Šiprage
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Šiprage ( sr-Cyrl, Шипраге) is a settlement municipality in
Kotor Varoš Kotor Varoš ( sr-cyrl, Котор Варош) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013 census, the municipality has a population of 19,710 inhabitants, while the town of Kotor Varoš has a population o ...
Municipality,
Republika Srpska Republika Srpska ( sr-Cyrl, Република Српска, ; also referred to as the Republic of Srpska or Serb Republic) is one of the two Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, entities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other bein ...
,
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to th ...
. The administrative status of this
populated place In geography, statistics and archaeology, a settlement, locality or populated place is a community of people living in a particular place. The complexity of a settlement can range from a minuscule number of dwellings grouped together to t ...
was changed – from the
local community A local community has been defined as a group of interacting people living in a common location. The word is often used to refer to a group that is organized around common values and is attributed with social cohesion within a shared geographical l ...
has grown a municipality in the County of Kotor Varoš but in the 1950s it was returned to the level of local community.


Name

The modern name is derived from noble–bey (Omer-bey) family Šipraga. It is unclear whether their ancestors represent autochthonous population or they migrated into the area and acquired spacious property in the valley of the river Vrbanja and its tributaries. According to the oral traditions and cadastre records, their expansion started from
Pougarje The Ugar ( sr-cyrl, Угар, known as the ''Brzica'' until 1878) is a river of Bosnia, a tributary of the Vrbas river. It originates at the slopes of Vlašić, upstream of Sažići and Melina villages (at around of 1,590 meters above sea lev ...
(slopes of Vlašić Mountain) in the valley of River
Ugar Ugar may refer to: * Ugar Khurd, town in the state of Karnataka, India * Ugar Budruk, village in the state of Karnataka, India * Ugar (river) The Ugar ( sr-cyrl, Угар, known as the ''Brzica'' until 1878) is a river of Bosnia, a tributary of ...
.


Geography

Šiprage is on the
Vrbanja river The Vrbanja ( sr-Cyrl, Врбања) is a river in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; with Ugar (river), Ugar, the largest right tributary of the Vrbas (river), Vrbas. Its basin covers an area of approximately 703.5 km2. The Vrbanja has ...
, on its south-eastern upstream line of the
Banja Luka Banja Luka ( sr-Cyrl, Бања Лука, ) or Banjaluka ( sr-Cyrl, Бањалука, ) is the List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the largest city in Republika Srpska. Banja Luka is the tr ...
(about 60 km) and the
Kotor Varoš Kotor Varoš ( sr-cyrl, Котор Варош) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013 census, the municipality has a population of 19,710 inhabitants, while the town of Kotor Varoš has a population o ...
(30 km) and the center is part of the local community. Located in the long valley between several mountain ranges: north-east Šipraško Brdo (Šiprage's Hill) with Glavić top, 950 m, south: Jasik (769 m), to the southeast of the complex Šahinovina–Stražbenica (848 m), west: Radohova (top: Kape, 950 m) and the north-west: Borčići (799 m) with Hrastik.Vojnogeografski institut, Ed. (1955): Travnik (List karte 1:100.000, Izohipse na 20 m). Vojnogeografski institut, Beograd / Military Geographical Institute, Ed. (1955): Travnik (map sheet 1: 100,000, Contour lines at 20 m). Military Geographical Institute, Belgrade.Spahić M. et al. (2000): Bosna i Hercegovina (1:250.000). Izdavačko preduzeće „Sejtarija", Sarajevo., The MapMučibabić B., Ed. (1998): Geografski atlas Bosne i Hercegovine. Geodetski zavod BiH, Sarajevo, ., pp: 4-5. The settlement, along with Vrbanja and its tributaries, is about three long and two kilometers wide. It is rich in sources of drinking water, one of which is (along the
Crkvenica The Crkvenica ( sr-cyrl, Црквеница) is a Bosnian river. It is a right bank tributary of the Vrbanja River. The Crkvenica rises between the northwestern slopes of Očauš and Šipraška brda mountains, flowing southeast at around abov ...
) used to supply the local aqueduct network. In the place, in Vrbanja confluence there are flowing: Musić potok (stream),
Crkvenica The Crkvenica ( sr-cyrl, Црквеница) is a Bosnian river. It is a right bank tributary of the Vrbanja River. The Crkvenica rises between the northwestern slopes of Očauš and Šipraška brda mountains, flowing southeast at around abov ...
and Bakin potok (Grandmother's Creek), on the right side, but
Ćorkovac The Ćorkovac ( sr-cyrl, Ћорковац) is an eastern confluent of the Vrbanja river in Bosnia. It begins on the north-eastern slopes of the Vlašić (Bosnian mountain), Vlašić mountain's plateau, and the mouth opens at Šiprage, where the tow ...
, Zagradinski potok (Creek) and
Demićka Demićka is a river that flows through Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina, sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe. Situated on the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula, it borders Serbia to the east ...
on the left riverside.


