1258. A large army commanded by Hulegu Khan, Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked Baghdad, the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after a series of provocations from its ruler, caliph ...

and the destruction of the

House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom ( ), also known as the Grand Library of Baghdad, was believed to be a major Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid-era public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad. In popular reference, it acted as one of the world's largest publ ...

. Other Muslim powers such as the

Mali Empire The Mali Empire (Manding languages, Manding: ''Mandé''Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: ''UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'', p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. or ''Manden ...

and

Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a Medieval India, late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for more than three centuries.

conquered large parts of

West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...

and the

Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a physiographic region of Asia below the Himalayas which projects into the Indian Ocean between the Bay of Bengal to the east and the Arabian Sea to the west. It is now divided between Bangladesh, India, and Pakista ...

, while

Buddhism Buddhism, also known as Buddhadharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and List of philosophies, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or ...

witnessed a decline through the conquest led by

Bakhtiyar Khilji Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bi ...

. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably

Samudera Pasai The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries. Little evidence has been left to allow for historical ...

. The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories. Europe entered the apex of the

High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history between and ; it was preceded by the Early Middle Ages and followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended according to historiographical convention ...

, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the

Reconquista The ''Reconquista'' (Spanish language, Spanish and Portuguese language, Portuguese for ) or the fall of al-Andalus was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian Reconquista#Northern Christian realms, kingdoms waged ag ...

and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the

Teutonic Order The Teutonic Order is a religious order (Catholic), Catholic religious institution founded as a military order (religious society), military society in Acre, Israel, Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. The Order of Brothers of the German House of Sa ...

Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and

Livonia Livonia, known in earlier records as Livland, is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia. By the end of the 13th century, the name was extende ...

. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years,

Thomas Aquinas Thomas Aquinas ( ; ; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican Order, Dominican friar and Catholic priest, priest, the foremost Scholasticism, Scholastic thinker, as well as one of the most influential philosophers and theologians in the W ...

developed

Scholasticism Scholasticism was a medieval European philosophical movement or methodology that was the predominant education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It is known for employing logically precise analyses and reconciling classical philosophy and Ca ...

, which dominated the curricula of the new universities. In England, King John signed the

Magna Carta (Medieval Latin for "Great Charter"), sometimes spelled Magna Charta, is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215. First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardin ...

, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence. The

Southern Song The Song dynasty ( ) was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Ten Kingdoms, ending ...

dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the

Yuan dynasty The Yuan dynasty ( ; zh, c=元朝, p=Yuáncháo), officially the Great Yuan (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: , , literally 'Great Yuan State'), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after Div ...

of the Mongols. The

Kamakura Shogunate The was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005)"''Kamakura-jidai''"in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 459. The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yori ...

of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean state founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korea, Korean Peninsula until the establishment of Joseon in 1392. Goryeo achieved what has b ...

resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty. In

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

, according to some population estimates, the population of

Cahokia Cahokia Mounds ( 11 MS 2) is the site of a Native American city (which existed 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from present-day St. Louis. The state archaeology park lies in south-western Illinois between East St. L ...

grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

. In

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

, the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In

Mayan civilization The Maya civilization () was a Mesoamerican civilization that existed from Ancient history, antiquity to the early modern period. It is known by Maya architecture#Pyramids and temples, its ancient temples and glyphs (script). The Maya script ...

, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The

Kanem Empire Kanem may refer to: * Kanem–Bornu Empire, existed in modern Chad and Nigeria known to Arabian geographers from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900 * Kanem Prefecture, of former prefectures of Chad * ...

in what is now

Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...

reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.

Events

1201–1209

1202 Year 1202 ( MCCII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Fourth Crusade * April–May – The bulk of the Crusader army gathers at Venice, although with far smaller numbers than expecte ...

: Introduction of by

Fibonacci Leonardo Bonacci ( – ), commonly known as Fibonacci, was an Italians, Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages". The name he is commonly called, ''Fibonacci ...

. *

Battle of Basian The Battle of Basiani was fought between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljukid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani Valley, 60 km north-east of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Turkey. The date of the battle has been d ...

occurs on July 27, between

Kingdom of Georgia The Kingdom of Georgia (), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a Middle Ages, medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in Anno Domini, AD. It reached Georgian Golden Age, its Golden Age of political and economic strength during the reign ...

and

Seljuks The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; , ''Saljuqian'',) alternatively spelled as Saljuqids or Seljuk Turks, was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture. The founder of th ...

