Łódź
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Łódź is a city in central
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...
and a former industrial centre. It is the capital of
Łódź Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship ( ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) of Poland. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships: Masovian Voivodeship ...
, and is located south-west of
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
. Łódź has a population of 655,279, making it the country's fourth largest city. Łódź first appears in records in the 14th century. It was granted
town rights Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the tradition ...
in 1423 by the Polish King
Władysław II Jagiełło Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło (),Other names include (; ) (see also Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło) was Grand Duke of Lithuania beginning in 1377 and starting in 1386, becoming King of Poland as well. ...
and it remained a private town of the
Kuyavia Kuyavia (; ), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło. It is divided into three traditional parts: north-western (with th ...
n bishops and clergy until the late 18th century. In the
Second Partition of Poland The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of partitions of Poland, three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition (politics), partition occurred i ...
in 1793, Łódź was annexed to
Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
before becoming part of the
Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led Military career ...
ic
Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw (; ; ), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a First French Empire, French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. It initially comprised the ethnical ...
; the city joined
Congress Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established w ...
, a
Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...
client state, at the 1815
Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon, Napol ...
. The
Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid Discovery (observation), scientific discovery, standardisation, mass production and industrialisation from the late 19th century into the early ...
(from 1850) brought rapid growth in textile manufacturing and in population owing to the inflow of migrants, a sizable part of which were Jews and Germans. Ever since the industrialization of the area, the city had been multinational and struggled with social inequalities, as documented in the novel '' The Promised Land'' by
Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; ; ) are awards administered by the Nobel Foundation and granted in accordance with the principle of "for the greatest benefit to humankind". The prizes were first awarded in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of Alfred N ...
–winning author
Władysław Reymont Władysław Stanisław Reymont (; born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the laureate of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasant ...
. The contrasts greatly reflected on the architecture of the city, where luxurious mansions coexisted with red-brick factories and dilapidated tenement houses. The industrial development and demographic surge made Łódź one of the largest cities in Poland. Under the German occupation during
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, the city's population was persecuted and its large
Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
minority was forced into a walled zone known as the Litzmannstadt Ghetto, after the Nazi renaming of the city, from where they were sent to German concentration and extermination camps. The city became Poland's temporary seat of power in 1945. Łódź experienced a sharp demographic and economic decline after 1989. It was only in the 2010s that the city began to experience revitalization of its neglected downtown area."4 Billion PLN for Revitalization of Downtown Łódź."
lodzpost.com. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
Łódź is ranked by the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a British think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leic ...
on the "Sufficiency" level of global influence. The city is internationally known for its National Film School, a cradle for the most renowned Polish actors and directors, including
Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Witold Wajda (; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "P ...
and
Roman Polanski Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (; born 18 August 1933) is a Polish and French filmmaker and actor. He is the recipient of List of awards and nominations received by Roman Polanski, numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Britis ...
. In 2017, the city was inducted into the
UNESCO The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO ) is a List of specialized agencies of the United Nations, specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and International secur ...
Creative Cities Network The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) is a flagship city programme of UNESCO launched in 2004 to promote cooperation among cities which have recognized culture and creativity as strategic drivers of sustainable urban development Urban means ...
and named UNESCO City of Film.


Name and toponymy

The Polish name for the city, , directly translates to 'boat' in the
English language English is a West Germanic language that developed in early medieval England and has since become a English as a lingua franca, global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles (tribe), Angles, one of the Germanic peoples th ...
. There is no unanimous consensus on its precise origin, but popular theories link it with the
medieval In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of World history (field), global history. It began with the fall of the West ...
village of Łodzia and the
canalised River engineering is a discipline of civil engineering which studies human intervention in the course, characteristics, or flow of a river with the intention of producing some defined benefit. People have intervened in the natural course and b ...
River Łódka on which the modern city was founded. It may have also derived from the term denoting a
willow tree Willows, also called sallows and osiers, of the genus ''Salix'', comprise around 350 species (plus numerous hybrids) of typically deciduous trees and shrubs, found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions. Most species are known ...
and the personal
Old Polish The Old Polish language () was a period in the history of the Polish language between the 10th and the 16th centuries. It was followed by the Middle Polish language. The sources for the study of the Old Polish language are the data of the co ...
name Włodzisław.


History


Early beginnings (1332–1815)

Łódź first appears in a 1332 written record issued by
Władysław the Hunchback Władysław the Hunchback (; – 5 June 1351 or April 1352), was a Polish people, Polish prince, member of the House of Piast. He was Duke of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, Dobrzyń during 1312-1327 (until 1316 under the regency of his mother and uncle) an ...
, Duke of Łęczyca, which transferred the village of Łodzia to the Bishopric of Włocławek. The document enumerated the privileges of its inhabitants, notably the right to graze land, establish
pasture Pasture (from the Latin ''pastus'', past participle of ''pascere'', "to feed") is land used for grazing. Types of pasture Pasture lands in the narrow sense are enclosed tracts of farmland, grazed by domesticated livestock, such as horses, c ...
s and engage in
logging Logging is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport. It may include skidder, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or trunk (botany), logs onto logging truck, trucksKing of Poland Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of Royal elections in Poland, free election of monarchs made it a uniquely electab ...
Władysław II Jagiełło Jogaila (; 1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło (),Other names include (; ) (see also Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło) was Grand Duke of Lithuania beginning in 1377 and starting in 1386, becoming King of Poland as well. ...
officially granted town rights to the village under
Magdeburg Law Magdeburg rights (, , ; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages gr ...
. For centuries, it remained a small remote settlement situated among woodlands and
marsh In ecology, a marsh is a wetland that is dominated by herbaceous plants rather than by woody plants.Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p More in genera ...
es, which was privately held by the
Kuyavia Kuyavia (; ), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło. It is divided into three traditional parts: north-western (with th ...
n bishops. It was administratively located in the Brzeziny County in the
Łęczyca Voivodeship Łęczyca Voivodeship () was a unit of administrative division and local government in Poland from the 14th century until the partitions of Poland in 1772–1795. It was part of Greater Poland Province, and its capital was in Łęczyca. The voivod ...
in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland. The economy was predominantly driven by
agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created ...
and farming until the 19th century. The earliest two versions of the
coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldry, heraldic communication design, visual design on an escutcheon (heraldry), escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the last two being outer garments), originating in Europe. The coat of arms on an escutcheon f ...
appeared on seal emblems in 1535 and 1577, with the latter illustrating a boat-like vessel and a turned oar. With the
Second Partition of Poland The 1793 Second Partition of Poland was the second of partitions of Poland, three partitions (or partial annexations) that ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by 1795. The second partition (politics), partition occurred i ...
in 1793, Łódź was annexed by
Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...
. In 1798, the Kuyavian bishops' ownership over the region was formally revoked during the secularisation of church property. The town, governed by a
burgomaster Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, ) is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or executive of a city or town. The name in English was derived from the Dutch . In so ...
(), at the time had only 190 residents, 44 occupied dwellings, a church and a prison. In 1806, Łódź was incorporated into the Napoleonic
Duchy of Warsaw The Duchy of Warsaw (; ; ), also known as the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and Napoleonic Poland, was a First French Empire, French client state established by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. It initially comprised the ethnical ...
. In the aftermath of the 1815
Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon, Napol ...
, the duchy was dissolved and the town became part of the
Congress Kingdom of Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established wh ...
, a
client state A client state in the context of international relations is a State (polity), state that is economically, politically, and militarily subordinated to a more powerful controlling state. Alternative terms for a ''client state'' are satellite state, ...
of the
Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...
.