Climate

In the Šiprage local and around area there is moderate continental climate, with the expressed four
season A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region. On Earth, seasons are the result of the axial parallelism of Earth's axial tilt, tilted orbit around the Sun. In temperat ...
s:
spring Spring(s) may refer to: Common uses * Spring (season), a season of the year * Spring (device), a mechanical device that stores energy * Spring (hydrology), a natural source of water * Spring (mathematics), a geometric surface in the shape of a he ...
,
summer Summer or summertime is the hottest and brightest of the four temperate seasons, occurring after spring and before autumn. At or centred on the summer solstice, daylight hours are the longest and darkness hours are the shortest, with day ...
,
autumn Autumn, also known as fall (especially in US & Canada), is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March ( Southern Hemisphe ...
and
winter Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in temperate and polar climates. It occurs after autumn and before spring. The tilt of Earth's axis causes seasons; winter occurs when a hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun. Dif ...
. On the hills around the mountain and subalpine, annual fluctuations in temperature and rainfall are relatively high, but with the long-term stability. ;Long-term ("historical") climate parametres for Šiprage *The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 41 mm. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 20.6 °C.


Nature and ecology

In the Šiprage's Valley and on the surrounding slopes, along with the Vrbanja river and its tributaries, there stretches the surface of arable
land Land, also known as dry land, ground, or earth, is the solid terrestrial surface of Earth not submerged by the ocean or another body of water. It makes up 29.2% of Earth's surface and includes all continents and islands. Earth's land sur ...
, with belts of mixed deciduous and coniferous
forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...
s (
spruce A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' ( ), a genus of about 40 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal ecosystem, boreal (taiga) regions of the Northern hemisphere. ''Picea'' ...
and
abies Firs are evergreen coniferous trees belonging to the genus ''Abies'' () in the family Pinaceae. There are approximately 48–65 extant species, found on mountains throughout much of North and Central America, Eurasia, and North Africa. The genu ...
,
white White is the lightest color and is achromatic (having no chroma). It is the color of objects such as snow, chalk, and milk, and is the opposite of black. White objects fully (or almost fully) reflect and scatter all the visible wa ...
and black pine) and mixed
wood Wood is a structural tissue/material found as xylem in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It is an organic materiala natural composite of cellulosic fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin t ...
s of
beech Beech (genus ''Fagus'') is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to subtropical (accessory forest element) and temperate (as dominant element of Mesophyte, mesophytic forests) Eurasia and North America. There are 14 accepted ...
and
hornbeam Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the plant genus ''Carpinus'' in the family Betulaceae. Its species occur across much of the temperateness, temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Common names The common English name ''hornbeam'' derives ...
. In these ecosystems and mountain meadows there are big and small
game A game is a structured type of play usually undertaken for entertainment or fun, and sometimes used as an educational tool. Many games are also considered to be work (such as professional players of spectator sports or video games) or art ...
(
bear Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family (biology), family Ursidae (). They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats ...
,
wild boar The wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a Suidae, suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania. The speci ...
,
wolf The wolf (''Canis lupus''; : wolves), also known as the grey wolf or gray wolf, is a Canis, canine native to Eurasia and North America. More than thirty subspecies of Canis lupus, subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' have been recognized, includin ...
,
fox Foxes are small-to-medium-sized omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull; upright, triangular ears; a pointed, slightly upturned snout; and a long, bushy tail ("brush"). Twelve species ...