. *

Battle of Mirebeau The Battle of Mirebeau was a battle in 1202 between the House of Lusignan-Breton alliance and the Kingdom of England. King John of England successfully smashed the Lusignan army by surprise. Background After Richard I's death on 6 April 119 ...

occurs on August 1, between

Arthur I of Brittany Arthur I (; ) (29 March 1187 – presumably 1203) was 4th Earl of Richmond and Duke of Brittany between 1196 and 1203. He was the posthumous son of Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. Through Geoffrey, Arthur was t ...

and

John of England John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Empi ...

. *

1204 Year 1204 ( MCCIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events * January 27– 28 – Byzantine emperor Alexios IV Angelos is overthrown in a revolution. * February 5 – Alexios V Doukas is crowned Byzant ...

Islamization The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted ...

Bengal Bengal ( ) is a Historical geography, historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the Eastern South Asia, eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal. The region of Benga ...

Bakhtiyar Khalji Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bin Bakhtiyār Khaljī, also known as Bakhtiyar Khalji, was a Turko-Afghan Military General of the Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, who led the Muslim conquests of the eastern Indian regions of Bengal and parts of Bi ...

and oppression of Buddhism in East India. *

Fourth Crusade The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III. The stated intent of the expedition was to recapture the Muslim-controlled city of Jerusalem, by first defeating the powerful Egyptian Ayyubid S ...

–

captures

Zadar Zadar ( , ), historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian, ; see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Croatia. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ...

for

Venice Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

and sacks

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centred on Constantinople during late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Having survived the events that caused the fall of the Western Roman E ...

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

, creating the

Latin Empire The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzantin ...

. *

: Fall of

Normandy Normandy (; or ) is a geographical and cultural region in northwestern Europe, roughly coextensive with the historical Duchy of Normandy. Normandy comprises Normandy (administrative region), mainland Normandy (a part of France) and insular N ...

from Angevin hands to the

French French may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France ** French people, a nation and ethnic group ** French cuisine, cooking traditions and practices Arts and media * The French (band), ...

King,

Philip Augustus Philip II (21 August 1165 – 14 July 1223), also known as Philip Augustus (), was King of France from 1180 to 1223. His predecessors had been known as kings of the Franks (Latin: ''rex Francorum''), but from 1190 onward, Philip became the firs ...

, end of

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 9th and 10th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norma ...

domination of France. *

1205 Year 1205 ( MCCV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Spring – Theodore I Laskaris is proclaimed Byzantine emperor (or ''basileus''), formally founding the Empire of ...

: The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and

Crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding ...

under Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople. *

1206 Year 1206 ( MCCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * January 31 – Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), under Tsar Kaloyan, defeat the remnants o ...

is declared

Great Khan Khagan or Qaghan ( Middle Mongol:; or ''Khagan''; ) or zh, c=大汗, p=Dàhán; ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan, Khaqan, Xagahn, Qaghan, Chagan, Қан, or Kha'an is a title of imperial ...

the Mongols Mongols are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, China (Inner Mongolia and other 11 autonomous territories), as well as the republics of Buryatia and Kalmykia in Russia. The Mongols are the principal member of the large family of Mon ...

. * 1206: The

is established in Northern India under the Mamluk Dynasty. *

1209 Year 1209 ( MCCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika in ...

Francis of Assisi Giovanni di Pietro di Bernardone ( 1181 – 3 October 1226), known as Francis of Assisi, was an Italians, Italian Mysticism, mystic, poet and Friar, Catholic friar who founded the religious order of the Franciscans. Inspired to lead a Chris ...

founds the

Franciscan Order The Franciscans are a group of related organizations in the Catholic Church, founded or inspired by the Italian saint Francis of Assisi. They include three independent Religious institute, religious orders for men (the Order of Friars Minor bei ...

. *

: The

Albigensian Crusade The Albigensian Crusade (), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted pri ...

is declared by

Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III (; born Lotario dei Conti di Segni; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216. Pope Innocent was one of the most power ...

1210s The 1210s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1210, and ended on December 31, 1219. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1210s ...

1210 Year 1210 ( MCCX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * May – The Second Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, is held in the town of Ravennika (in mod ...

Qutb-ud-Din Aibak Qutb ud-Din Aibak (; 1150 – 4 November 1210) was a Turkic general of the Ghurid emperor Muhammad Ghori. He was in charge of the Ghurid territories in northern India, and after Muhammad Ghori's assassination in 1206, he established his own ...

