The following
multigraphs are used in the
Cyrillic script
The Cyrillic script ( ) is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia. It is the designated national script in various Slavic languages, Slavic, Turkic languages, Turkic, Mongolic languages, Mongolic, Uralic languages, Uralic, C ...
. The
palatalized consonants of
Russian and other languages written as C- are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the
languages of the Caucasus
The Caucasian languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the Caucasus Mountains, which lie between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
Linguistic comparison allows t ...
, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate '
tense' ('strong') consonants and
long vowel
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived or actual duration of a vowel sound when pronounced. Vowels perceived as shorter are often called short vowels and those perceived as longer called long vowels.
On one hand, many languages do not d ...
s; sequences with , , for
labialized
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
consonants; and sequences with or for
ejective consonant
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a Airstream mechanism#Glottalic initiation, glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with Aspirat ...
s or
pharyngealized
Pharyngealization is a secondary articulation of consonants or vowels by which the pharynx or epiglottis is constricted during the articulation of the sound.
IPA symbols
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pharyngealization can be indicate ...
consonants and vowels.
Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs. See
Cyrillic digraphs for examples.
А
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
В
:
*
Shughni:
Г
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
* Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
(though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
:
*
Aleut language
Aleut ( ) or is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the Aleut branch of ...
(Bering dialect):
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Bezhta:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Tatar: word-final
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Bezhta:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Shughni:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush:
:
*
Abaza:
Ӷ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Д
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Belarusian:
*
Bulgarian:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
: (Karachay); (Balkar)
*
Komi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Russian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Ukrainian:
*
Abaza:
*
Abaza:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Belarusian:
*
Bulgarian:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Komi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Russian:
*
Shughni:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Ukrainian:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Yakut:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Е
*
Archi:
*
Archi:
*
Archi:
Ё
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
Ж
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced (palatalized to before and palatalizing vowels). However, in the word дождь ("rain") and its derivatives, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (devoiced to in the nominative singular of дождь). The unpalatalized pronunciation in these words (unlike words with or ) is uncommon and considered nonstandard.
:
*
Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced . However, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (though this is becoming increasingly outdated).
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
З
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Russian: (regular) or (conservative Moscow pronunciation) (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
Ӡ
:
*
Abkhaz:
И
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Mongolian:
:
*
Archi:
Й
:
*
Moksha
''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
:
К
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
*
Khanty:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian: or
* Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels invol ...
(though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
:
*
Chechen
*
Ingush
*
Kabardian:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
:
*
Kumyk: or
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Tatar:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi: or
*
Avar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe: or
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush or
*
Kabardian: or
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'')
* Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages
* Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:
Қ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ҟ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ӄ
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'')
* Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages
* Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:
Л
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Moksha
''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
:
*
Mongolian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Archi:
Н
:
*
Karachay-Balkar
Karachay–Balkar (, ), often referred to as the "mountaineer language" (, ) by its speakers, is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigra ...
:
*
Kumyk: or
*
Uzbek:
:
*
Crimean Tatar:
:
*
Yakut:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese it is used for a word-final , equivalent to
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
.
Ң
:
*
Khanty:
О
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush:
:
*
Selkup:
:
*
Dungan
:
*
Archi:
*
Shughni:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Kumyk:
*
Nogai:
:
*
Archi:
П
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'')
* Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages
* Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:
Р
:
*
Moksha
''Moksha'' (; , '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'', and ''mukti'', is a term in Jainism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, liberation, '' nirvana'', or release. In its soteriological and eschatologic ...
:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush
С
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
Т
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Abaza:
*
Komi:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people (''Nivkhs'') or Gilyak people (''Gilyaks'')
* Nivkh languages or Gilyak languages
* Gilyak class gunboat, ''Gilyak'' class gunboat, such as the Russian gunboat Korietz#Second gunboat, second R ...
:
Ҭ
:
*
Abkhaz:
У
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush:
:
*
Shughni:
:
*
Archi:
*
Shughni:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Chechen:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Nogai:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Archi:
Ү
:
*
Turkmen: (until 1993, in that year the
Turkmen alphabet
The Turkmen alphabet refers to variants of the Latin script, Latin alphabet, Cyrillic script, Cyrillic alphabet, or Arabic script, Arabic alphabet used for writing of the Turkmen language.
The modified variant of the Latin script, Latin alphabe ...
became
Latin
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
)
Ф
:
*
Aghul:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Kabardian:
Х
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Khanty: or
:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush:
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush
:
*
Abaza:
Ҳ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ц
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese it is used for and , equivalent to
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
and, before an iotated vowel, .
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Avar:
Ҵ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ч
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
.
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Itelmen:
Џ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ш
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
Щ
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Kabardian:
Ы
:
*
Tsakhur:
Э
:
*
Shughni:
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Archi:
*
Shughni:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
Ю
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin, or simply pinyin, officially the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet, is the most common romanization system for Standard Chinese. ''Hanyu'' () literally means 'Han Chinese, Han language'—that is, the Chinese language—while ''pinyin' ...
.
:
*
Chechen:
Я
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush
:
* Adyghe:
* Kabardian:
:
* Budukh:
* Kabardian (dialectal):
See also
*
List of Cyrillic letters
This is a list of letters of the Cyrillic script. The definition of a Cyrillic letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode standard that a has script property of 'Cyrillic' and the general category of 'Letter'. An overview ...
*
Tetragraph
A tetragraph, , is a sequence of four letters used to represent a single sound (phoneme), or a combination of sounds, that do not necessarily correspond to the individual values of the letters. In German, for example, the tetragraph ''tsch'' repre ...
*
Pentagraph
A pentagraph (from the , ''pénte'', "five" and γράφω, ''gráphō'', "write") is a sequence of five letters used to represent a single sound (phoneme), or a combination of sounds, that do not correspond to the individual values of the letters ...
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Cyrillic Multigraphs
Cyrillic digraphs
Trigraphs (orthography)