,
rabbit Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also includes the hares), which is in the order Lagomorpha (which also includes pikas). They are familiar throughout the world as a small herbivore, a prey animal, a domesticated ...
,
hedgehog A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are 17 species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introduction. The ...
,
badger Badgers are medium-sized short-legged omnivores in the superfamily Musteloidea. Badgers are a polyphyletic rather than a natural taxonomic grouping, being united by their squat bodies and adaptions for fossorial activity rather than by the ...
,
marten A marten is a weasel-like mammal in the genus ''Martes'' within the subfamily Guloninae, in the family Mustelidae. They have bushy tails and large paws with partially retractile claws. The fur varies from yellowish to dark brown, depending on ...
and weasel,
hedgehog A hedgehog is a spiny mammal of the subfamily Erinaceinae, in the eulipotyphlan family Erinaceidae. There are 17 species of hedgehog in five genera found throughout parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa, and in New Zealand by introduction. The ...
, etc.), including Bosnian endemic quarry mammals. Pastures, cutters and a catchment area covering the life of the natural community ( biocenosis) of the associated
vegetation Vegetation is an assemblage of plants and the ground cover they provide. It is a general term, without specific reference to particular Taxon, taxa, life forms, structure, Spatial ecology, spatial extent, or any other specific Botany, botanic ...
zones. But upstream from the
Obodnik Obodnik is a village in the municipality of Kotor Varoš, Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This settlement is located at the mouth of Kruševica and Vigošća in Vrbanja river (altitude 340 m). From this location Vrbanja valley expan ...
village and all the way to Tomina Luka (Tom's field) in its upper flow, the Vrbanja confluence belongs to the salmonid waters. However, at first the grayling, after
huchen The huchen (''Hucho hucho'') (, from German), also known as Danube salmon or redfish (), is a large species of freshwater fish in the family Salmonidae native to the Danube basin in Central and Eastern Europe. It is the type species of genus ...
too, and now
brown trout The brown trout (''Salmo trutta'') is a species of salmonid ray-finned fish and the most widely distributed species of the genus ''Salmo'', endemic to most of Europe, West Asia and parts of North Africa, and has been widely introduced globally ...
will gradually fade away. Grayling is completely missing in the 1970s, and the survival of trout endanger numerous natural and anthropogenic factors. It is especially extreme flooding during 2000th. There are the irrational fishing and
pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harm. Pollution can take the form of any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) or energy (such as radioactivity, heat, sound, or light). Pollutants, the component ...
with sludge and secondary by-products of exploitation of
forest A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense ecological community, community of trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, ...
resource ''Resource'' refers to all the materials available in our environment which are Technology, technologically accessible, Economics, economically feasible and Culture, culturally Sustainability, sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and want ...
s. Picking a
fish A fish (: fish or fishes) is an aquatic animal, aquatic, Anamniotes, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fish fin, fins and craniate, a hard skull, but lacking limb (anatomy), limbs with digit (anatomy), digits. Fish can ...
stock is trying to compensate for the regular stocking of, which in turn leads to the question of local
population Population is a set of humans or other organisms in a given region or area. Governments conduct a census to quantify the resident population size within a given jurisdiction. The term is also applied to non-human animals, microorganisms, and pl ...
s
gene pool The gene pool is the set of all genes, or genetic information, in any population, usually of a particular species. Description A large gene pool indicates extensive genetic diversity, which is associated with robust populations that can survi ...
, because of the autochthonous specificities, even in the source area of the flows of the Vrbanja river and its tributaries.