Partitions and development (1815–1918)

In 1820, the government of the Congress Kingdom designated Łódź and its rural surroundings for centrally planned industrial development. Rajmund Rembieliński, head of the
Administrative Council Administrative Council () was a part of Council of State (Kingdom of Poland), Council of State of the Congress Poland. Introduced by the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815, it was composed of 5 ministers, special nominees of the Tsar, Ki ...
and prefect of
Masovia Mazovia or Masovia ( ) is a historical region in mid-north-eastern Poland. It spans the North European Plain, roughly between Łódź and Białystok, with Warsaw being the largest city and Płock being the capital of the region . Throughout the ...
, became the president of a commission that subdivided the works two major phases; the first (1821–23) comprised the creation of a new city centre with an octagonal square (contemporary ; Liberty Square) and arranged housing allotments on
greenfield land Greenfield land is a British English term referring to undeveloped land in an urban or rural area either used for agriculture or landscape design, or left to evolve naturally. These areas of land are usually agricultural or amenity properties ...
situated south of the old marketplace; the second stage (1824–28) involved the establishment of
cotton mill A cotton mill is a building that houses spinning or weaving machinery for the production of yarn or cloth from cotton, an important product during the Industrial Revolution in the development of the factory system. Although some were driven ...
colonies and a linear street system along with an arterial north–south thoroughfare, Piotrkowska. Many of the early dwellings were timber cottages built for housing
weavers Weaver or Weavers may refer to: Activities * A person who engages in weaving fabric Animals * Various birds of the family Ploceidae * Crevice weaver spider family * Orb-weaver spider family * Weever (or weever-fish) Arts and entertainment ...
(). During this time, a sizeable number of
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
craftsmen settled in the city, encouraged by exemptions from tax obligations. Their settlement in Poland was encouraged by renowned philosopher and statesman
Stanisław Staszic Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic (baptised 6 November 1755 – 20 January 1826) was a leading figure in the Polish Enlightenment: a Catholic priest, philosopher, geologist, writer, poet, translator and statesman. A physiocrat, monist, pan-Sla ...
, who acted as the director of the Department of Trade, Crafts and Industry. In 1851, the Imperial authorities abolished a
customs Customs is an authority or Government agency, agency in a country responsible for collecting tariffs and for controlling International trade, the flow of goods, including animals, transports, personal effects, and hazardous items, into and out ...
barrier which was imposed on Congress Poland following the failed
November Uprising The November Uprising (1830–31) (), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in Russian Partition, the heartland of Partitions of Poland, partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. ...
(1830–1831). The suppression of tariffs allowed the city to freely export its goods to Russia, where the demand for textiles was high. Poland's first
steam-powered A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. The steam engine uses the force produced by steam pressure to push a piston back and forth inside a cylinder. This pushing force can be tra ...
loom commenced operations at Ludwik Geyer's White Factory in 1839. During the first weeks of the
January Uprising The January Uprising was an insurrection principally in Russia's Kingdom of Poland that was aimed at putting an end to Russian occupation of part of Poland and regaining independence. It began on 22 January 1863 and continued until the last i ...
(1863–1864), a unit of 300 Polish insurgents entered the city without resistance and seized weapons, and later on, there were also clashes between Polish insurgents and Russian troops in the city. In 1864, the inhabitants of adjacent villages were permitted to settle in Łódź without restrictions. The development of railways in the region was also instrumental in expanding the textile industry; in 1865 the Łódź–Koluszki line, a branch of the
Warsaw–Vienna railway The Warsaw-Vienna Railway (; ) was a railway system which operated since 1845 in Congress Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. The main component of its network was a line 327.6 km in length from Warsaw to the border station at Maczki ...
, was opened, thus providing a train connection to larger markets. In 1867, the city was incorporated into the Piotrków Governorate, a local province. The infrastructure and edifices of Łódź were built at the expense of industrialists and
business magnate A business magnate, also known as an industrialist or tycoon, is a person who is a powerful entrepreneur and investor who controls, through personal enterprise ownership or a dominant shareholding position, a firm or industry whose goods or ser ...
s, chiefly Karl Wilhelm Scheibler and
Izrael Poznański Izrael Kalman Poznański (25 August 1833–28 April 1900) was a Polish Jews, Polish-Jewish businessman, textile magnate and philanthropist in Łódź, Congress Poland (part of the Russian Empire), and the husband of Eleonora Hertz Poznańska. ...
, who sponsored schools, hospitals, orphanages, and
places of worship A place of worship is a specially designed structure or space where individuals or a group of people such as a congregation come to perform acts of devotion, veneration, or religious study. A building constructed or used for this purpose is so ...
. From 1872 to 1892, Poznański established a major textile manufactory composed of twelve factories, power plants, worker
tenements A tenement is a type of building shared by multiple dwellings, typically with flats or apartments on each floor and with shared entrance stairway access. They are common on the British Isles, particularly in Scotland. In the medieval Old Town, i ...
, a private fire station, and a large eclectic palace. By the end of the century, Scheibler's became one of Europe's largest industrial complexes, employing 5,000 workers within a single facility. The years 1870–1890 saw the most intense industrialisation, which was marked by social inequalities and dire working conditions. Łódź soon became a notable centre of the
socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
movement and the so-called Łódź rebellion( pl) in May 1892 was quelled by a military intervention. The turn of the 20th century coincided with cultural and technological progress; in 1899, the first stationary cinema in Poland () was opened in Łódź. In the same year,
Józef Piłsudski Józef Klemens Piłsudski (; 5 December 1867 – 12 May 1935) was a Polish statesman who served as the Chief of State (Poland), Chief of State (1918–1922) and first Marshal of Poland (from 1920). In the aftermath of World War I, he beca ...
, the future
Marshal of Poland Marshal of Poland () is the highest rank in the Polish Army. It has been granted to only six officers. At present, Marshal is equivalent to a field marshal or general of the army (OF-10) in other NATO armies. History Today there are no living ...
, settled in the city and began printing the '' Robotnik'' (The Worker; p. 1894–1939), an
underground newspaper The terms underground press or clandestine press refer to periodicals and publications that are produced without official approval, illegally or against the wishes of a dominant (governmental, religious, or institutional) group. In specific rece ...
published by the
Polish Socialist Party The Polish Socialist Party (, PPS) is a democratic socialist political party in Poland. It was one of the most significant parties in Poland from its founding in 1892 until its forced merger with the communist Polish Workers' Party to form ...
. During the June Days (1905), approximately 100,000 unemployed labourers went on a mass strike, barricaded the streets and clashed with troops. Officially, 151 demonstrators were killed and thousands were wounded. In 1912, the Archcathedral of St. Stanislaus Kostka was completed and its tower at is one of the tallest in Poland. Despite the impending crisis preceding
World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
, Łódź grew exponentially and was one of the world's most densely populated industrial cities, with a population density of by 1914. In the aftermath of the Battle of Łódź (1914), the city came under Imperial German occupation on 6 December. With Polish independence restored in November 1918, the local population disarmed the
German army The German Army (, 'army') is the land component of the armed forces of Federal Republic of Germany, Germany. The present-day German Army was founded in 1955 as part of the newly formed West German together with the German Navy, ''Marine'' (G ...
. Subsequently, the textile industry of Łódź stalled and its population briefly decreased as ethnic Germans left the city.


Restored Poland (1918–1939)

Despite its large population and economic output, Łódź did not serve as the seat of its province until the 20th century. Following the establishment of the
Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...
, it became the capital of the
Łódź Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship ( ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) of Poland. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships: Masovian Voivodeship ...
in 1919. The early
interwar period In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period, also known as the interbellum (), lasted from 11 November 1918 to 1 September 1939 (20 years, 9 months, 21 days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II ( ...
was characterised by considerable economic hardship and industrial stagnation. The
Great Depression The Great Depression was a severe global economic downturn from 1929 to 1939. The period was characterized by high rates of unemployment and poverty, drastic reductions in industrial production and international trade, and widespread bank and ...
and the German–Polish customs war closed western markets to Polish textiles while the
Bolshevik Revolution The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup, Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was the second of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was led by Vladimir L ...
and the
Civil War A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same Sovereign state, state (or country). The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region, or to change government policies.J ...
in Russia put an end to the most profitable trade with the East. Because of rapid and, consequently, chaotic development in the previous century, Łódź did not possess the adequate infrastructure and living standards for its inhabitants. Pollution was acute, sanitary conditions were poor and the authorities did not invest in a
sewage treatment Sewage treatment is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water p ...
system until the 1920s. From 1918 to 1939, many cultural, educational and scientific institutions were created, including elementary schools, museums, art galleries and
public libraries ''Public Libraries'' is the official publication of the Public Library Association (PLA), a division of the American Library Association (ALA). It is devoted exclusively to public libraries. The print edition is published six times a year and i ...
which prior to the First World War did not exist. Łódź also began developing an
entertainment Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and Interest (emotion), interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but it is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have deve ...
scene, with 34 movie theatres opened by 1939. On 13 September 1925, the city's first airport, Lublinek, commenced operations. In 1930, the first
radio Radio is the technology of communicating using radio waves. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between 3  hertz (Hz) and 300  gigahertz (GHz). They are generated by an electronic device called a transmitter connec ...
transmission from a newly founded broadcasting station took place. The ideological orientation of Łódź was strongly
left-wing Left-wing politics describes the range of Ideology#Political ideologies, political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy either as a whole or of certain social ...
and the city was a notable centre of socialist,
communist Communism () is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, di ...
and bundist activity in Polish politics during the interbellum.


