ʿAbīd ibn al-Abraṣ Al Asadi ( was an Arab poet of the

Jahiliyya In Islamic salvation history, the ''Jāhiliyyah'' (Age of Ignorance) is an era of pre-Islamic Arabia as a whole or only of the Hejaz leading up to the lifetime of Muhammad. The Arabic expression (meaning literally “the age or condition of ig ...

(pre-Islamic period), thought to have lived in the first half of the sixth century CE.

Biography

Little is known about ibn al-Abraṣ;

Charles James Lyall Sir Charles James Lyall (9 March 1845 – 1 September 1920) was a British Arabic scholar, and civil servant working in India during the period of the British Raj. Life Charles James Lyall was born in London on 9 March 1845. He was the eldest ...

provides an English survey of medieval stories of his life and times, but their reliability is generally doubtful.
Dīwāns of ʿAbīd Ibn al-Abraṣ, of Asad and ʿĀmir Ibn at-Tufail, of ʿĀmir Ibn Saʿsaʿah
', ed. and trans. by Charles James Lyall, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, 21 (Leiden: Brill, 1913). Ibn al-Abraṣ's tribe was the

Banū Asad Banu Asad () is an Arab tribe, descended from Asad ibn Khuzayma. They are Adnanite Arabs, powerful and one of the most famous and influential tribes. They are widely respected by many Arab tribes, respected by Shia Muslims because they have burie ...

. Legends about him have him as a contemporary (and victim) of the

Lakhmid The Lakhmid kingdom ( ), also referred to as al-Manādhirah () or as Banū Lakhm (), was an Arab kingdom that was founded and ruled by the Lakhmid dynasty from to 602. Spanning Eastern Arabia and Sawad, Southern Mesopotamia, it existed as a d ...

king al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'mān, who died in 554, and

Imru' al-Qays Imruʾ al-Qais Junduh bin Hujr al-Kindi () was a pre-Islamic Arabian poet from Najd in the late fifth and early sixth centuries, and the last King of Kinda. He is sometimes considered the father of Arabic poetry. His qaṣīda, or long poem, ...

, likewise of the late fifth and earlier sixth centuries. Imru' al-Qays, whose father Hujr, king of

Kinda Kinda or Kindah may refer to: People Given name * Kinda Alloush (born 1982), Syrian actress * Kinda El-Khatib (born 1996 or 1997), Lebanese activist Surname * Chris Kinda (born 1999), Namibian para-athlete * Gadi Kinda (1994–2025), ...

, was killed by the Banū Asad, is portrayed as a rival to ibn al-Abraṣ.F. Gabrieli, 'ʿAbīd b. al-Abraṣ', in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', ed. by P. Bearman and others, 2nd edn, 12 vols (Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005), s.v. . Reinhard Weipert concluded that

He was one of the leading men of his tribe when they revolted against the supremacy of Ḥujr b. al-Ḥārith, the king of the Banū Kinda and father of the poet Imru' al-Qays (d. c.550), and killed him. There are many divergent versions of how this uprising took place, but it is an undoubted historical event, as ʿAbīd’s poems prove that he took part in it as a contemporary and rival of Imru' al-Qays and finally as his enemy, after the slaying of Ḥujr.Reinhard Weipert, 'ʿAbīd b. al-Abraṣ', in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE'', ed. by Kate Fleet and others (Leiden: Brill, 2007–), s.v. .

Work and style

Abīd ibn al-Abraṣ's poetry is known largely from a single manuscript, acquired by the

British Museum The British Museum is a Museum, public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human cu ...

Beirut Beirut ( ; ) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Lebanon. , Greater Beirut has a population of 2.5 million, just under half of Lebanon's population, which makes it the List of largest cities in the Levant region by populatio ...

in 1907 (now held in the British Library), where it is found along with an anonymous commentary from the Kūfī school. Thirty largely complete ''

qaṣīda The qaṣīda (also spelled ''qaṣīdah''; plural ''qaṣā’id'') is an ancient Arabic word and form of poetry, often translated as ode. The qasida originated in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry and passed into non-Arabic cultures after the Arab Mus ...

''s attributed to ibn al-Abraṣ are known, alongside seventeen framentary poems. Scholars agree that some items are unlikely to have been composed by ibn al-Abraṣ or to date from his era, for example a riddle-contest in which ibn al-Abraṣ poses riddles to Imru' al-Qays, who solves them.Pieter Smoor,
The Weeping Wax Candle and Ma‘arrī's Wisdom-tooth: Night Thoughts and Riddles from the Gāmi‘ al-awzān
, ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'', 138 (1988), 283-312. On the whole, however, "the very distinct archaism in the structure and the language of the ''dīwān'' is", in the words of

Francesco Gabrieli Francesco Gabrieli (27 April 1904, in Rome – 13 December 1996, in Rome) was counted among the most distinguished Italian Arabists together with Giorgio Levi Della Vida and Alessandro Bausani, of whom he was respectively a student and colle ...

, "a strong argument for its authenticity". Making reference to ibn al-Abraṣ's poems as numbered by Lyall, Gabrielli found that

the sententious mind of ʿAbīd is expressed not only in his nostalgia for the past, but also in his praise of himself and of his tribe (iv, vii, xxii, xxiv etc.) and in his virulent polemics against Imru' al-Ḳays and other, unknown, poets. The allusions to his poetical talent are especially noteworthy (x and xxiii): they show that he had a clear conscience of his inspiration and his artistic technique. The old Arab critics admired his descriptions of storms and desert tempests, but the modern reader appreciates most among all the poems of his dīwān his descriptions of animals, such as the famous scene of an eagle chasing a fox (i) and that of the fish in the sea (xxiii). In these poems and in other celebrated tableaux, ʿAbid appears as one of the most powerful poets of the ''djāhiliyya''.

As Gabrielli noted, ibn al-Abraṣ's ''qaṣīda'' on the eagle chasing the fox is particularly renowned. It is a very rare example of a poem in the metre ''

basīṭ () or (), is a metre used in classical Arabic poetry. The word literally means "extended" or "spread out" in Arabic. Along with the , , and , it is one of the four most common metres used in pre-Islamic and classical Arabic poetry. Form of th ...

mukhallaʿ'':

Ibn Qutayba Abū Muḥammad ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī al-Marwazī better known simply as Ibn Qutaybah (; c. 828 – 13 November 889 CE/213 – 15 Rajab 276 AH) was an Islamic scholar of Persian descent. He served as a judge during th ...

(d. 889) included it among the ''

Muʿallaqāt The Muʻallaqāt (, ) is a compilation of seven long Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, pre-Islamic Arabic poems. The name means The Suspended Odes or The Hanging Poems, they were named so because these poems were hung in the Kaaba in Mecca. Some schol ...

''; Abū Zayd al-Qurashī's '' Jamharat ashʿār al-ʿArab'' included it among the '' mujamharāt'', while al-Tibrīzī (d. 1109) reckoned it one of the best ten ''qaṣīda''s (in his ''Sharḥ al-qaṣāʿid al-ʿashr''.

Editions and studies

*
Dīwāns of ʿAbīd Ibn al-Abraṣ, of Asad and ʿĀmir Ibn at-Tufail, of ʿĀmir Ibn Saʿsaʿah
', ed. and trans. by Charles James Lyall, E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series, 21 (Leiden: Brill, 1913). * Francesco Gabrieli, "La poesia di ʿAbīd ibn al-Abraṣ", ''Rendiconti dell'Accademia d'Italia, scienze morali'' (1940), 240–51.

References

{{reflist 6th-century Arabic-language poets