Āytam

In Sanskrit phonology, Visarga () is the name of the voiceless glottal fricative, written in Devanagari as '' . It was also called, equivalently, ' by earlier grammarians. The word ''visarga'' () literally means "sending forth, discharge".

Visarga is an allophone of and in pausa (at the end of an utterance). Since is a common inflectional suffix (of nominative singular, second person singular, etc.), visarga appears frequently in Sanskrit texts. In the traditional order of Sanskrit sounds, visarga and anusvāra appear between vowels and stop consonants.

The precise pronunciation of visarga in Vedic texts may vary between Śākhās. Some pronounce a slight echo of the preceding vowel after the aspiration: will be pronounced , and will be pronounced . Visarga is not to be confused with colon.

Types

The visarga is commonly found in writing, resembling the punctuation mark of colon or as two tiny circles one above the other. This form is retained by most Indic scripts.

According to Sanskrit phonologists, the visarga has two optional allophones, namely (''jihvāmūlīya'' or the guttural visarga) and (''upadhmānīya'' or the labial visarga). The former may be pronounced before , , and the latter before , and , as in (''tava pitāmahaḥ kaḥ?'', 'who is your grandfather?'), (''pakṣiṇaḥ khe uḍḍayante'', 'birds fly in the sky'), (''bhoḥ pāhi'', 'sir, save me'), and (''tapaḥphalam'', 'result of penances'). They were written with various symbols, e.g. X-like symbol vs sideways 3-like symbol above flipped sideways one, or both as two crescent-shaped semi-circles one above the other, facing the top and bottom respectively.The Unicode Standard, version 10.0 - Vedic Extensions
/ref> Distinct signs for ''jihavamulīya'' and ''upadhmanīya'' exists in Kannada, Tibetan, Sharada,
Brahmi and Lantsa scripts.

Other Brahmic scripts

Burmese

In the Burmese script, the visarga (variously called ''shay ga pauk'', ''wizza nalone pauk'', or ''shay zi'' and represented with two dots to the right of the letter as ), when joined to a letter, creates the high tone.

Japanese

Motoori Norinaga invented a mark for visarga which he used in a book about Indian orthography.

Javanese

In the Javanese script, the visarga, known as the ''wignyan'' (), is represented by two curls to the right of a syllable as : the first curl is short and circular, and the second curl is long. It adds a / -h/ after a vowel.

Kannada

In the Kannada script, the visarga (which is called visarga) is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter ಃ. It adds an ''aḥ'' sound to the end of the letter.

This script also has separate symbols for ''ardhavisarga'' absent in most other scripts, jihvamuliya, , and upadhmaniya, .

Khmer

In the Khmer script, the visarga (known as the ''reăhmŭkh'' (; "shining face")) indicates an aspirated sound added after a syllable. It is represented with two small circles at the right of a letter as , and it should not be confused with the similar-looking ''yŭkôlpĭntŭ'' (; "pair of dots"), which indicates a short vowel followed by a glottal stop like their equivalent visarga marks in the Thai and Lao scripts.

Lao

In the Lao script, the visarga is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as . As in the neighboring related Thai script, it indicates a glottal stop after the vowel.

Malayalam

In the Malayalam script, the visarga is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter as . It indicates a /h/ after a letter. Visarga is considered as a vowel in Malayalam, where its independent form is written as അഃ. Unlike other languages, visarga need not necessarily occur at the end of a word. Examples include ദുഃഖം, മനഃപ്രയാസം, പുനഃസൃഷ്ടി.

Odia

In the Odia script, the Bisarga is represented with a vertical infinity sign to the right of a letter as . It indicates the post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative ''aḥ'' sound after the letter, Unlike other languages, the bisarga can appear in middle of words, such as ନିଃଶ୍ବାସ, ନିଃସ୍ବ, ନିଃସନ୍ଦେହ, ନିଃଶେଷ etc. All words with Bisarga aren't borrowed from Sanskrit.

Sinhala

In the Sinhala script, visarga is represented with two small circle to the right of a letter as ඃ.

Tamil

In the Tamil script, similar to visarga (which is called ''āyuta eḻuttu'' (), ''āytam'' (), ''muppāl puḷḷi'', ''taṉinilai'', ''aḵkēṉam'', ''ak''), transliterated as ''ḵ'', is represented with three small circles to the right of a letter as . Its used to transcribe an archaic sound inherited from the proto Dravidian *H that has either become silent or geminates the next letter in unlearnt speech, or pronounced as or in careful speech. Like Sanskrit, it cannot add on to any letter and add aspiration to them. It should be always placed between a single short vowel and a hard consonant (, , , , , ) for example (aḵtu), (eḵku). The āytam in modern Tamil is used to transcribe foreign phones like ஃப் (ஃp) for ஃஜ (ஃj) for ஃஸ (ஃs) for , ʒand ஃக (ஃk) for similar to a nuqta.

Telugu

In the Telugu script, there are two visargas. One is represented with two small circles to the right of a letter . It brings an "ah" sound to the end of the letter.

Thai

In the Thai script, the visarga (known as the ''visanchani'' () or ''nom nang thangkhu'' ()) is represented with two small curled circles to the right of a letter as . It represents a glottal stop that follows the affected vowel.

References

{{Navbox diacritical marks

Vyakarana
Brahmic diacritics