Yelang, also Zangke, was an ancient political entity first described in the 3rd century BC in what is now western

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province,

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

. It was active for over 200 years. The state is known to modern Chinese from the idiom, "Yelang thinks too highly of itself" ().Wade, Geoff,
The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'
, '' Sino-Platonic Papers'', No. 188, May 2009.

Name

The inhabitants of Yelang called themselves ''Zina''. This may be source of the Sanskrit word Cīna (चीन). The English word China is derived from this Sanskrit word.

Geography

Expanse

The Yelang were believed to have been an alliance of agricultural tribes covering parts of modern-day

Hunan Hunan is an inland Provinces of China, province in Central China. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the Administrative divisions of China, province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to the east, Gu ...

Sichuan Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China, occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau—between the Jinsha River to the west, the Daba Mountains to the north, and the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau to the south. Its capital city is Cheng ...

and

Yunnan Yunnan; is an inland Provinces of China, province in Southwestern China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the Chinese provinces ...

Location

The ancient Chinese historian

Sima Qian Sima Qian () was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for the ''Shiji'' (sometimes translated into English as ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China cov ...

described Yelang located west of the Mimo and Dian, south of Qiongdu (in what is now southern

), and east of the nomadic Sui and Kunming. Some people have identified the seat of the kingdom as Bijie () in today's Liupanshui area, in modern

province, whilst others suggest the capital moved throughout the region over time.

Culture

Subsistence

The Yelang were primarily a confederation of agricultural farming tribes.

Appearance and dress

Yelang people wore their hair up and decorated themselves with jewellery such as bracelets and necklaces.

Material culture

Archaeologists have retrieved relics from Yelang graves including "bronze swords, U-shaped bronze hairclips, turquoise bracelets and jade necklaces", as well as "various bronze, porcelain and stone vessels visibly different from those belonging to other cultures studied in China, like the Han, Dian and Bashu cultures".

Burial rites

Tomb excavations show a unique burial custom in some Yelang tombs, in which the head of the deceased is placed into a bronze pot. This custom is unknown elsewhere in China.

Military

According to Chinese records the Yelang had strong armies.

Government

In 2007 a Miao man publicly disclosed his possession of an ancient seal, said to be that of the Yelang kingdom, and claimed to be the 75th generation descendant of the King of Yelang.

Political relations

Warring States

In the early third century BCE, the

state of Chu Chu (, Old Chinese: ''*s-r̥aʔ'') was an Ancient Chinese states, ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Their first ruler was King Wu of Chu in the early 8th century BC. Chu was located in the south of the Zhou heartland and lasted ...

sent Zhuang Qiao to Yelang at the head of a military expedition to prevent the state of Qin from annexing these kingdoms. After negotiating these alliances with the state of Ba, who helped Zhuang Qiao negotiate passage through the state of Bi to reach Yelang. Yelang also accepted the terms of the agreement and Zhuang Qiao went further west to the Lake Dian region. However, in 281 BCE the Qin state sent Sima Cuo to intercept this threat to its interests and attacked Ba, eventually persuading Ba, Bi and Yelang to switch to alliances with the Qin.

Nanyue

Yelang had a close relationship with the Nanyue ("Southern Yue") kingdom and used the Zangke River (now known as the Beipan River) as a means of international transportation. The kingdom of Yelang declared their allegiance to Nanyue rule from the start of 183 BC until the end of 111 BC. The Yi people may be modern-day descendants of the Yelang kingdom.

In Chinese culture

Yelang is best known to modern Chinese because of an incident said to have occurred in the 120s BC. According to the story the king of Yelang, convinced that his kingdom was the greatest in all the world, inquired rhetorically of the Han emperor's envoy, "Which is greater, Yelang or Han?" This gave rise to the Chinese idiom, "Yelang thinks too highly of itself" (). Other sources suggest that Yelang's king was simply copying an earlier statement by a ruler of the adjacent Kingdom of Dian. Other Chinese sources describe the Yelang people as possessing supernatural powers.

References

{{coord, 27, 31, 40, N, 108, 29, 37, E, region:CN-52_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki, display=title 1st-century BC establishments in China Ancient peoples of China Former countries in Chinese history History of Guizhou