The total number of distinct
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined Ideogram, ideographic, logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct char ...
increased over time from several hundred in the
Middle Kingdom to several thousand during the
Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom (; , ) or Ptolemaic Empire was an ancient Greek polity based in Ancient Egypt, Egypt during the Hellenistic period. It was founded in 305 BC by the Ancient Macedonians, Macedonian Greek general Ptolemy I Soter, a Diadochi, ...
.
In 1928/1929
Alan Gardiner
Sir Alan Henderson Gardiner, (29 March 1879 – 19 December 1963) was an English Egyptologist, linguist, philologist, and independent scholar. He is regarded as one of the premier Egyptologists of the early and mid-20th century.
Personal li ...
published an overview of hieroglyphs,
Gardiner's sign list, the basic modern standard. It describes 763 signs in 26 categories (A–Z, roughly).
Georg Möller
Georg Möller (1876–1921) was a German Egyptologist.
He was born in Venezuela as the son of a German businessman. His family moved to Hamburg when he was five.
From 1896 he studied at Humboldt University under Adolf Erman. He received his ...
compiled more extensive lists, organized by historical epoch (published posthumously in 1927 and 1936).
In
Unicode
Unicode or ''The Unicode Standard'' or TUS is a character encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized. Version 16.0 defines 154,998 Char ...
, the block
''Egyptian Hieroglyphs'' (2009) includes 1071 signs, organization based on Gardiner's list. As of 2016, there is a proposal by
Michael Everson
Michael Everson (born January 1963) is an American and Irish linguistics, linguist, Character encoding, script encoder, typesetting, typesetter, type designer and Publishing, publisher. He runs a publishing company called Evertype, through which ...
to extend the Unicode standard to comprise Möller's list.
Subsets
Notable subsets of hieroglyphs:
*
Determinatives
*
Uniliteral signs
*
Biliteral signs
*
Triliteral signs
*
Egyptian numerals
The system of ancient Egyptian numerals was used in Ancient Egypt from around 3000 BC until the early first millennium AD. It was a system of numeration based on multiples of ten, often rounded off to the higher power, written in hieroglyphs. Th ...
Letter classification by Gardiner
List of hieroglyphs
See also
*
Egyptian hieroglyphs
Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs ( ) were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language. Hieroglyphs combined Ideogram, ideographic, logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with more than 1,000 distinct char ...
*
Transliteration of Ancient Egyptian
As used for Egyptology, transliteration of Ancient Egyptian is the process of converting (or mapping) texts written as Egyptian language symbols to alphabetic symbols representing uniliteral Egyptian hieroglyphs, hieroglyphs or their hieratic and D ...
*
Gardiner's sign list
*
List of cuneiform signs Cuneiform is one of the earliest systems of writing, emerging in Sumer in the late fourth millennium BC.
Archaic versions of cuneiform writing, including the Third Dynasty of Ur, Ur III (and earlier, Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), ED III cune ...
References
*
Budge, Sir E.A.Wallis, ''An Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary, in Two Volumes,'' Sir E.A.Wallis Budge, (Dover Publications, Inc. New York), c 1920, Dover Edition, c 1978. (Large categorized listings of Hieroglyphs, Vol 1, pp. xcvii–cxlvii (97–147) (25 categories, 1000+ hieroglyphs), 50 pgs.)
*Faulkner, William (1991).
Middle Egyptian
The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian (; ), is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt. It is known today from a large corpus of surviving texts, which were made accessible to the modern world f ...
. Griffith. .:
*
A.H. Gardiner, ''Catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, from matrices owned and controlled by Dr. Alan'' (1928).
* A.H. Gardiner, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1928)", ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' 15 (1929), p. 95.
* A.H. Gardiner, "Additions to the new hieroglyphic fount (1931)", ''The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology'' 17 (1931), pp. 245–247.
* A.H. Gardiner, ''Supplement to the catalogue of the Egyptian hieroglyphic printing type, showing acquisitions to December 1953'' (1953).
* A.H. Gardiner, ''
Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs''. 3rd Ed., pub.
Griffith Institute
The Griffith Institute is an Egyptological institution based in the Griffith Wing of the Sackler Library and is part of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, University of Oxford, England. It was founded for the advancement of Egyptology and Ancient ...
, Oxford, 1957 (1st edition 1927), pp. 438–548
pdf.
*
Möller, Georg. 1909. ''Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Erster Band: Bis zum Beginn der achtzehnten Dynastie''
* Möller, Georg. 1927. ''Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Zweiter Band: Von der Zeit Thutmosis' III bis zum Ende der einundzwanzigsten Dynastie,''
* Möller, Georg. 1936. ''Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Dritter Band: Von der zweiundzwanzigsten Dynastie bis zum dritten Jahrhundert nach Chr.''
* Möller, Georg. 1936. ''Hieratische Paläographie: die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der Fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. Vierter *Band: Ergänzungsheft zu Band I und II''
* Wilkinson, Richard, ''Reading Egyptian Art, A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture,'' Richard H. Wilkinson, with 450 Illustrations, (Thames & Hudson Ltd, London), c 1992.
* Rainer Hannig: ''Großes Handwörterbuch Ägyptisch-Deutsch. (2800 – 950 v. Chr.)'' Marburger Edition. 4th rev. ed. von Zabern, Mainz 2006, , (= Hannig-Lexica. vol. 1); (= Kulturgeschichte der Antiken Welt. vol. 64, ISSN 0937-9746),contains the Gardiner list plus an extended sign list.
* Rainer Hannig, Petra Vomberg: ''Wortschatz der Pharaonen in Sachgruppen''. Hannig Lexica vol. 2, 2nd ed, von Zabern, Mainz 2012, .
* Friedrich Junge: ''Einführung in die Grammatik des Neuägyptischen'' 3rd rev. ed. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2008, , information on transcription and transliteration and peculiarities of New Kingdom orthographies.
* Christian Leitz: ''Die Tempelinschriften der griechisch-römischen Zeit.'' 3rd rev ed. Münster 2009, , (= ''Quellentexte zur ägyptischen Religion'' 1), (= ''Einführungen und Quellentexte zur Ägyptologie'' 2), references older inventories of Ptolemaic era hieroglyphics.
* Michael Everson and Bob Richmond,
Towards a Proposal to encode Egyptian Hieroglyphs in Unicode' (2006)
External links
*
WikiHiero syntax (
MediaWiki
MediaWiki is free and open-source wiki software originally developed by Magnus Manske for use on Wikipedia on January 25, 2002, and further improved by Lee Daniel Crocker,mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2001-August/000382.html, Magnus Manske's announc ...
)
*
:wiktionary:Appendix:Unicode/Egyptian Hieroglyphs
*
Egyptian transliteration schemes
*
:wiktionary:Egyptian hieroglyphic script characters
Gardiner Sign ListAlphabetat ancient-egypt.co.uk
finding hieroglyphs
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Egyptian hieroglyphs
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