() literally means sincerity, straightness, and non-hypocrisy.
It is one of the ten in ancient Hindu and Jaina texts.
Definition
means straightness, sincerity, and harmony in one’s thought, words, and actions towards oneself and towards others.
[ Kane translates as straightforwardness. It is described in ancient Indian texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several virtuous restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian poet Vāmana in ''Avigita'', at xvi.1, posits is a form of honesty and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative, friend, a stranger, or someone hostile or oneself without any discrimination.][
The ethical concept of is synonymous with (, composite word from ). also means non-deceitful, straightforwardness, and sincerity. It is listed as a virtue in the Indian Epics.][
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Literature
is one of the ten listed by Śāṇḍilya Upanishad,[
# (): measured diet
# (): purity, cleanliness
In some texts, such as by ]Adi Sankara
Adi Shankara (8th c. CE), also called Adi Shankaracharya (, ), was an Indian Vedic scholar, philosopher and teacher (''acharya'') of Advaita Vedanta. Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant, and his true impact lies in hi ...
, this virtue is called as , and explained as purity of motive and freedom of mind from hypocrisy, both in one’s social conduct and within oneself where one’s thoughts, words, and actions resonate.[ It is a virtue that empowers one to act and live without anxiety, anger, prejudice, inner conflict, or confusion. It is also discussed in Bhagwad Gita in verse 17.16.
The '']Mahābhārata
The ''Mahābhārata'' ( ; , , ) is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India revered as Smriti texts in Hinduism, the other being the '' Rāmāyaṇa''. It narrates the events and aftermath of the Kurukshetra War, a war of succe ...
'', in book 12, chapter 60, lists (non-hypocrisy) as a virtue along with (non-anger), (forgiveness), and others.
See also
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References
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Hindu ethics
Hindu philosophical concepts
Jain ethics
Yoga concepts