, the first ruler of the

, fell down from a horse while playing

chovgan Chovgan, Chowgan or Chogan () is a team sport with horses that originated in ancient History of Iran, Iran (Name of Iran, Persia). It was considered an aristocratic game and held in a separate field, on specially trained horses. The game was wi ...

(a form of

polo Polo is a stick and ball game that is played on horseback as a traditional field sport. It is one of the world's oldest known team sports, having been adopted in the Western world from the game of Chovgan (), which originated in ancient ...

on horseback) in

Lahore Lahore ( ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, Pakistani province of Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, second-largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi, and ...

and died instantly when the pommel of the saddle pierced his ribs. *

1212 Year 1212 ( MCCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. Events By place England * July 10 – The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground; over ...

: The

Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab (), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the ''Reconquista'' and the Spain in the Middle Ages, medieval history of Spain. The Christian ...

Iberia The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, compri ...

marks the beginning of a rapid Christian reconquest of the southern half of the

Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula ( ), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe. Mostly separated from the rest of the European landmass by the Pyrenees, it includes the territories of peninsular Spain and Continental Portugal, comprisin ...

, mainly from

1230 Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komnenos (Doukas) invade Bulgaria, breaking ...

–

1248 Year 1248 (Roman numerals, MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. Events By place Seventh Crusade * August 12 – King Louis IX of France, Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his wif ...

, with the defeat of

Moorish The term Moor is an exonym used in European languages to designate the Muslim populations of North Africa (the Maghreb) and the Iberian Peninsula (particularly al-Andalus) during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a single, distinct or self-defi ...

forces. *

: Frederick of Sicily is crowned

King of the Romans King of the Romans (; ) was the title used by the king of East Francia following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward. The title originally referred to any German king between his election and coronatio ...

at Mainz. * 1213: The Kingdom of France defeats the

Crown of Aragon The Crown of Aragon (, ) ;, ; ; . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of Barcelona (later Principality of Catalonia) and ended as a consequence of the War of the Sp ...

at the

Battle of Muret The Battle of Muret (Occitan: Batalha de Murèth), fought on 12 September 1213 near Muret, 25 km south of Toulouse, was the last major battle of the Albigensian Crusade and one of the most notable pitched battles of the Middle Ages. Althoug ...

. *

1214 Year 1214 ( MCCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1214th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 214th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 13th century, and the ...

: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the

Battle of Bouvines The Battle of Bouvines took place on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War (1213–14), Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troo ...

. *

1215 Year 1215 ( MCCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. Events By continent Europe * January 8 – Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, is elected lord of Languedoc in a council at Montpellier (Sou ...

: King John signs

Runnymede Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, bordering Berkshire and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with ...

. *

1216 Year 1261 ( MCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. Events By continent Europe * Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by John, King of England ("Lackland"), sacks the town of Berwick-on-Tweed ...

Battle of Lipitsa The Battle of Lipitsa () was the decisive battle in the Vladimir-Suzdal war of succession (1212–1216), the struggle over the grand princely throne following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In the battle, fought on 22 April 1216, the for ...

between Russian principalities. *

: Maravarman Sundara Pandyan, Maravarman Sundara I reestablishes the Pandya dynasty, Pandya Dynasty in Southern India * 1217–1221: Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta; ultimately the Crusaders withdraw.

1220s

* c. 1220: The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was established * 1220: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned in Rome * 1221: Siege of Merv (1221), Merv, Herat, Siege of Bamyan, Bamyan and Nishapur are destroyed in the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire. * 1222: Andrew II of Hungary signs the Golden Bull of 1222, Golden Bull which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility. * 1223: The Signoria of the Republic of Venice is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia. * 1223: The

defeats various Russian principalities at the Battle of the Kalka River. * 1223: Volga Bulgaria defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the Battle of Samara Bend. * 1225: Trần dynasty of Vietnam was established by Emperor Trần Thái Tông ascended to the throne after his uncle Trần Thủ Độ orchestrated the overthrow of the Lý dynasty. * 1226–1250: Dispute between the so-called second Lombard League and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II. * 1227: Estonians are finally subjugated to Terra Mariana, German crusader rule during the Livonian Crusade. * 1227:

dies. * 1228–1229: Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II, who returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States in a negotiated settlement with the Sultan of Egypt, Al-Kamil * 1228–

: First clash between Gregory IX and Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II.