Second World War (1939–1945)

During the
invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
in September 1939, the Polish forces of General Juliusz Rómmel's Army Łódź defended the city against the German assault by forming a line of resistance between
Sieradz Sieradz (,) is a city on the Warta river in central Poland with 40,891 inhabitants (2021). It is the seat of the Sieradz County, situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. Sieradz is a capital of the historical Sieradz Land. Sieradz is one of the olde ...
and
Piotrków Trybunalski Piotrków Trybunalski (; also known by #Etymology, alternative names), often simplified to Piotrków, is a city in central Poland with 71,252 inhabitants (2021). It is the capital of Piotrków County and the second-largest city in the Łódź Voi ...
. The attack was conducted by the 8th Army of
Johannes Blaskowitz Johannes Albrecht Blaskowitz (10 July 1883 – 5 February 1948) was a German ''Generaloberst'' during World War II. After joining the Imperial German Army in 1901, Blaskowitz served throughout World War I, where he earned the Iron Cross for brav ...
, who encircled the city with the X Army Corps. After fierce resistance, a Polish delegation surrendered to the Germans on 8 September, and the first troops entered in the early hours of 9 September. The German paramilitary death squad entered the city on 12 September.
Arthur Greiser Arthur Karl Greiser (22 January 1897 – 21 July 1946) was a German Nazi Party politician, SS-''Obergruppenführer'', ''Gauleiter'' and ''Reichsstatthalter'' (Reich Governor) of the German-occupied territory of ''Wartheland''. He was one of the ...
incorporated Łódź into a new administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany called on 9 November 1939, and on 11 April 1940 the city was renamed to after German general and
NSDAP The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor, the German Workers ...
member Karl Litzmann. The city became subjected to immediate
Germanisation Germanisation, or Germanization, is the spread of the German language, people, and culture. It was a central idea of German conservative thought in the 19th and the 20th centuries, when conservatism and ethnic nationalism went hand in hand. In l ...
, with Polish and Jewish establishments closed, and Polish-language press banned. Low-wage
forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...
was imposed on the city's inhabitants aged 16 to 60; many were subsequently deported to Germany. As part of the , Polish intellectuals from the city and region were imprisoned at Radogoszcz and then either sent to
concentration camps A concentration camp is a prison or other facility used for the internment of political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or ethnic minority groups, on the grounds of national security, or for exploit ...
or murdered in the forests of Łagiewniki and the village of Lućmierz-Las. Polish children were forcibly taken from their parents, and from 1942 to 1945 the German ''
Sicherheitspolizei The often abbreviated as SiPo, is a German term meaning "security police". In the Nazi Germany, Nazi era, it referred to the state political and criminal investigation security agency, security agencies. It was made up by the combined forces of ...
'' operated a camp for kidnapped Polish children from various regions in Łódź. The German authorities established the
Łódź Ghetto The Łódź Ghetto or Litzmannstadt Ghetto (after the Nazi German name for Łódź) was a Nazi ghetto established by the German authorities for Polish Jews and Roma following the Invasion of Poland. It was the second-largest ghetto in all of ...
() in the city and populated it with more than 200,000 Jews from the region, who were systematically sent to German extermination camps. It was the second-largest ghetto in
occupied Europe German-occupied Europe, or Nazi-occupied Europe, refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly militarily occupied and civil-occupied, including puppet states, by the (armed forces) and the government of Nazi Germany at ...
, and the last major ghetto to be liquidated, in August 1944. The Polish resistance movement () operated in the city and aided the Jewish people throughout its existence. However, only 877 Jews were still alive by 1945. Of the 223,000 Jews in Łódź before the invasion, 10,000 survived
the Holocaust The Holocaust (), known in Hebrew language, Hebrew as the (), was the genocide of History of the Jews in Europe, European Jews during World War II. From 1941 to 1945, Nazi Germany and Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy ...
in other places. The Germans also created camps for non-Jews, including the
Romani people {{Infobox ethnic group , group = Romani people , image = , image_caption = , flag = Roma flag.svg , flag_caption = Romani flag created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress , po ...
deported from abroad, who were ultimately
murdered Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse committed with the necessary intention as defined by the law in a specific jurisdiction. ("The killing of another person without justification or excu ...
at
Chełmno Chełmno (; older ; , formerly also ) is a town in northern Poland near the Vistula river with 18,915 inhabitants as of December 2021. It is the seat of the Chełmno County in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. Due to its regional importance ...
, as well as a penal
forced labour Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, or violence, including death or other forms of ...
camp, four transit camps for Poles expelled from the city and region, and a racial research camp.


Post World War II (1945–1989)

Following liberation by Soviet forces on 19 January 1945, and the end of the
World War II World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, Łódź informally and temporarily took over the functions of Poland's capital, and most of the government and country administration resided in the city prior to the reconstruction of
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
. Łódź also experienced an influx of refugees from
Kresy Eastern Borderlands (), often simply Borderlands (, ) was a historical region of the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic. The term was coined during the interwar period (1918–1939). Largely agricultural and extensively multi-ethnic with ...
. Many migrated into the suburbs and occupied the empty properties. Under the
Polish People's Republic The Polish People's Republic (1952–1989), formerly the Republic of Poland (1947–1952), and also often simply known as Poland, was a country in Central Europe that existed as the predecessor of the modern-day democratic Republic of Poland. ...
, the city's industry and private companies were subject to
nationalisation Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization contrasts with priv ...
. On 24 May 1945, the
University of Łódź The University of Łódź (, ) is a public research university founded in 1945 in Łódź, Poland, as a continuation of three higher education institutions functioning in Łódź in the interwar period — the Teacher Training Institute (192 ...
was inaugurated. On 8 March 1948, the National Film School was opened, later becoming Poland's primary academy of drama and cinema. The spatial and
urban planning Urban planning (also called city planning in some contexts) is the process of developing and designing land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportatio ...
after World War II was conducted in accordance with the Athens Charter, where the population from the old core was relocated into new
residential area A residential area is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas. Housing may vary significantly between, and through, residential areas. These include single-family housing, multi-family residen ...
s. However, as a result, the inner-city and historical areas fell in significance and degenerated into a
slum A slum is a highly populated Urban area, urban residential area consisting of densely packed housing units of weak build quality and often associated with poverty. The infrastructure in slums is often deteriorated or incomplete, and they are p ...
. A number of extensive panel block housing estates were constructed, including Retkinia, Teofilów, Widzew, Radogoszcz, and Chojny. These block housing estates were constructed between 1960 and 1990, covering an area of almost and accommodating a large part of the populace. In mid-1981 Łódź became famous for its massive hunger demonstration of local mothers and their children.


Contemporary history (1990–present)

After 1989 the
textile industry The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of textiles: yarn, cloth and clothing. Industry process Cotton manufacturing Cotton is the world's most important natural fibre. In the year 2007, th ...
in Łódź collapsed and the city suffered from social and economic decline. The city's
industrial heritage Industrial heritage refers to the physical and intangible legacy of industrialisation, including buildings, machinery, workshops, sites, and landscapes of historical and technological significance. Stefan Berger and Steven High define industrial h ...
and examples of Polish Art Nouveau became an early tourist attraction. In the 2000s the city's main street, the Piotrkowska Street, was revitalized, providing space for shops and restaurants. By 2011 the city hosted around 60 festivals per year. The local government's efforts to transform the former industrial city into a thriving urban environment and tourist destination formed the basis for the city's failed bid to organise the 2022 International EXPO exhibition on the subject of urban renewal.


Geography

Łódź covers an area of approximately and is located in the centre of Poland. The city lies in the
lowlands Upland and lowland are conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level. In studies of the ecology of freshwater rivers, habitats are classified as upland or lowland. Definitions Upland and lowland are portions of a ...
of the Central European Plain, not exceeding 300 metres in elevation. Topographically, the Łódź region is generally characterised by a flat landscape, with only several highlands which do not exceed 50 metres above the terrain level. The soil is predominantly sandy (62%) followed by
clay Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, ). Most pure clay minerals are white or light-coloured, but natural clays show a variety of colours from impuriti ...
(24%),
silt Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz. Silt may occur as a soil (often mixed with sand or clay) or as sediment mixed in suspension (chemistry), suspension with water. Silt usually ...
(8%), and organogenic formations (6%) from regional wetlands. The
forest cover Forest cover is the amount of trees that covers a particular area of land. It may be measured as relative (in percent) or absolute (in square kilometres/ square miles). Nearly a third of the world's land surface is covered with forest, with clos ...
(equivalent to 4.2% of the whole country) is considerably low compared to other cities, regions, and provinces of Poland.