History

According to sources, the first settlement in the
Vrbanja river The Vrbanja ( sr-Cyrl, Врбања) is a river in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; with Ugar (river), Ugar, the largest right tributary of the Vrbas (river), Vrbas. Its basin covers an area of approximately 703.5 km2. The Vrbanja has ...
valley dates to the
Neolithic The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Ancient Greek, Greek 'new' and 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Mesopotamia, Asia, Europe and Africa (c. 10,000 BCE to c. 2,000 BCE). It saw the Neolithic Revo ...
. This area was then inhabited by the Illyrian tribe of Maezaeis, and in the 4th century BC
Celts The Celts ( , see Names of the Celts#Pronunciation, pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples ( ) were a collection of Indo-European languages, Indo-European peoples. "The Celts, an ancient Indo-European people, reached the apoge ...
. pp 2–33. From the Roman period there are several sites in Šiprage at the mouth
Crkvenica The Crkvenica ( sr-cyrl, Црквеница) is a Bosnian river. It is a right bank tributary of the Vrbanja River. The Crkvenica rises between the northwestern slopes of Očauš and Šipraška brda mountains, flowing southeast at around abov ...
– in
Vrbanja river The Vrbanja ( sr-Cyrl, Врбања) is a river in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina; with Ugar (river), Ugar, the largest right tributary of the Vrbas (river), Vrbas. Its basin covers an area of approximately 703.5 km2. The Vrbanja has ...
("at the field of Omer Bey Šipraga," 1891), discovered the remains of an early Christian
basilica In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica (Greek Basiliké) was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum. The basilica was in the Latin West equivalent to a stoa in the Greek Eas ...
(3rd - 5th century). Archaeological records confirm the existence of a Roman settlement at this location, while the stećci dates to the 12th century.Radimsky V. (1892): Ostanci rimskih naseobina u Šipragi i Podbrgju, za tim starobosanski stećci u Šipragi i uz Vrbanju u Bosni. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu, Godina IV, Knjiga I: 75–80. The original location of stećci was confluence of rivulet
Crkvenica The Crkvenica ( sr-cyrl, Црквеница) is a Bosnian river. It is a right bank tributary of the Vrbanja River. The Crkvenica rises between the northwestern slopes of Očauš and Šipraška brda mountains, flowing southeast at around abov ...
and River Vrbanja (at the very rivers' banks). They were cut out and built in the walls of the surrounding buildings (possibly due to the beliefs of their miraculous properties). One of the best preserved stećak is submerged in River Vrbanja, in the immediate proximity of its primary location. In the Middle Ages, Šiprage belonged to the state of Bosnia, part of the province of
Donji Kraji ''Donji Kraji'' or ''Donji Krajevi'' (Lower Regions or Lower Ends, , ), was a small medieval Zemlja (feudal Balkans), ''zemlja'' of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Middle Ages, medieval Bosnian state. Its territory was mostly laid within the boundar ...
("Lower regions"), and was later occupied by the
Ottomans Ottoman may refer to: * Osman I, historically known in English as "Ottoman I", founder of the Ottoman Empire * Osman II, historically known in English as "Ottoman II" * Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empir ...
(1519).Malcolm N. (1996): Bosnia: A Short History. New, Updating Edition, New York University Press, ; pp 10-32 In 1878 the region became part of the
Austro-Hungarian Monarchy Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military and diplomatic alliance, it consist ...
, and in 1918,
Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...
. During
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, Šiprage was a Partisan stronghold, and site of the 12th Division Hospital (in Demić gorge), serving its 5th Corpus. In the area of Šiprage, at the very beginning of the war, there were several local partisan unit forces that were later included in larger formations. On 6 January 1944, the Germans broke through the partisan defence lines on the Raskršće locality between the villages of Stopan and Kerle, and the next day entered (at sunrise, 7 January) the centre of Šiprage, where they stayed until 15 January 1944. The town was bombed and attacked by Germans and
Chetniks The Chetniks,, ; formally the Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, and also the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland; and informally colloquially the Ravna Gora Movement, was a Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Yugoslav royalist and Serbian nationalist m ...
, including the units of
Draža Mihailović Dragoljub "Draža" Mihailović ( sr-Cyrl, Драгољуб "Дража" Михаиловић; 27 April 1893 – 17 July 1946) was a Yugoslavs, Yugoslav Serb general during World War II. He was the leader of the Chetniks, Chetnik Detachments ...
. During the „6th Enemy Offensive" in Bosnia, the 12th Division's Mobil Hospital was established for their 5th Corpus (1943/1944); the hospital survived despite multiple
Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe () was the aerial warfare, aerial-warfare branch of the before and during World War II. German Empire, Germany's military air arms during World War I, the of the Imperial German Army, Imperial Army and the of the Imperial Ge ...
's bombing on nearby Šiprage). As a precaution, the hospital was relocated to the surrounding villages and further to
Korićani Korićani ( sr-cyrl, Корићани) is a village in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Before the War in Bosnia, Korićani was the (administrative) united village. The Dayton Agreement is divided this settlement into two entities. Upper Korićan ...
. Then it was about 600 injured and patients moved into the village of Stopan and Lozići, then in Palivuk,
Čudnić The Čudnić ( sr-cyrl, Чуднић) is a left, western tributary of the Vrbanja in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It flows to Panići village and empties into the village of Čudić in the village of Kruševo Brdo, below Arapov Brijeg (Arab's hill). ...
and
Kruševo Brdo Kruševo Brdo is a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, municipality Kotor Varoš in geographical region Bosanska Krajina. It is administratively divided into Krševo Brdo I and II. Geography This settlement is located at the be ...
. After the passage of the Offensive against, for ten days (at 15 January 1944), it was returning again in Šiprage. Later it turned out that even enemy forces did not have precise information about its location. After the War, in 1960, skeletal remains from a grave in the woods were moved to a common Partisan Memorial Cemetery in Šiprage.


