ʿAin Ghazal Statues
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The ʿAin Ghazal statues are large-scale
lime plaster Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime). Ancient lime plaster often contained horse hair for reinforcement and pozzolan ...
and reed
statue A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or Casting (metalworking), cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to ...
s discovered at the archaeological site of ʿAin Ghazal in
Amman Amman ( , ; , ) is the capital and the largest city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political, and cultural center. With a population of four million as of 2021, Amman is Jordan's primate city and is the largest city in the Levant ...
, Jordan, dating back to approximately 9,000 years ago (made between 7200 BC and 6250 BCE), from the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) represents the early Neolithic in the Near East, dating to years ago, (10000 – 6500 BCE).Richard, Suzanne ''Near Eastern archaeology'' Eisenbrauns; illustrated edition (1 Aug 2004) p.24/ref> It succeeds the ...
C period. A total of 15 statues and 15 busts were discovered in 1983 and 1985 in two underground caches, created about 200 years apart. The statues are among the earliest large-scale representations of the human form and represent remarkable specimens of prehistoric art from the
Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is part of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, a Neolithic culture centered in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant, dating to years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC. It was Type site, typed by British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon ...
or C period. The tallest of the Ayn Ghazal statues reach about 1 m in height, and they are assumed to have been free-standing, though anchored in the ground as they could not stand up unsupported.
Upper Paleolithic The Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Very broadly, it dates to between 50,000 and 12,000 years ago (the beginning of the Holocene), according to some theories ...
figurines A figurine A figurine (a diminutive form of the word ''figure'') or statuette is a small, three-dimensional sculpture that represents a human, deity or animal, or, in practice, a pair or small group of them. Figurines have been made in many med ...
tend to be smaller than 20 cm in height. Taller representations of the human form from the Paleolithic era, such as the Venus of Laussel, are in bas-relief or painted.
Their purpose remains uncertain, with archaeologists believing they may have been buried just after production, having possibly been made with that intent. The ʿAin Ghazal Statues are today part of the collections of
The Jordan Museum The Jordan Museum is located in Ras al-Ein district of Amman, Jordan. Built in 2014, the museum is the largest museum in Jordan and hosts some of the country's most important archaeological findings. Its two main permanent exhibitions are the Dea ...
in Amman, with some also on display at the Amman Citadel's Jordan Archaeological Museum, while a few have been loaned to foreign museums: one statue is in the
Louvre Museum The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...
in Paris; parts of three other statues can be seen at the
British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
in London; and one of the figures with two heads is on show in the
Louvre Abu Dhabi The Louvre Abu Dhabi (; ) is an art museum located on Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It runs under an agreement between the UAE and France, signed in March 2007, that allows it to use the Louvre's name until 2047, and has ...
.


Description

The figures are of two types: full statues and busts. Some of the busts are two-headed. Great effort was put into modelling the heads, with wide-open eyes and bitumen-outlined irises. The statues represent men, women and children; women are recognizable by features resembling breasts and slightly enlarged bellies, but neither male nor female sexual characteristics are emphasized, and none of the statues have genitals; the only part of the statues fashioned with any amount of detail is the face. The statues were formed by modelling moist
plaster Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English, "plaster" usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "re ...
from
limestone Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
on a reed core using plants that grew along the banks of the
Zarqa River The Zarqa River (, ''Nahr az-Zarqāʾ'', lit. "the River of the Blue ity) is the second largest tributary of the lower Jordan River, after the Yarmouk River. It is the third largest river in the region by annual discharge and its watershed enc ...
. The reed decayed over the millennia, leaving plaster shells with hollow interiors.
Lime plaster Lime plaster is a type of plaster composed of sand, water, and lime, usually non-hydraulic hydrated lime (also known as slaked lime, high calcium lime or air lime). Ancient lime plaster often contained horse hair for reinforcement and pozzolan ...
is formed by heating limestone to temperatures between ;
hydrated lime Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula calcium, Ca(Hydroxide, OH)2. It is a colorless crystal or white powder and is produced when quicklime (calcium oxide) is mixed with water. A ...
is then combined with water to make a dough, which was then modelled. Plaster becomes a water-resistant material when it dries and hardens. Heads, torsos and legs were formed from separate bundles of reeds which were then assembled and covered in plaster. The irises were outlined with bitumen, and the heads were likely covered with some sort of wig. They are taller than
figurines A figurine A figurine (a diminutive form of the word ''figure'') or statuette is a small, three-dimensional sculpture that represents a human, deity or animal, or, in practice, a pair or small group of them. Figurines have been made in many med ...
or statuettes but not human-sized, the tallest statues having a height of close to . They are disproportionately flat, about in thickness. They were nevertheless designed to stand up, probably anchored to the floor in enclosed areas and intended to be seen only from the front. The way the statues were made would not have permitted them to last long, and since they were buried in pristine condition it is possible that they were never on display for any extended period of time, but rather produced for the purpose of intentional burial.McCarter, Susan (2012). ''Neolithic'', Routledge, p. 163.