Climate

Łódź has a humid continental climate (''Dfb'' in the
Köppen climate classification The Köppen climate classification divides Earth climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (te ...
). The lowest temperature was recorded in January 1987.


Administration


Government

The city's governance is executed by ''Urząd Miasta Łodzi'', a local council or
town hall In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or municipal hall (in the Philippines) is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually houses the city o ...
, currently based at Juliusz Heinzl Palace. The power is divided between the President of Łódź (''Prezydent Łodzi''), a title held by the
mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a Municipal corporation, municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilitie ...
, and the ''Rada Miejska'' assembly comprising 37 elected deputies. The term in office for deputies is 5 years. Łódź also acts as a
city with powiat rights A city with powiat rights () is in Poland a designation denoting 66 of the 107 cities (the urban gminas which are governed by a city mayor or ''prezydent miasta'') which exercise also the powers and duties of a Powiat, county (), thus being an inde ...
, exercising the powers and duties of a local
powiat A ''powiat'' (; ) is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture (Local administrative unit, LAU-1 ormerly Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS-4 ...
county. Łódź is the capital of
Łódź Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship ( ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) of Poland. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships: Masovian Voivodeship ...
, one of Poland's 16 provinces, and hosts the
voivodeship sejmik A voivodeship sejmik (), also known as a provincial or regional assembly, is the regional-level elected legislature for each of the sixteen voivodeships of Poland. Machnikowski et al., p. 21 Sejmiks are elected to five-year terms, decided during ...
– a regional assembly. The city is also the seat of the
voivode Voivode ( ), also spelled voivod, voievod or voevod and also known as vaivode ( ), voivoda, vojvoda, vaivada or wojewoda, is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe in use since the Early Mid ...
, the province's governor who is the representative of the Polish Council of Ministers in the voivodeship, is the head of the combined government administration, acts as supervisory authority over local government units and as a higher-level authority within the meaning of the provisions on administrative proceedings. In medieval times, the town was governed by the
burgomaster Burgomaster (alternatively spelled burgermeister, ) is the English form of various terms in or derived from Germanic languages for the chief magistrate or executive of a city or town. The name in English was derived from the Dutch . In so ...
, who began his term as early as 1470. The first individual who held the title of "president" was Karol Tangermann, a close aide of Rajmund Rembieliński, when it was still a part of
Congress Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established w ...
. The first president of Łódź under the independent
Second Polish Republic The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939. The state was established in the final stage of World War I ...
was Leopold Skulski (1917–1919), who subsequently became the
prime minister of Poland A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only wa ...
. The incumbent president since 2010 is Hanna Zdanowska from the Civic Coalition party.


Administrative division

Łódź was previously divided into 5 major boroughs (''
dzielnica In the Polish system of local administration, a dzielnica (Polish plural ''dzielnice'') is an administrative subdivision or quarter of a city or town. A dzielnica may have its own elected council ('' rada dzielnicy'', or ''dzielnica council'') ...
'') – Bałuty, Górna, Polesie, Śródmieście, and Widzew. In January 1993, the system of boroughs was abolished and the city became a single entity with no real subdivisions. In April 2000, a system of 36 neighbourhoods or dependent units (''
osiedle (Polish plural: ) is a term used in Poland to denote a designated subdivision or neighbourhood of a city or its , or of a town, with its own council and executive. Like the and sołectwo, an is an auxiliary unit (''jednostka pomocnicza'') of ...
'') was imposed by the City Council for administrative purposes only; these units have no local governing or regulatory authority.


Demographics

According to
Statistics Poland Statistics Poland (, popularly called GUS), formerly known in English as the Central Statistical Office, is the Polish government's chief executive agency charged with collecting and publishing statistics related to the economy, population, and s ...
(GUS), Łódź was inhabited by 672,185 people and had a
population density Population density (in agriculture: Standing stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geog ...
of 2,292 persons per square kilometre (5,940/sq mi), Approximately 55.7 per cent of inhabitants are of working age (18–64 years), which is a considerable decrease from 64.1 per cent in 2010. An estimated 29.1 per cent is of post-working age compared to 21.8 per cent ten years earlier. In 2020, 54.39 per cent (365,500) of all residents were women. Łódź has one of the highest feminisation rates among Poland's major cities, a legacy of the city's industrial past, when the textile factories attracted large numbers of female employees. At its peak in 1988 the population was around 854,000; however, this has since declined due to low
fertility Fertility in colloquial terms refers the ability to have offspring. In demographic contexts, fertility refers to the actual production of offspring, rather than the physical capability to reproduce, which is termed fecundity. The fertility rate ...
rates, outward migration and a lower life expectancy than in other parts of Poland. Łódź was the country's second largest city until 2007, when it lost its position to
Kraków , officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 ...
. A major contributing factor was the abrupt transition from
socialist Socialism is an economic ideology, economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse Economic system, economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership. It describes ...
to
market-based A market economy is an economic system in which the decisions regarding investment, production, and distribution to the consumers are guided by the price signals created by the forces of supply and demand. The major characteristic of a market ...
economy after 1989 and the resulting economic crisis, but the economic growth which followed has not reversed the trend.
Depopulation Population decline, also known as depopulation, is a reduction in a human population size. Throughout history, Earth's total human population has continued to grow but projections suggest this long-term trend may be coming to an end. From ant ...
and ageing are major impediments for the future development of the city, putting strain on social infrastructure and medical services. As a result of the continuing demographic crisis and rapid population loss, Łódź was overtaken by
Wrocław Wrocław is a city in southwestern Poland, and the capital of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. It is the largest city and historical capital of the region of Silesia. It lies on the banks of the Oder River in the Silesian Lowlands of Central Eu ...
and dropped to become the country's fourth-largest city in 2022. Historically, Łódź was multi-ethnic and its diverse population comprised migrants from other regions of
Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...
. In 1839, approximately 78 per cent (6,648) of the total population was
German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...
. In 1913, Łódź had a population of 506,100 people, of whom 251,700 (49.7%) were
Poles Pole or poles may refer to: People *Poles (people), another term for Polish people, from the country of Poland * Pole (surname), including a list of people with the name * Pole (musician) (Stefan Betke, born 1967), German electronic music artist ...
, 171,900 (34%) were
Jews Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...
, 75,000 (14.8%) were Germans, and 6,300 (1.3%) were
Russians Russians ( ) are an East Slavs, East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe. Their mother tongue is Russian language, Russian, the most spoken Slavic languages, Slavic language. The majority of Russians adhere to Eastern Orthodox Church ...
. According to the 1931 Polish census, the total population of 604,000 included 375,000 (59%) Poles, 192,000 (32%) Jews and 54,000 (9%) Germans. By 1939, the Jewish minority had grown to well over 200,000.