Bosnian War

During the
Bosnian War The Bosnian War ( / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. Following several earlier violent incid ...
(1992–95), Bosnian Serb Police and Army forces destroyed the surrounding Bosniak villages, especially those upstream along the Vrbanja to
Kruševo Brdo Kruševo Brdo is a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, municipality Kotor Varoš in geographical region Bosanska Krajina. It is administratively divided into Krševo Brdo I and II. Geography This settlement is located at the be ...
, as well as Bosniak and Croat villages downstream to
Banja Luka Banja Luka ( sr-Cyrl, Бања Лука, ) or Banjaluka ( sr-Cyrl, Бањалука, ) is the List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the largest city in Republika Srpska. Banja Luka is the tr ...
, and in the whole of central Bosnia. One of the 18 camps for detained Bosniaks from the Kotor Varoš Municipality was at the Police station (MUP) in Šiprage. After 1996, most of the Bosniak villages were partly restored thanks to the
Luxembourg Luxembourg, officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a landlocked country in Western Europe. It is bordered by Belgium to the west and north, Germany to the east, and France on the south. Its capital and most populous city, Luxembour ...
ish government and soldiers of the BELUGA battalion within the
SFOR The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) was a NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Bosnian War. Although SFOR was led by NATO, several non-NATO countries contributed troops. It was replaced by EUFOR Alt ...
- EUFOR Mission. Only mosque in wide area is renewed. During the war, an Orthodox church was built in the centre of the village, on the site of the former "Forestry House" and former seat of the local administration.


Population


Overview by census

*1931. and 1953.: Šiprage Municipality.http://pod2.stat.gov.rs/ObjavljenePublikacije/G1953/Pdf/G19534001.pdf. ** Šiprage area


References


External links


Maplandia
* * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Siprage Villages in Bosnia and Herzegovina Villages in Republika Srpska Populated places in Kotor Varoš