Discovery and conservation

The site of ʿAin Ghazal was discovered in 1974 by developers who were building a highway connecting
Amman Amman ( , ; , ) is the capital and the largest city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political, and cultural center. With a population of four million as of 2021, Amman is Jordan's primate city and is the largest city in the Levant ...
to
Zarqa Zarqa () is the capital of Zarqa Governorate in Jordan. Its name means "the blue (city)". It had a population of 635,160 inhabitants in 2015, and is the second most populous city in Jordan after Amman. History Although the area has been inhab ...
. Excavation began in 1982. The site was inhabited during . In its prime era, during the first half of the 7th millennium BC, the settlement extended over 10–15 hectares (25–37 ac) and was inhabited by c. 3,000 people. The statues were discovered in 1983. While examining a cross section of soil in a path carved out by a bulldozer, archaeologists came across the edge of a large pit 2.5 meters (8 ft) under the surface containing plaster statues. Excavation led by Gary O. Rollefson took place in 1984/85, with a second set of excavation under the direction of Rollefson and Zeidan Kafafi during 1993–1996. A total of 15 statues and 15 busts were found in two caches, which were separated by nearly 200 years. Because they were carefully deposited in pits dug into the floors of abandoned houses, they are remarkably well preserved. Remains of similar statues found at
Jericho Jericho ( ; , ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, and the capital of the Jericho Governorate. Jericho is located in the Jordan Valley, with the Jordan River to the east and Jerusalem to the west. It had a population of 20,907 in 2017. F ...
and
Nahal Hemar Nahal Hemar Cave () is an archeological cave site in Israel, on a cliff in the Judean Desert near the Dead Sea and just northwest of Mount Sodom. Retrieved 8 July 2018. The excavations here are considered to be one of the most conspicuous Pre-Po ...
have survived only in fragmentary state.McCarter, Susan (2012). ''Neolithic'', Routledge, p. 161. Cache 1: Sq 2083 Loc. 20: 13 full figures, 12 one-headed busts Cache 2: Sq 3282 Loc 049: 2 figures, 3 two-headed busts and 2 unidentified pieces. The pit where the statues were found was carefully dug around, and the contents were placed in a wooden box filled with polyurethane foam for protection during shipping. The statues are made of plaster, which is fragile especially after being buried for so long. The first set of statues discovered at the site was sent to the
Royal Archaeological Institute The Royal Archaeological Institute (RAI) is a learned society, established in 1844, with interests in all aspects of the archaeological, architectural and landscape history of the British Isles. Membership is open to all with an interest in thes ...
in Great Britain, while the second set, found a few years later, was sent to the
Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, Education center, education and Research institute, research centers, created by the Federal government of the United States, U.S. government "for the increase a ...
in New York for restoration work. The statues were returned to Jordan after their conservation and can be seen in
the Jordan Museum The Jordan Museum is located in Ras al-Ein district of Amman, Jordan. Built in 2014, the museum is the largest museum in Jordan and hosts some of the country's most important archaeological findings. Its two main permanent exhibitions are the Dea ...
. Part of the find is on loan in the
British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...
. One statue is on loan at the
Louvre Museum The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...
in Paris, and one of the figures with two heads is on show at the
Louvre Abu Dhabi The Louvre Abu Dhabi (; ) is an art museum located on Saadiyat Island in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. It runs under an agreement between the UAE and France, signed in March 2007, that allows it to use the Louvre's name until 2047, and has ...
. File:Ain Ghazal statue frontal.jpg, Louvre ʿAin Ghazal statue, frontal File:Ain Ghazal statue left profile.jpg, Louvre ʿAin Ghazal statue left profile File:Ain Ghazal statue right profile.jpg, Louvre ʿAin Ghazal statue right profile File:Micah, Ain Ghazal Statue, the British Museum.jpg, Micah, ʿAin Ghazal Statue, the British Museum File:Noah, Ain Ghazal Statue, the British Museum.jpg, Noah, ʿAin Ghazal Statue, the British Museum File:Head, human statue from Aig Ghazal, Amman, the Jordan Museum.jpg, Head, human statue from ʿAin Ghazal, Amman, the Jordan Museum File:Double-headed statue from Ain Ghazal, Amman, Jordan Archaeological Museum.jpg, Double-headed statue from ʿAin Ghazal, Amman, Jordan Archaeological Museum File:Statue, human, from Ain Ghazal city, Amman, Jordan Archaeological Museum.jpg, Statue, human, from ʿAin Ghazal city, Amman, Jordan Archaeological Museum File:Two-headed statue from Ain Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg, Two-headed statue from ʿAin Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman File:Head of a two-headed statue from Ain Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg, Closeup of the two-headed statue from 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman File:Human statue from Ain Ghazal, Amman city, Jordan Museum.jpg, Human statue from ʿAin Ghazal, Amman city, Jordan Museum File:Human statue from Ain Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman.jpg, Human statue from ʿAin Ghazal, Jordan Museum, Amman


See also

* Jericho: Stone Age (Tell es-Sultan and its spring), for instance the Jericho Statue, from c. 9000 years ago *
Urfa Man Urfa, officially called Şanlıurfa (), is a city in southeastern Turkey and the capital of Şanlıurfa Province. The city was known as Edessa from Hellenistic period, Hellenistic times and into Christian times. Urfa is situated on a plain abo ...
, c. 9000 BC


References

*Akkermans, Peter M.M.G. and Glenn M. Schwartz (2003), ''The archaeology of Syria: from complex hunter-gatherers to early urban societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC)'', Cambridge World Archaeology, Cambridge University Press, pp. 83ff. *Grissom, C.A. (2000), "Neolithic statues from 'Ain Ghazal: construction and form", ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 104, 25–45. *Rollefson, G.O. (1983), "Ritual and ceremony at Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan)". ''Paléorient'' 9, 29–38. *Rollefson, G.O. (1984), "Early Neolithic statuary from 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan)", ''Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft'' 116, 185–192. *Rollefson, G.O. (1986), "Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan)- Ritual and ceremony II", ''Paléorient'' 12, 45–51. {{Louvre Museum 8th-millennium BC works 7th-millennium BC works 1983 archaeological discoveries 1985 archaeological discoveries Sculpture of the ancient Near East Archaeology of the Near East Archaeological discoveries in Jordan Plaster sculptures Pre-Pottery Neolithic Limestone statues Collection of the Jordan Museum