Religion

The majority of believers in Łódź adhere to
Roman Catholicism The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...
, the largest
religious denomination A religious denomination is a subgroup within a religion that operates under a common name and tradition, among other activities. The term refers to the various Christian denominations (for example, Oriental Orthodox Churches, non-Chalcedonian, E ...
in Poland. The first Catholic
bishopric In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop. History In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associate ...
was established in December 1920 and has been elevated to the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Łódź The Archdiocese of Łódź () is a Latin Church archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Łódź in Poland. The archdiocese covers the central area of Łódź Voivodeship. As of 2016 weekly mass attendance was 23.4% of the archdi ...
in 1992 by
Pope John Paul II Pope John Paul II (born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 16 October 1978 until Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II, his death in 2005. In his you ...
. The primary church for Catholic worship is the Basilica of St. Stanislaus Kostka, which is often reserved for special occasions or during religious holidays. Constructed in 1912 in the
Gothic Revival Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic or neo-Gothic) is an Architectural style, architectural movement that after a gradual build-up beginning in the second half of the 17th century became a widespread movement in the first half ...
style, it is the tallest building in the city and one of Poland's tallest churches since the completion of the tower in 1927. The
Feast of Corpus Christi The Feast of Corpus Christi (), also known as the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, is a liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; the feast is observed by the Latin Church, in addition to ...
is widely celebrated and annual marches take place on Piotrkowska Street, in front of the cathedral. Despite this,
church attendance Church attendance is a central religious practice for many Christians; some Christian denominations require church attendance on the Lord's Day (Sunday). The Catholic Church teaches that on Sundays and other holy days of obligation, the faithf ...
in Łódź is one of the lowest in Poland; mass attendance was estimated at 26% in 2013 and fell to 17% by 2023. Statistics also show that the city and its environs have one of the highest concentration of
atheists Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
in Poland. Historically, Łódź had a strong and influential
Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes Justification (theology), justification of sinners Sola fide, through faith alone, the teaching that Salvation in Christianity, salvation comes by unmerited Grace in Christianity, divin ...
population (11% in 1921, 9.2% in 1931) that had its origins with the migration of German-speaking weavers and textile workers throughout the 19th century. The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession representing
Lutherans Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that emerged under the work of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German friar and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church launched the Reformation in 15 ...
is the largest of the Protestant denominations. The city falls under the Lutheran Diocese of Warsaw, though the congregation is headquartered at the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in
Pabianice Pabianice is a city in central Poland with 63,023 inhabitants (2021). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the capital of Pabianice County. It lies about southwest of Łódź and belongs to the metropolitan area of that city. It is the thi ...
. The only active Lutheran church in Łódź is the historic St. Matthew's Church, which seasonally serves as a concert hall. There is also a
parish A parish is a territorial entity in many Christianity, Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest#Christianity, priest, often termed a parish pries ...
of the
Polish Reformed Church The Polish Reformed Church, officially called the Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland (Polish: ''Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP'') is a historic Calvinistic Protestant church in Poland established in the 16th century ...
(
Calvinist Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. In the modern day, it is largely represented by the Continental Reformed Protestantism, Continenta ...
), dating back to 1888, as well as
Methodist Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christianity, Christian Christian tradition, tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and John's brother ...
and
Evangelical Evangelicalism (), also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide, interdenominational movement within Protestantism, Protestant Christianity that emphasizes evangelism, or the preaching and spreading of th ...
temples. Łódź is considered to be one of the centres of
Jehovah's Witnesses Jehovah's Witnesses is a Christian denomination that is an outgrowth of the Bible Student movement founded by Charles Taze Russell in the nineteenth century. The denomination is nontrinitarian, millenarian, and restorationist. Russell co-fou ...
' activity in Poland.
Judaism Judaism () is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic, Monotheism, monotheistic, ethnic religion that comprises the collective spiritual, cultural, and legal traditions of the Jews, Jewish people. Religious Jews regard Judaism as their means of o ...
was once the city's second largest denomination (33.4% in 1931), with up to 250 synagogues and shtiebels in existence prior to 1939 and a strong cultural output. The Stara Synagogue (Łódź), Stara Synagogue, commonly known as Alte Szil, and Ezras Israel Synagogue were the primary places of worship for Orthodox Jews. The Great Synagogue (Łódź), Great Synagogue, the largest of its kind, served the Reform Judaism, Reformed Jewish community. All were destroyed during the Second World War, except for the defunct 19th-century Synagoga Reicherów. The Union of Jewish Religious Communities in Poland (ZGWŻ) manages the Łódź municipality; the local base is situated at a newer synagogue on Pomorska Street where the Community maintains kosher facilities and a mikveh. Łódź is the seat of a Mariavite Church diocese, initially created in 1910. The Marivites are followers of Old Catholicism and a considerable minority; there are only three Mariavite dioceses across the country. File:Widok kościoła od strony placu (cropped).jpg, Holy Spirit Church File:Lodz kosciol Wniebowziecia NMP (dron).jpg, Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary File:SM Łódź Kościół św Mateusza 2017 (2) ID 613039 (cropped).jpg, St. Matthew's Church File:SM Łódź Cerkiew katedralna św Aleksandra Newskiego 2017 (1) ID 613040 (cropped).jpg, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź, Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Cathedral File:Łódź ul Sienkiewicza kościół jezuitów 2013 MZW 6430 (cropped).JPG, Church of St. John the Evangelist File:Kościół Podwyższenia Świętego Krzyża w Łodzi - wieża (cropped).jpg, Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross File:Sw Wojciech (cropped)2.jpg, Church of St. Adalbert File:Kościół pw. Św. Teresy - panoramio (cropped)2.jpg, Church of St. Therese


Economy and infrastructure

Before 1990, the economy of Łódź was heavily reliant on the textile, textile industry, which had developed in the city in the nineteenth century owing to the abundance of rivers used to power the industry's fulling mills, bleaching plants and other machinery. Because of the growth in this industry, the city has sometimes been called the "Polish Manchester" and the "lingerie capital of Poland". As a result, Łódź grew from a population of 13,000 in 1840 to over 500,000 in 1913. By the time right before World War I Łódź had become one of the most densely populated industrial cities in the world, with 13,280 inhabitants per km2, and also one of the most polluted. The textile industry declined dramatically in 1990 and 1991, and no major textile company survives in Łódź. However, countless small companies still provide a significant output of textiles, mostly for export. Łódź is no longer a significant industrial centre, but it has become a major hub for the business services sector in Poland owing to the availability of highly skilled workers and active cooperation between local universities and the business sector. The city benefits from its central location in Poland. A number of firms have located their logistics centres in the vicinity. Two motorways, A1 autostrada (Poland), A1 spanning from the north to the south of Poland, and A2 autostrada (Poland), A2 going from the east to the west, intersect northeast of the city. the A2 is complete to Warsaw and the northern section of A1 is largely completed. With these connections, the advantages of the city's central location should increase even further. Work has also begun on upgrading the railway connection with Warsaw, which reduced the 2-hour travel time to make the journey 1.5 hours in 2009. travel time from Łódź to Warsaw is around 1.2 hours with the modern Pesa SA Dart trains. Recent years have seen many foreign companies opening and establishing their offices in Łódź. The Indian IT company Infosys has one of its centres in the city. In January 2009 Dell announced that it will shift production from its plant in Limerick, Ireland to its plant in Łódź, largely because the labour costs in Poland are a fraction of those in Ireland. The city's investor friendly policies have attracted 980 Foreign direct investment, foreign investors by January 2009. Foreign direct investment, Foreign investment was one of the factors which decreased the unemployment, unemployment rate in Łódź to 6.5 per cent in December 2008, from 20 per cent four years earlier.


Transport

Łódź is situated near the geographical centre of Poland, only a short distance away from the motorway junction in Stryków where the two main north–south (National road 1 (Poland), A1) and east–west (A2 autostrada (Poland), A2) Polish transport corridors meet, which positions the city on two of the ten major trans-European routes: from Gdańsk to Žilina and Brno and from Berlin to Moscow via
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
. p. 66. It is also part of the Eurasian Land Bridge, New Silk Road, a regular cargo rail connection with the Chinese city of Chengdu operating since 2013. Łódź is served by the national roads in Poland, national motorway network, an international airport, and long-distance and regional railways. It is at the centre of a regional rail, regional and commuter rail network operating from the city's various train stations. Bus and tram services are operated by a municipal public transport company. There are of bicycle routes throughout the city (as in January 2019). Major roads include: * A1 autostrada (Poland), A1: Gdańsk – Toruń – Łódź – Częstochowa – Cieszyn (national border) * A2 autostrada (Poland), A2: Świecko (national border) – Poznań – Łódź – Warszawa * Expressway S8 (Poland), S8: Wrocław – Sieradz – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Warszawa – Białystok * Expressway S14 (Poland), S14: Pabianice – Konstantynów Łódzki – Aleksandrów Łódzki – Zgierz * DK14: Łowicz – Stryków – Łódź – Zduńska Wola – Sieradz – Złoczew – Walichnowy * DK72: Konin – Turek – Poddębice – Łódź – Brzeziny – Rawa Mazowiecka * National road 91 (Poland), DK91: Gdańsk – Tczew – Toruń – Łódź – Piotrków Trybunalski – Radomsko – Częstochowa


Airport

The city has an international airport: Łódź Władysław Reymont Airport located from the city centre. Flights connect the city with destinations in Europe including Turkey. In 2014 the airport handled 253,772 passengers. It is the 8th largest airport in Poland.


Public transport

The Municipal Transport Company – Łódź (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacyjne – Łódź), owned by the Łódź City Government, is responsible for operating 58 bus routes and 19 tram lines. The tram network is one of the longest in the country and was the first electrified cable tramway in
Congress Poland Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established w ...
, beginning its operation on 23 December 1898. The regional tramway network also connects Łódź with the adjacent cities of
Pabianice Pabianice is a city in central Poland with 63,023 inhabitants (2021). Situated in the Łódź Voivodeship, it is the capital of Pabianice County. It lies about southwest of Łódź and belongs to the metropolitan area of that city. It is the thi ...
(since 2023) and Konstantynów Łódzki (since 2024), which are within the Łódź Agglomeration. The rolling stock largely comprises older but modernised wagons by Konstal and newer Polish-manufactured types such as Pesa Swing and Moderus Gamma. Among the popular models for buses are Mercedes Conecto LF and Solaris Urbino 18.