1230s

* 1231: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi, a far-reaching legal code influential in the development of continental European statehood. * 1232: The Siege of Kaifeng (1232), Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year. * 1233: Battle of Ganter, Ken Arok defeated Kertajaya, the last king of Kediri (historical kingdom), Kediri, thus established Singhasari kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of Isyana Dynasty and started his own Rajasa dynasty. * 1235: The Mandinka people, Mandinka kingdoms unite to form the

which leads to the downfall of Sosso in the 1230s. * 1237: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II virtually annihilates the forces of the second Lombard League at the Battle of Cortenuova. * 1239–1250: Third conflict between the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy. * 1237–1240:

conquers Kievan Rus. * 1238: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of Sukhothai Kingdom.

1240s

* 1240: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the Battle of the Neva. * 1241:

defeats Hungary at the Battle of Mohi and defeats Poland at the Battle of Legnica. Hungary and Poland ravaged. * 1242: Russians defeat the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Lake Peipus. * 1243–1250: Second Holy Roman Empire–Papacy War. * 1244: Ayyubids and Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246, Khwarezmians defeat the Crusaders and their Muslim allies at the Battle of La Forbie. * 1249: End of the Portuguese

against the Al-Andalus, Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve. *

–1254: Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta, crusaders ultimately withdraw, after the capture of French king Louis IX of France, Louis IX. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty.

1250s

By 1250, Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture. *1250: The Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt. *1250: Death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor Frederick II on December 13th. *1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku. * 1258: Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad. * 1258: Pandya dynasty, Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka. * 1259: Treaty of Paris (1259), Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX of France, Louis IX and Henry III of England, Henry III

1260s

* 1260: Mongols first major war defeat in the Battle of Ain Jalut against the Mamluk Sultanate, Egyptians. * 1260: Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of

. * 1261: Byzantine Greeks, Byzantines under Michael VIII retake

from the Crusaders and

. * 1262: Iceland brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant (Iceland), Old Covenant. * 1265: Dominican theologian

begins to write his Summa Theologica, ''Summa Theologiae''. * 1268: Fall of the Crusader states, Crusader State of Antioch to the Egyptians.

1270s

* 1270:

dynasty swears allegiance to the

. * 1270: The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the Solomonic dynasty. * 1271: Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Akko, Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars. * 1272–1274: Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire with the State church of the Roman Empire, Church of Rome. * 1274: The Mongols launch their first Mongol invasions of Japan#First invasion (1274), invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze (typhoon), Kamikaze winds. * 1274: The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at the islet Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds) * 1275: Dnyaneshwar, Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote ''Dnyaneshwari'' (a commentary on the ''Bhagavad Gita'') and ''Amrutanubhav'' was born. * 1275: King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292). * 1277: Passage of the last and most important of the Condemnations of 1210–1277, Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelianism, Aristotelian propositions * 1279: The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols. *1279: The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.

1280s

* 1281: The Mongols launch their second Mongol invasions of Japan#Second invasion (1281), invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds. * 1282: Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers. * 1284: Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely. * 1284: King Kertanegara launches the Pabali expedition to Bali, integrating Bali into the Singhasari territory. * 1285: Second Tatar invasions, Mongol raid against Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, led by Nogai Khan. * 1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun. * 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.

1290–1300

* The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty. * 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England. * 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Canton of Uri, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms. * 1291: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Siege of Acre (1291), Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades). * 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara of Singhasari, Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom. * 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Perlak, Aceh, Ferlec, Samudra Pasai, Samudera and Lambri. * 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lan Na, Lanna kingdom. * 1293: Mongol invasion of Java. Kublai Khan of

China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces. * 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Raden Wijaya, Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java. * 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins. * 1297: Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein. * 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I. *

: Islam is likely The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600), established in the Aceh region. *

: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, Kutai Lama. *

: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku. *

: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Greater India, Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

* Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints ''Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut'', during the Southern Song dynasty (now in Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri). * The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Classical music, Western European music. * Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books. * Manuscript culture#Pecia system, ''Pecia'' system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century. * Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official), Wang Zhen in 1298. * The earliest known rockets, landmines, and History of firearms, handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare. * The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world. * Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London. *1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apexBerlo and Phillips, 275 * 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy. * Late 13th century – ''Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace'' is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. * Late 13th century – ''Descent of the Amida Trinity'', raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago. * The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.

References

External links

* {{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century 13th century, 2nd millennium Centuries