Červená Voda () is a municipality and village in

Ústí nad Orlicí District Ústí nad Orlicí District () is a Okres, district in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. Its capital is the town of Ústí nad Orlicí, but the most populated town is Česká Třebová. Administrative division Ústí nad Orlicí District ...

in the

Pardubice Region Pardubice Region () is an administrative unit () of the Czech Republic, located mainly in the eastern part of its historical region of Bohemia, with a small part in northwestern Moravia. It is named after its capital Pardubice. As an administrat ...

of the

Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...

. It has about 3,000 inhabitants.

Administrative division

Červená Voda consists of eight municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census): *Červená Voda (2,221) *Bílá Voda (177) *Dolní Orlice (170) *Horní Orlice (25) *Mlýnice (18) *Mlýnický Dvůr (74) *Moravský Karlov (68) *Šanov (116)

Etymology

The name literally means 'red water'. Its name derives from

limonite Limonite () is an iron ore consisting of a mixture of hydrated iron(III) oxide-hydroxides in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as , although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary qu ...

contained in the local stream basin, which sometimes coloured it to brown or red. According to local legend, it was named after the bloodshed during the

Hussite Wars The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, a ...

, when the stream was coloured with blood.

Geography

Červená Voda is located about northwest of Šumperk and east of

Ústí nad Orlicí Ústí nad Orlicí (; ) is a town in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 14,000 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monument zones, urban monument z ...

. The municipality lies on the historic border between

Moravia Moravia ( ; ) is a historical region in the eastern Czech Republic, roughly encompassing its territory within the Danube River's drainage basin. It is one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The medieval and early ...

and

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. In a narrow, geographic sense, it roughly encompasses the territories of present-day Czechia that fall within the Elbe River's drainage basin, but historic ...

. The villages of Dolní Orlice and Horní Orlice are located in Bohemia, while the rest of the municipal territory lies in Moravia. Červená Voda is a long village, stretching along the banks of the stream Červenovodský potok, which contributes the Březná River. The village is situated in the Kłodzko Valley between the mountain ranges of the

Orlické Mountains The Orlické Mountains (, , ) or Eagle Mountains are a mountain range located mainly in northeastern Bohemia in the Czech Republic. It is a mesoregion of the Central Sudetes. They follow the border with Kłodzko Land in Poland Poland, of ...

and the Hanušovice Highlands, in which the municipal territory also significantly extends. The municipality is located on the European water divide between three seas: the

Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...

, the

North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...

and the

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

. The Tichá Orlice River originates in Horní Orlice.

History

The first written mention of Červená Voda is from 1481, under its original name ''Malé Heroltice''. The area of today's Červená Voda belonged to estates of Šilperk (later

Štíty Štíty (; until 1949 Šilperk; ) is a town in Šumperk District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 1,900 inhabitants. The historic town centre is well preserved and is protected as an Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monum ...

), Ruda nad Moravou and Králíky. Šanov was first mentioned in 1556. In 1562, Georg Schürer founded here the first glassworks. As part of the Štíty estate, Červená Voda was owned by Pavel Kathar of Kathar, who sold it to the Odkolek of Újezdec family in 1602. The first written mention of Bílá Voda is from 1596, when it was together with Mlýnice as parts of the Ruda nad Moravou estate acquired by the Zierotin family. During the rule of Zierotins, the estate experienced boom and its price has risen markedly. After the

Battle of White Mountain The Battle of White Mountain (; ) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War. It led to the defeat of the Bohemian Revolt and ensured Habsburg control for the next three hundred years. It was fought on 8 November 16 ...

, Ladislav Velen lost all his manors. Consequently, Karl Eusebius gained power over the Štíty estate in 1624 and united it with the estate of Ruda nad Moravou. The prosperity of estates ended with

Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War, fought primarily in Central Europe between 1618 and 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in History of Europe, European history. An estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died from battle, famine ...

. Červená Voda was damaged and looted several times. In 1847, the village gained the right to hold markets, but never had the status of a

market town A market town is a settlement most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the Middle Ages, a market right, which allowed it to host a regular market; this distinguished it from a village or city. In Britain, small rura ...

. In implication of the Revolution of 1848 came the fall of the patrimonial regime. The land reform of 1850 made Červená Voda part of the political district of Hohenstadt. Did most of the villagers made a living from agriculture till than, the second part of the 19th century was molded by the commencing

industrialization Industrialisation (British English, UK) American and British English spelling differences, or industrialization (American English, US) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an i ...

, foremost by textile fabrication in 1850. In 1865 Červená Voda was connected to the state's road network. By 1866 Prussian troops once more passed through the village without causing greater damages. With the opening of a branch line from Králíky to Štíty, Červená Voda was connected to the railway network in 1899 and concurrently experienced its economical and social heyday. After

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, Moravia and thus Červená Voda became part of the newly formed

First Czechoslovak Republic The First Czechoslovak Republic, often colloquially referred to as the First Republic, was the first Czechoslovakia, Czechoslovak state that existed from 1918 to 1938, a union of ethnic Czechs and Slovaks. The country was commonly called Czechosl ...

Modern history

After the

Munich Agreement The Munich Agreement was reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, French Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy. The agreement provided for the Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–194 ...

in 1938, Červená Voda was occupied by

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

and administared as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland. Thus Czechoslovakia had lost all its heavily fortified borderlands, leaving it indefensible. The Czech population left Červená Voda and went inland. In 1944, Germany opened here a sub-camp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. About 650

Jewish Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, rel ...

women from Hungary, Poland, France and Romania was sent there from

Auschwitz concentration camp Auschwitz, or Oświęcim, was a complex of over 40 Nazi concentration camps, concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany, occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) d ...

. After the war, the German-speaking population was expelled per the

Beneš decrees The Beneš decrees were a series of laws drafted by the Czechoslovak government-in-exile in the absence of the Czechoslovak parliament during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in World War II. They were issued by President Edvard Beneš fr ...

in 1946. The village was partly resettled by Czech people from surrounding villages. In 1949, Šanov and Červená Voda municipalities were merged. By the administrative reform in 1960, Červená Voda was greatly enlarged by affiliating the surrounding villages. In 1973, Horní Boříkovice separated and joined Králíky.

Demographics

Transport

The I/11 road from Hradec Králové to Šumperk passes through the municipality. The I/43 road heading to Králíky and the Czech-Polish border separates from it in Červená Voda. The railway leads across the municipality. There are six stations and stops: Moravský Karlov, Červená Voda, Červená Voda-Pod rozhlednou, Dolní Orlice, Bílá Voda and Mlýnický Dvůr. Two lines are served, from

to Moravský Karlov and from Dolní Lipka to Moravský Karlov.

Sport

There is a small ski resort in Mlýnický Dvůr part of Červená Voda.

Sights

The most notable building in Červená Voda is the Church of Saint Matthias. It was built in 1686. There is also the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Mlýnický Dvůr from 1575, and the Church of Saint Joseph Calasanz in Moravský Karlov from 1792. In 2006, an observation tower was inaugurated on Křížová hora Mountain.

Notable people

* Manfred Buder (1936–2021), German ice hockey player

References

External links

*
Ski Resort in Červená Voda
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cervena Voda Villages in Ústí nad Orlicí District