Rail

Łódź has a number of long distance and local railway stations. There are two main stations in the city, but with no direct rail connection between them—a legacy of 19th-century railway network planning. Originally constructed in 1866, the centrally-located Łódź Fabryczna was a terminus station for a branch line of the Warsaw-Vienna railway, whereas Łódź Kaliska railway station, Łódź Kaliska was built more than thirty years later on the central section of the Warsaw-Kalisz Railway, Warsaw-Kalisz railway. For this reason most intercity train traffic goes to this day through Łódź Kaliska station, despite its relative distance from the city centre, and Łódź Fabryczna serves mainly as a terminal station for trains to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
. The situation will be remedied in 2026 after the construction of a tunnel connecting the two, which is likely to make Łódź Poland's main railway hub. The tunnel will additionally serve Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna, Łódź Commuter Railway, providing a rapid transit system for the city, dubbed the Łódź Metro by the media and local authorities. Three new stations are being constructed on the underground line, one serving the needs of the Manufaktura complex, another one serving Koziny neighbourhood and the third one located in the area of Piotrkowska Street. In December 2016, a few years after the demolition of the old building of station, a Łódź Fabryczna, new underground station was opened. It is considered to be the largest and most modern of all train stations in Poland and is designed to handle increased traffic after the construction of the tunnel. It also serves as a multimodal transport hub, featuring an underground intercity bus station, and is integrated with a new transport interchange serving taxis and local trams and buses. The construction of the new Łódź Fabryczna station was part of a broader project of urban renewal known as Nowe Centrum Łodzi (New Centre of Łódź). The third-largest train station in Łódź is Łódź Widzew railway station, Łódź Widzew. There are also many other stations and train stops in the city, many of which were upgraded as part of the Łódzka Kolej Aglomeracyjna commuter rail project. The rail service, founded as part of a major regional rail upgrade and owned by
Łódź Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship ( ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) of Poland. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships: Masovian Voivodeship ...
, operates on routes to Kutno,
Sieradz Sieradz (,) is a city on the Warta river in central Poland with 40,891 inhabitants (2021). It is the seat of the Sieradz County, situated in the Łódź Voivodeship. Sieradz is a capital of the historical Sieradz Land. Sieradz is one of the olde ...
, Skierniewice, Łowicz, and on selected days to
Warsaw Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and List of cities and towns in Poland, largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the Vistula, River Vistula in east-central Poland. Its population is officially estimated at ...
, with plans for further expansion after the construction of the tunnel.


Education

Łódź is a thriving center of academic life. Łódź hosts three major Public ownership, state-owned universities, six higher education establishments operating for more than a half of the century, and a number of smaller schools of higher education. The tertiary institutions with the most students in Łódź include: *
University of Łódź The University of Łódź (, ) is a public research university founded in 1945 in Łódź, Poland, as a continuation of three higher education institutions functioning in Łódź in the interwar period — the Teacher Training Institute (192 ...
(''UŁ'' – ) *Lodz University of Technology (''PŁ'' – ) *Medical University of Łódź () *National Film School in Łódź () *Academy of Music in Łódź () *Academy of Fine Arts In Łódź () In the 2018 general ranking of state-owned tertiary education institutions in Poland, the University of Łódź came 20th (6th place among universities) and Lodz University of Technology 12th (6th place among technical universities). The Medical University of Łódź was ranked 5th among Polish medical universities. Leading courses taught in Łódź include administration (3rd place), law (4th) and biology (4th). There is also a number of private-owned institutions of higher learning in Łódź. The largest of these are the University of Social Sciences () and the University of Humanities and Economics in Łódź (). In the 2018 ranking of private universities in Poland the former was ranked 9th, and the latter 23rd.


National Film School in Łódź

The Leon Schiller National Higher School of Film, Television and Theatre in Łódź () is the most notable academy for future actors, directors, photographers, camera operators and TV staff in Poland. It was founded on 8 March 1948 and was initially planned to be moved to Warsaw as soon as the city was rebuilt following the Warsaw Uprising. However, in the end the school remained in Łódź and became one of the best-known institutions of higher education in the city. At the end of the Second World War Łódź was the only large Polish city besides Kraków which war had not destroyed. The creation of the National Film School gave Łódź a role of greater importance from a cultural viewpoint, which before the war had belonged exclusively to Warsaw and Kraków. Early students of the School include the directors Andrzej Munk,
Roman Polanski Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (; born 18 August 1933) is a Polish and French filmmaker and actor. He is the recipient of List of awards and nominations received by Roman Polanski, numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Britis ...
,
Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Witold Wajda (; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "P ...
, Kazimierz Karabasz (one of the founders of the so-called Black Series of Polish Documentary) and Janusz Morgenstern, who at the end of the 1950s became famous as one of the founders of the Polish Film School of Cinematography.


Culture


Landmarks and events

The most notable and recognizable landmark of the city is Piotrkowska Street, which remains the high-street and main tourist attraction in the city, runs north to south for a little over . This makes it one of the longest commercial streets in the world. Most of the building façades, many of which date back to the 19th century, have been renovated. It is the site of most restaurants, bars and cafes in Łódź's city centre. Important monuments of architecture along Piotrkowska Street are the Old Town Hall, the Descent Of The Holy Spirit Church, the Łódź Cathedral, Łódź Catholic Cathedral and the St. Matthew's Church, Łódź, St. Matthew's Lutheran Church. Other important churches in the city center include the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Łódź, Alexander Nevsky Orthodox Cathedral and the Karol Scheibler's Chapel, Lutheran part of Ogrodowa Street Cemetery. Many neglected tenement houses and factories throughout the entire city centre have been renovated in recent years as part of the ongoing revitalization project run by the local authorities. The best example of urban regeneration in Łódź is the Manufaktura complex, occupying a large area of a former cotton factory dating back to the nineteenth century. (p. 103). The site, which was the heart of
Izrael Poznański Izrael Kalman Poznański (25 August 1833–28 April 1900) was a Polish Jews, Polish-Jewish businessman, textile magnate and philanthropist in Łódź, Congress Poland (part of the Russian Empire), and the husband of Eleonora Hertz Poznańska. ...
's industrial empire, hosts a shopping mall, numerous restaurants, 4-star hotel, multiplex cinema, factory museum, bowling and fitness facilities and a science exhibition centre. (p. 56). Opened in 2006, it quickly became a centre of cultural entertainment and shopping, as well as a recognizable city landmark attracting both domestic and foreign tourists. Another example is the former factory of Karl Wilhelm Scheibler, Karl Scheibler on Księży Młyn (Łódź), Księży Młyn, which was turned into a mixed-use complex of offices and housing. Łódź also provides plenty of green spaces for recreation. Woodland areas cover 9.61% of the city, with parks taking up an additional 2.37% of the area of Łódź ( ('Łagiewnicki Forest') is recognized as the largest forested area within the administrative borders of any city in Europe. (p. 27) It has an area of 1,245 ha and is cut across by a number of hiking trails that traverse the hilly landscape on the western edge of Łódź Hills Landscape Park. A "natural complex which has remained nearly intact as oak-hornbeam and oak woodland," the forest is also rich in history, and its attractions include a Franciscan friary dating back to the early 18th century and two 17th-century wooden chapels. Out of a total of 44 parks in Łódź ( 11 have historical status, the oldest of them dating back to the middle of the 19th century. The largest of these, Józef Piłsudski Park (), is located near the Łódź Zoo and the city's botanical garden, and together with them it comprises an extensive green complex known as serving the recreational needs of the city. Another notable park located in Łódź is the Józef Poniatowski Park in Łódź, Józef Poniatowski Park. The Jewish Cemetery, Łódź, Jewish Cemetery at Bracka Street, one of the largest of its kind in Europe, was established in 1892. After the
invasion of Poland The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak R ...
by Nazi Germany in 1939, this cemetery became a part of Łódź's ''eastern territory'' known as the enclosed Łódź ghetto (''Ghetto Field''). Between 1940 and 1944, approximately 43,000 burials took place within the grounds of this rounded-up cemetery. In 1956, a monument by Muszko in memory of the victims of the Łódź Ghetto was erected at the cemetery. It features a smooth obelisk, a menorah (Temple), menorah, and a broken oak tree with leaves stemming from the tree (symbolizing death, especially death at a young age). the cemetery has an area of . It contains approximately 180,000 graves, approximately 65,000 labelled tombstones, ohels and mausoleums. Many of these monuments have significant architectural value; 100 of these have been declared historical monuments and have been in various stages of restoration. The mausoleum of Izrael Poznański, Izrael and Eleanora Poznański is perhaps the largest Jewish tombstone in the world and the only one decorated with mosaics. File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 99 2017 (0) ID 613244.jpg, Szaja Goldblum's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 143 (1) ID 613254 (cropped).jpg, Krusche & Ender's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 86 2017 (1) ID 613240.jpg, House under Gutenberg File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 109 2017 (0) (cropped).jpg, 109 Piotrkowska Street File:Kamienica Scheiblerów Łódź 01 (cropped).jpg, Karol Scheibler's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 149 (0) (cropped).jpg, 149 Piotrkowska Street File:Łódź Piotrkowska 152 DSC 0084 (cropped).jpg, 152 Piotrkowska Street File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 74 2017 (0) ID 613237 (cropped).jpg, Ludwik Geyer's bank File:Łódź, ul. Piotrkowska - panoramio (6) (cropped).jpg, Teodor Steigert's tenement house File:Łódź - Ulica Piotrkowska 53.jpg, Herman Konstadt's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 31 2017 (0) ID 613225 (cropped).jpg, Sender Dyszkin's tenement house File:Dom bankowy Wilhelma Landaua Łódż 01 (cropped)2.jpg, Wilhelm Landau's bank File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 147 (0) ID 613255.jpg, Antoni Petzold's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 145 (0) (cropped).jpg, 145 Piotrkowska Street File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 128 2017 (1) ID 613251 (cropped).jpg, Schychts' tenement house File:Kamienica I.K. Poznańskiego w Łodzi 01 (cropped).jpg, Izrael Poznański's tenement house File:SM Łódź Piotrkowska 19 2017 (0) ID 613222 (cropped).jpg, Abram Lubiński's tenement house


Museums in Łódź

* Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum * Book Art Museum * Central Museum of Textiles, Łódź, Central Museum of Textiles * City of Lodz History Museum * Film Museum * Herbst Palace Museum * Muzeum Sztuki in Łódź, Muzeum Sztuki (Museum of Art) * Natural History Museum, University of Łódź * Muzeum Tradycji Niepodległościowych (Independence Traditions Museum) with three parts: ** Radegast train station ** Mausoleum and museum in Radogoszcz – Radogoszcz prison ** exhibition Kuźnia Romów (Romani people, Roma forge) in former Łódź Ghetto * Se-ma-for museum of stop-motion film animation * The EC1 complex in a former power plant, which includes the Centre for Science and Technology, the Museum of Comics and Interactive Narration, as well as the National Centre for Film Culture opened in 2023, the largest institution devoted to cinematography in Poland. Łódź has one of the best museums of modern art in Poland. has three branches, two of which (ms1 and ms2) display collections of 20th and 21st-century art. The newest addition to the museum, ms2 was opened in 2008 in the Manufaktura complex.Krakowiak, p. 88. The unique collection of the Museum is presented in an unconventional way. Instead of a chronological lecture on the development of art, works of art representing various periods and movements are arranged into a story touching themes and motifs important for the contemporary public. The third branch of , located in one of the city's many industrial palaces, also has more traditional art on display, presenting works by European and Polish masters such as Stanisław Wyspiański and Henryk Rodakowski. Among the 14 registered museums to be found in Łódź, there is the independent Book Art Museum, awarded the American Printing History Association's Institutional Award for 2015 for its outstanding contribution to the study, recording, preservation, and dissemination of printing history in Poland over the last 35 years. Other notable museums include the Central Museum of Textiles with its open-air display of wooden architecture, the Cinematography Museum, located in Scheibler Palace, and the Museum of Independence Traditions, occupying the building of a historical Tsarist prison from the late 19th century. A more unusual establishment, the museum offers tourists a chance to visit the municipal sewer designed in the early years of the 20th century by the British engineer William Heerlein Lindley.


Łódź in literature and cinema

Three major novels depict the development of industrial Łódź:
Władysław Reymont Władysław Stanisław Reymont (; born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the laureate of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasant ...
's '' The Promised Land'' (1898), Joseph Roth's ''Hotel Savoy (novel), Hotel Savoy'' (1924) and Israel Joshua Singer's ''The Brothers Ashkenazi'' (1937). Roth's novel depicts the city on the eve of a workers' riot in 1919. Reymont's novel was The Promised Land (1975 film), made into a film by
Andrzej Wajda Andrzej Witold Wajda (; 6 March 1926 – 9 October 2016) was a Polish film and theatre director. Recipient of an Honorary Oscar, the Palme d'Or, as well as Honorary Golden Lion and Honorary Golden Bear Awards, he was a prominent member of the "P ...
in 1975. In the 1990 film ''Europa Europa'', Solomon Perel's family flees pre-World War II Berlin and settles in Łódź. Paweł Pawlikowski's film ''Ida (film), Ida'' was partially shot in Łódź. Chava Rosenfarb's Yiddish trilogy "The Tree of Life" (1972; English translation 1985) portrays life within the Łódź Ghetto.


Theatre

*Grand Theatre, Łódź, Grand Theatre (''Teatr Wielki'') *Stefan Jaracz Theatre (''Teatr Stefana Jaracza'') *Studio Theatre, Łódź, Schiller's Studio Theatre (''Teatr Studyjny Schillera'')


Cuisine and food

Among the traditional dishes of Łódź and the
Łódź Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship ( ) is a Voivodeships of Poland, voivodeship (province) of Poland. The province is named after its capital and largest city, Łódź, pronounced . Łódź Voivodeship is bordered by six other voivodeships: Masovian Voivodeship ...
are ''zalewajka'' – a sour cereal soup, sour cereal and potato soup, often served with mushrooms, kielbasa sausage and bread – and cabbage soup (''kapuśniak'') served with potato dumplings and pork cracklings. These were once the staples of the working-class population employed in textile factories. Popular breads and baked goods include the ''Veka (pastry), angielka'' baguette roll and ''żulik'' bun with raisins. Aspic in various forms (''galareta'', ''zimne nóżki'' or ''drygle'') was once a well-established comfort and party food in the city. Łódź and the surrounding region is also known for having a strong preference for mushroom soup over barszcz (borscht) for the Polish Wigilia Christmas Eve supper. Major food venues are primarily located at Piotrkowska Street, for example the OFF Piotrkowska, a mixed-use development complex situated in a heritage-listed red brick factory. Food trucks are a common sight around the city centre and several neighbourhoods.


Sport

The city has experience as a host for international sporting events such as the 2009 EuroBasket, the EuroBasket Women 2011, 2011 EuroBasket Women, the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship and the 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup, with the opening and final of the latter taking place at Widzew Łódź Stadium, Widzew Stadium. Łódź will also host the sixth edition of the European Universities Games in 2022. Under communism it was common for sports club, clubs to participate in many different sports for all ages and sexes. Many of these traditional clubs still survive. Originally they were owned directly by a public body, but have become independently operated by clubs or private companies. However, they get public support through the cheap rent of land and other subsidies from the city. Some of their sections have gone professional and separated from the clubs as private companies. For example, Budowlani S.A is a private company that owns the only professional rugby team in Łódź, while Klub Sportowy Budowlani remains a community amateur club. * Budowlani Łódź – rugby union, rugby (six times Polish champions), field hockey, hockey, wrestling, volleyball * ŁKS Łódź – association football (two times Polish champions), basketball (Polish champions 1953), volleyball (two times Polish champions), handball, boxing * UKS SMS Łódź, SMS Łódź – association football, volleyball, basketball * KS Społem Łódź – road bicycle racing, road and track cycling * SKS Start Łódź – football, swimming * Widzew Łódź – association football (four time Polish champions, semi-finalists of the 1982–83 European Cup) * Orzeł Łódź - motorcycle speedway team * Sroki Łódź - Rugby league (three times Polish champions) In Ekstraklasa (beach soccer), Ekstraklasa of Polish beach soccer Łódź have three professional clubs: Grembach Łódź, Grembach, KP Łódź, KP and .


Horticultural Expo 2029

Łódź bid for the Expo 2023, Specialized Expo 2022/2023 but lost out to Buenos Aires, Argentina. Łódź was planned to host the Horticultural Expo in 2024. However, multiple Expo events were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, a 2021 World Horticultural Exposition, Horticultural Expo in Doha, Qatar from 2021/22 to 23/24 among them. As a result, the Horticultural Expo in Łódź has been rescheduled to 2029 to maintain a required time interval between them.


Notable residents

*Daniel Amit (1938–2007), Israeli physicist *Yehuda Ashlag (1885–1954), rabbi *Grażyna Bacewicz (1909–1969), composer *Aleksander Bardini (1913–1995), theatre director and actor *Andrzej Bartkowiak (born 1950), cameraman and film director *Jurek Becker (1937–1997), writer *Sylwester Bednarek (born 1989), high jumper *Marek Belka (born 1952), politician, former Prime Minister *Karolina Bielawska (born 1999), model and Miss World 2021 *Kazimierz Brandys (1916–2000), writer *Artur Brauner (1918–2019), film producer *Edward G. Brisch (1901–1960), industrial coding and classification expert *Jacob Bronowski (1908–1974), writer, mathematician and Britain's leading academic TV figure of the 1970s *Sabina Citron (1928–2023), Holocaust survivor, activist and author *Bat-Sheva Dagan (1925–2024), Holocaust survivor, teacher, psychologist and author *Karl Dedecius (1921–2016), translator *Elizabeth Diller (born 1954), American architect *Marek Edelman (1919/1922–2009), politician, human rights activist and Holocaust survivor *Jacob Eisner (born 1947), Israeli basketball player *Max Factor Sr. (1877–1938), businessman, founder of the Max Factor cosmetics company *Magdalena Fręch (born 1997), tennis player *Dov Freiberg (1927–2008), Holocaust survivor and writer *Joseph Friedenson (1922–2013), Holocaust survivor and writer *Piotr Fronczewski (born 1946), Polish actor *Maciej Golubiewski (born 1976), Polish political scientist and diplomat, Polish Consulate General, New York City, Consul General of the Republic of Poland in New York City *Marcin Gortat (born 1984), basketball player *Mendel Grossman (1913–1945), Łódź ghetto photographer *Józef Hecht (1891–1951), engraver and printmaker *Jerzy Janowicz (born 1990), tennis player *Josef Joffe (born 1944), journalist *Michał Kalecki (1899–1970), Marxian economist *Roman Kantor (1912–1943), épée fencer *Jan Karski (1914–2000), diplomat and anti-nazi resistant *Aharon Katzir (1914–1972), Israeli pioneer in study of electrochemistry of biopolymers; killed in Lod Airport Massacre *Paul Kletzki (1900–1973), conductor *Katarzyna Kobro (1898–1951), sculptor *Lea Koenig (born 1929), Israeli actress *Tomasz Konieczny (born 1972), opera singer *Jerzy Kosinski (1933–1991), writer *Jan Kowalewski (1892–1965), cryptologist *Karolina Kowalkiewicz (born 1985), mixed martial artist *Feliks W. Kres (1966–2022), fantasy writer *Anna Lewandowska (born 1988), karateka and nutrition expert *Nathan Lewin, Washington, D.C. attorney *Daniel Libeskind (born 1946), architect *Eliezer Livneh (1902–1975), Zionist activist, journalist, publicist, and Israeli politician *Mikołaj Marczyk (born 1995), rally driver *Binyamin Mintz (1903– 1961), Israeli Minister of Postal Services *Tadeusz Miciński (1873–1918), poet *Izabella Miko (born 1981), actress *Stanisław Mikulski (1929–2014), actor *Ruth Minsky Sender (1926–2024), author and survivor *Zew Wawa Morejno (1916–2011), Chief Rabbi *Henry Morgentaler (1923–2013), physician *Konstantin Petrovich Nechaev (1883–1946), White movement leader and mercenary commander in Republic of China (1912–49), China *Zbigniew Nienacki (1929–1994), writer *Marek Olędzki (born 1951), archaeologist *Marian P. Opala (1921–2010), Oklahoma Supreme Court Justice *O.S.T.R. (born 1980), rapper *Adam Palma (born 1974), Polish-British guitarist and teacher *Aghvan Papikyan (born 1994), Polish-Armenian international football player *Władysław Pasikowski (born 1959), film director *
Roman Polanski Raymond Roman Thierry Polański (; born 18 August 1933) is a Polish and French filmmaker and actor. He is the recipient of List of awards and nominations received by Roman Polanski, numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, three Britis ...
(born 1933), film director *Piotr Pustelnik (born 1951), alpine and high-altitude climber, the 20th man to climb all 14 eight-thousanders *Ze'ev Raban (born Wolf Rawicki; 1890–1970), Israeli painter and sculptor *Adolph Moses Radin (1848–1909), rabbi *Damian Radowicz (born 1989), footballer *
Władysław Reymont Władysław Stanisław Reymont (; born Rejment; 7 May 1867 – 5 December 1925) was a Polish novelist and the laureate of the 1924 Nobel Prize in Literature. His best-known work is the award-winning four-volume novel '' Chłopi'' (''The Peasant ...
(1867–1925), writer,
Nobel Prize The Nobel Prizes ( ; ; ) are awards administered by the Nobel Foundation and granted in accordance with the principle of "for the greatest benefit to humankind". The prizes were first awarded in 1901, marking the fifth anniversary of Alfred N ...
winner *Joseph Rotblat (1908–2005), physicist, Nobel Prize winner *Stefan Rozental (1903–1994), nuclear physicist *Arthur Rubinstein (1887–1982), pianist *Arnold Rutkowski, opera singer *Zbigniew Rybczyński (born 1949), animator *Marek Saganowski (born 1978), footballer *Andrzej Sapkowski (born 1948), fantasy writer * Karl Wilhelm Scheibler (1820–1881), industrialist *Ebi Smolarek (born 1981), footballer *Piotr Sobociński (1958–2001), cinematographer *Andrzej Sontag (born 1952), track-and-field athlete *Natan Spigel (1900–1942), painter *Władysław Strzemiński (1893–1952), painter *Borys Szyc (born 1978), actor and musician *Arthur Szyk (1894–1951), artist *Adam Szymczyk (born 1970), art critic and curator *Alexandre Tansman (1897–1986), composer and pianist *Jack Tramiel (1928–2012), computer manufacturer, the founder of Commodore International, Commodore *Julian Tuwim (1894–1953), poet *Andrzej Udalski (born 1957), astronomer and astrophysicist *Miś Uszatek, cartoon character *Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski (born 1984), engineer and reserve astronaut of the European Space Agency * Avraham Verdiger (1921–2013), Israeli politician * Istvan Vizvary, Polish science fiction writer *Michał Wiśniewski (born 1972), singer *Paweł Zatorski (born 1990), volleyball player * Hanna Zdanowska (born 1959), politician, Mayor of Łódź *Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm (born 1949), writer


International relations

Łódź is home to fourteen foreign consulates, i.e. honorary consulates general of Hungary and Turkey, and honorary consulates of Albania, Armenia, Austria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova and Ukraine.


Twin towns – sister cities

Łódź is Sister city, twinned with: * Chemnitz, Germany (since 1972) * Stuttgart, Germany (since 1988) * Lyon, France (since 1991) * Vilnius, Lithuania (since 1991) * Odesa, Ukraine (since 1993) * Tianjin, China (since 1993) * Tel Aviv, Israel (since 1994) * Rustavi, Georgia (since 1995) * Barreiro (city), Barreiro, Portugal (since 1996) * Tampere, Finland (since 1996) * Puebla (city), Puebla, Mexico (since 1996) * Murcia, Spain (since 1999) * Lviv, Ukraine (since 2003) * Szeged, Hungary (since 2008) * Guangzhou, China (since 2014) * Chengdu, China (since 2015) Łódź belongs also to the Eurocities network. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian invasion of Ukraine, Łódź terminated the partnership with Russian cities Ivanovo and Kaliningrad, and with Minsk, the capital of Belarus on 2 March 2022.


See also

* History of Łódź * Łódź Design Festival * International Festival of Comics and Games in Łódź * Bednarska Street, Łódź * Karol Anstadt Avenue, Łódź * Helenów Park in Łódź * Fabrykant Oak


Explanatory notes


References


Inline citations


Bibliography

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Alan Adelson and Robert Lapides, ''Łódź Ghetto : A Community History Told in Diaries, Journals, and Documents'', Viking, 1989. * "A Stairwell in Lodz," Constance Cappel, 2004, Xlibris, (in English). * * "Lodz – The Last Ghetto in Poland," Michal Unger, Yad Vashem, 600 pages (in Hebrew) * Stefański, Krzysztof (2000). ''Gmachy użyteczności publicznej dawnej Łodzi'', Łódź 2000 . * Stefański, Krzysztof (2009). ''Ludzie którzy zbudowali Łódź Leksykon architektów i budowniczych miasta (do 1939 roku)'', Łódź 2009 . * *


External links

*
Public Transport Official Site

City map of Łódź



Łódź Special Economic Zone

Łódź-Lublinek Airport
* * —English language newspaper

* {{Authority control Łódź, Cities and towns in Łódź Voivodeship City counties of Poland Holocaust locations in Poland Magdeburg rights Sites of World War II massacres of Poles